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Detailed Quantum Computing Report

The Quantum Computing Report outlines the principles and advancements in quantum computing, including the significance of qubits, superposition, and entanglement. It discusses key algorithms like Shor's for factoring and highlights potential applications in various fields such as healthcare, AI, and cybersecurity. The report concludes with the future prospects of quantum computing, emphasizing ongoing research and investment aimed at overcoming current limitations.

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Rakshit Johal
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9 views

Detailed Quantum Computing Report

The Quantum Computing Report outlines the principles and advancements in quantum computing, including the significance of qubits, superposition, and entanglement. It discusses key algorithms like Shor's for factoring and highlights potential applications in various fields such as healthcare, AI, and cybersecurity. The report concludes with the future prospects of quantum computing, emphasizing ongoing research and investment aimed at overcoming current limitations.

Uploaded by

Rakshit Johal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantum Computing Report

1. Introduction
A quantum computer performs calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics,
which govern the behavior of sub-atomic particles.

"I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics." – Richard Feynman

- 1982: Feynman proposed building machines based on quantum physics.


- 1985: David Deutsch developed the quantum Turing machine.
- 1994: Peter Shor introduced a quantum algorithm for factoring large numbers.
- 1997: Lov Grover developed a quantum search algorithm with O(√N) complexity.

2. Data Representation

2.1 Qubits
A qubit is the quantum version of a classical bit and can exist in states |0⟩, |1⟩, or a
superposition of both.

2.2 Superposition
A qubit can be in a superposition: |ψ⟩ = α|0⟩ + β|1⟩, where |α|² + |β|² = 1.

2.3 Data Retrieval


Although an n-qubit register can represent 2ⁿ states, measuring it collapses the system to
one.

2.4 Entanglement
Entanglement allows qubits to exhibit correlated behavior, meaning measuring one affects
the other.

3. Operations on Qubits

3.1 Reversible Logic


Quantum gates must be reversible to preserve quantum information.

3.2 Quantum Gates


- Hadamard Gate (H): Creates superposition.
- Controlled-NOT (CNOT): Flips target bit if control bit is 1.
- Controlled-Controlled NOT (CCN): Flips target if both control bits are 1.
3.3 Example: Multiply by 2
A quantum circuit using CN gates can perform multiplication by 2 using reversible logic.

4. Universal Quantum Computer


The CCN gate is a universal gate and can implement a NAND gate, essential for building all
logic circuits.

5. Shor’s Algorithm

5.1 Core Components


Used for factoring integers efficiently on a quantum computer, using modular arithmetic,
quantum parallelism, and QFT.

5.2 Example: Factor 15


- Choose N = 15, x = 7, and q = 256.
- Create two quantum registers: 8-qubit input and 4-qubit output.
- Apply modular exponentiation and QFT.

5.3 Collapse & Entanglement


Measure output register; input register partially collapses to values where x^a mod N = 1.

5.4 Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT)


QFT peaks at multiples of q / r (r = period).

5.5 Finding Factors


Use classical computation to find GCD(7^(r/2) ± 1, 15) = 3 and 5.

5.6 Challenges
QFT might yield incorrect period or odd period. Retry with different x.

6. Conclusion
In 2001, a 7-qubit machine used Shor’s algorithm to factor 15.
Open Questions:
- What other algorithms can quantum computers run?
- Can they solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time?
7. Applications of Quantum Computing

7.1 Transformative Capabilities


Key areas quantum computing will impact: simulations, AI, cloud, security, transportation,
etc.

7.1 Transformative Capabilities


Quantum computing has the potential to transform various industries and technologies. The
diagram below highlights the major domains where quantum computing can have a
significant impact.
These include quantum simulations, resilient computation, commercialization,
optimization, cloud computing, AI, sustainability, cybersecurity, and robotics. Each of these
applications harnesses the unique processing power of qubits to solve complex problems
faster than classical computers.

7.2 Quantum Computing in Healthcare


Healthcare is one of the most promising fields for quantum computing. From predicting
patient outcomes to discovering new drugs, quantum algorithms can drastically improve
the speed and accuracy of medical research and diagnostics.

Applications include molecular simulations, precision medicine, diagnosis assistance,


radiotherapy, drug recovery, and diagnosis pricing. These innovations could revolutionize
how diseases are treated and managed.

7.3 Process of Quantum Computing


The architecture of a quantum computing system involves multiple steps, from problem
formulation to processing and output. The diagram below illustrates the overall process.
It starts with defining a chemical or mathematical system, utilizing a qubit platform to
encode it, applying quantum algorithms, processing through a quantum processor, and
retrieving results via cloud platforms.

7.4 Classical vs Quantum Computing


The core difference between classical and quantum computing lies in data processing
methodology and computational power.
Quantum computing uses qubits which enable simultaneous operations, providing
exponential speedup. Classical computers, while more reliable and room-temperature
operable, are suitable for routine tasks.

7.5 Future Prospects


Ongoing research aims to overcome current quantum limitations like error rates and qubit
stability. The image below represents the growing interest and potential as highlighted in
notable research publications.
Governments, academia, and industries are investing heavily to realize the practical
applications of quantum computing. Future breakthroughs could bring transformational
changes across multiple sectors.

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