Networks

Computer Network:
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. In other words, a set of devices often
mentioned as nodes connected by media link is called a Network.
The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or
infrared light beams and other set of devices used in establishing a connection are switches, modems, routers
etc. These links connecting the devices are called Communication channels.

A node can be a device which is capable of sending or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network like a computer, printer etc. The best example of computer network is Internet.
A network must be able to meet certain criteria that are – Performance, Reliability, Scalability.
The performance of the computer network can be measured in the following ways:
➢ Transit time: It is the time taken to travel a message from one device to another.
➢ Response time: It is defined as the time elapsed between enquiry and response.
The other ways to measure performance are: Efficiency of software, Number of users, Capability of
connected hardware

Basic Communication Model

A Communication model is used to exchange data between two parties. For example: communication
between a computer, server and telephone (through modem).

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 Source: Data to be transmitted is generated by this device, example: telephones, personal computers
etc.
Transmitter: The data generated by the source system is not directly transmitted in the form its
generated. The transmitter transforms and encodes the data in such a form to produce electromagnetic waves
or signals.
Transmission System: A transmission system can be a single transmission line or a complex network
connecting source and destination.
Receiver: Receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it into a form which
is easily managed by the destination device.
Destination: Destination receives the incoming data from the receiver.

A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network is mainly of four types:

o LAN (Local Area Network)

o MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
o WAN (Wide Area Network)

1. LAN or Local Area Network links network devices in such a way that personal computer and
workstations can share data, tools and programs. Data transmits at a very fast rate as the number of computers
linked are limited. LAN’s cover a smaller geographical area and are privately owned. One can use it for an
office building, home, hospital, schools, etc. LAN is easy to design and maintain.

A Communication medium used for LAN has twisted pair cables and coaxial cables. It covers a short distance,
and so the error and noise are minimized. LAN can be configured in the ring, bus and star topology. The ring
topology is prevalent in the Token Ring LANs of IBM and bus is widespread in Token Bus and Ethernet LANs.

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It is a broadcast network where the message is sent to all the connected hosts as all the host share the same
transmission medium (wire). Broadcasting can be done in two ways statically and dynamically. In the static
technique, the hosts are provided with a definite time slice for transmitting the information. While in the
dynamic method the hosts can flexibly send the frame at any particular time.
2. MAN or Metropolitan Area Network covers a larger area than that of a LAN and smaller area as
compared to WAN. It connects two or more computers that are apart but resides in the same or different cities.
It covers a large geographical area and may serve as an ISP (Internet Service Provider). It’s hard to design and
maintain a Metropolitan Area Network.

It is costly and may or may not be owned by a single organization. The data transfer rate of MAN is moderate.

MAN can be categorized into two types: DQDB and SMDS.

• DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus): It is considered as a dual bus configuration refers that each
host in the network would be linked to the two backbone network lines.
• SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Services): SMDS connects different LANs and permits
packets to transfer to any other LAN on the SMDS. It is a high-speed MAN which uses packet switching as a
datagram service.

3. WAN or Wide Area Network is a computer network that spans over a large geographical area. A
WAN could be a connection of LAN connecting to other LAN’s via telephone lines and radio waves.

Wide Area Network may or may not be privately owned. A Communication medium used for wide area network
is PSTN or Satellite Link. Due to long distance transmission, the noise and error tend to be more in WAN.
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Propagation delay is one of the biggest problems faced here.

Unlike LAN, WAN uses switching that allows multiple computers to connect with several switches instead of
connecting with each other. It also uses the store-and-forward concept to transmit packets, where packets are
stored in a buffer on a temporary basis then forwarded to the destination by following the predefined path.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
Each computer or device in a network is called a node. The geometrical arrangement of computer resources,
remote device and communication facilities are known as network topology.
A network topology can be made in one of the five different topologies.
1. Bus network
2. Ring Network
3. Star Network
4. Tree Network
5. Mesh Network

1. BUS Topology
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable.
When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology. This topology is commonly used
along with the local area networks.

Features of Bus Topology

1. It transmits data only in one direction.
2. Every device is connected to a single cable
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Advantages of Bus Topology
1. It is cost effective.
2. Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
3. Used in small networks.
4. It is easy to understand.
5. Easy to expand joining two cables together.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
1. Cables fails then whole network fails.
2. If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.
3. Cable has a limited length.
4. It is slower than the ring topology.

2.RING Topology
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the
last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.

Features of Ring Topology

1. One station is known as monitor station which takes all the responsibility to perform the operations.
To transmit the data, station has to hold the token. After the transmission is done, the token is to be released
for other stations to use. When no station is transmitting the data, then the token will circulate in the ring.
2. The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between
each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
3. In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in them.
Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up.
4. Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass through each
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node of the network, till the destination node.
Advantages of this topology:
• The possibility of collision is minimum in this type of topology.
• Cheap to install and expand.

Problems with this topology:

• Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
• Addition of stations in between or removal of stations can disturb the whole topology.

3.STAR Topology
In star topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and
all others nodes are connected to the central node. The hub can be passive in nature i.e. not intelligent hub such
as broadcasting devices, at the same time the hub can be intelligent known as active hubs. Active hubs have
repeaters in them. It can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.

Advantages of Star Topology

1. Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
2. Hub can be upgraded easily.
3. Easy to troubleshoot and easy to setup and modify.
4. Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
1. Cost of installation is high, Expensive to use.
2. If the hub fails, then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
3. Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity.
4. MESH Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to each other.
Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are:
Routing: In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the network requirements. Like routing logic to direct
the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance. Or, routing logic which has information about the
broken links, and it avoids those node etc. We can even have routing logic, to re-configure the failed nodes.
Flooding: In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required.
The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the data. But it leads to unwanted load over the network.

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Types of Mesh Topology
1. Partial Mesh Topology: In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as
mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.
2. Full Mesh Topology: Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.
Advantages of mesh topology:
• It is robust.
• Fault is diagnosed easily. Data is reliable because data is transferred among the devices through
dedicated channels or links.
• Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages of mesh topology:
• Installation and configuration is difficult.
• Cost of cables are high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for less number of devices.
• Cost of maintenance is high.

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5.TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical
topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology

1. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
2. Used in Wide Area Network.
Advantages of Tree Topology
1. Extension of bus and star topologies.
2. Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
3. Easily managed and maintained.
4. Error detection is easily done.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
1. Heavily cabled.
2. Costly.
3. If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
4. Central hub fails, network fails.

6.HYBRID Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example, if in an office
in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these topologies will
result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology). This

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is a scalable topology which can be expanded easily. It is reliable one but at the same it is a costly
topology. It Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included
Advantages of Hybrid Topology
1. Reliable as Error detecting and troubleshooting is easy.
2. Effective.
3. Scalable as size can be increased easily.
4. Flexible.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
1. Complex in design.
2. Costly

Internet Vs. Intranet Vs. Extranet:

1. Internet :
The network formed by the co-operative interconnection of millions of computers, linked together is
called Internet. Internet comprises of :
• People : People use and develop the network.
• Resources : A collection of resources that can be reached from those networks.
• A setup for collaboration : It includes the member of the research and educational
committees worldwide.
2. Intranet :
It is an internal private network built within an organization using Internet and World Wide Web
standards and products that allows employees of an organization to gain access to corporate
information.
3. Extranet :
It is the type of network that allows users from outside to access the Intranet of an organization.
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Difference between Internet, Intranet and Extranet :
Point of
difference Internet Intranet Extranet

Accessibility
Public Private Private
of network

To share information with

Specific to an suppliers and vendors it
Availability Global system.
organization. makes the use of public
network.

Restricted area upto an

Restricted area upto an
Coverage All over the world. organization and some of
organization.
its stakeholders or so.

Accessible only to the

It is accessible to
Accessibility It is accessible only to the members of organization
everyone
of content members of organization. and external members with
connected.
logins.

No. of It is largest in The connected devices are

The minimal number of
computers number of more comparable with
devices are connected.
connected connected devices. Intranet.

Single/ Multiple
Owner No one. Single organization.
organization.

It’s purpose is to It’s purpose is to share

It’s purpose is to share
Purpose of the share information information between
information throughout
network throughout the members and external,
the organization.
world. members.

It is dependent on
It is enforced via firewall
the user of the
Security It is enforced via firewall. that separates internet and
device connected to
extranet.
network.

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Point of
difference Internet Intranet Extranet

Employees of the
Employees of the
Users General public. organization which are
organization.
connected.

Policies behind There is no hard and Policies of the Policies of the organization
setup fast rule for policies. organization are imposed. are imposed.

It is maintained by CIO. It is maintained by CIO.

It is maintained by HR or communication HR or communication
Maintenance
ISP. department of an department of an
organization. organization.

It is more
Economical It is less economical. It is also less economical.
economical to use.

It is the network of
Relation It is derived from Internet. It is derived from Intranet.
networks.

What we are WIPRO using internal DELL and Intel using

Example normally using is network for its business network for its business
internet. operations. operations.

Modes of connecting to Internet

A user can connect to the Internet either by dialing into an ISP's computer or by directly connecting to
the ISP. A dial-up connection is the one you initiate by dialing into a modem over a telephone link
whereas a direct connection is a continuous connection to an ISP through a dedicated phone line.
The various types of Internet connections are:
o Dial-up connection
o ISDN
o Leased Line or TI/T3 connections
o DSL
o Cable TV Internet connections
o Satellite Internet Connections
o Wireless Internet Connections
The DSL, Cable TV Internet, Satellite Internet and wireless Internet connections are used for providing
high speed or broadband Internet access.
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DIAL-UP CONNECTION
A dial-up connection is one of the most common types of Internet connection offered by ISPS. This
connection uses a telephone line to connect your computer to the Internet. In order to access using such
a connection, a hardware device known as a modem is needed. A modem acts as an interface between
your computer and a telephone line A communication program (such as Dial Up Networking) instructs
the modem to place a telephone call to a specific phone number provided by an ISP, establish a
connection and then connect your computer to the Internet.
In dial-up connection, a connection is not always on. You connect only when you want to access the
services provided by the Internet and when you are finished using it just disconnect.

The dial-up connection uses either the SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point
Protocol) protocols. However, most of the dial up connections are PPP protocol.
Most ISPs support modems at a speed upto 56 kbps, so these basically used to read Emails and for
Internet browsing. However, this type of connection has problems with video connections, high speed
gaming and multimedia intensive websites. While using a dial up connection to access the Internet, you
cannot talk on the phone. Thus a dial-up connection does not allow simultaneous talking and Internet
access.
Advantages of Dial-up Connection:
o It is fast enough to read information and download small files.
o It is easy to set up and most widely available Many ISPs provide this type of service.
o It is the cheapest form of Internet access in a limited way.
o Hardware cost in establishing such a connection is minimum.
Disadvantages of Dial-up connection:
1. Very slow connection You must wait several minutes for reading e-mails with large file
attachments, viewing videos on the net, listening to music and appearance of web pages containing a lot
of pictures, animations etc.
2. Connection is not always You need to dial up every time you want to use Internet services.
3. Using this connection, you cannot use the Internet and receive phone calls simultaneously. A
busy signal will be received by the person who calls you.
4. It is the slowest connection available, especially when multiple users on the network need to
access the Internet.
ISDN, TI AND T3
ISDN was one of the first widely available truly digital services that stands for Integrated Services
Digital Network. Like a dial-up connection, it also establishes a connection to your ISP over a phone
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line when required. However, unlike dial-up connection it uses an upgraded phone line which carries
the digital signals instead of analog signals to provide fast internet access as well as regular voice calls
simultaneously. It also provides an interface for connecting other devices such as fax machines, video
phones etc.
ISDN services are generally delivered in one of two techniques:
o BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
o PRI (Primary Rate Interface).
Basic Rate Interface:
A BRI ISDN service consists of three distinct channels on a single ISDN line: two 64 Kbps B (Bearer)
channels and one 16 Kbps D (Delta or Data) channels. The B channels can carry digital data, digitized
voice, images, and video at a speed of 64 Kbps. By combining two B channels, a data transfer rate upto
128 kbps may be achieved. Besides this you can use each B channel for different purposes. One may be
used to talk on the phone and the other may be used to access the Internet. However, this would
temporarily limit your data transmission rate (bandwidth) to 64 Kbps as only one of the B channels is
used for the Internet. The D channel is intended for the purpose of signaling and control, messaging, and
network management. It can also be used for packet data transmission if not in use for signaling
purposes. However, it does not have the voice capability. BRI is basically used for residential, small
business and telecommuting applications that are not particularly bandwidth intensive.

Primary Rate Interface

PRI consists of 23 B channels plus one D channel. Both B and D channels operate at the speed of 64
Kbps making a total transmission rate of 1.544 Mpbs. This level of transmission rate is equivalent to
that of T1 service. The individual B channels carry user information such as data, video, voice calls etc.
and D channel is reserved for signaling information.
In addition to T1 service, many telephone companies provide more data transmission speeds. T3 service
is the one which uses 672 channels of 64 Kbps each making the total transmission speed of 44,736
Mbps. Several other fractional T services are also being provided between the levels of BRI and PRI as
per the requirements of companies on the basis of their cost and needs.

In order to connect your computer to the ISDN line, Terminal Adapters are used which are also known
as ISDN modems. These modems come with phone jacks that allow you to plug in your telephone,
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computers, fax machine and video conferencing devices and use the ISDN line just like a normal phone
line.
Advantages of ISDN :
1. It is faster than dial-up connection as its maximum speed is upto 128 Kbps (HRT) compared to
56 Kbps of dial-up connection.
2. It allows you to access Internet and talk on the phone simultaneously
3. It is suitable for accessing the Internet in a LAN provided a limited number of computers(2 to 8)
are attached to it.
Disadvantages of ISDN :
1. It is difficult to set up and troubleshoot
2. It is not widely available as it is only available in some limited areas.
3. It is expensive as compared to dial-up connection as per minute charges can make it costly when
a lot of Internet access is required.
4. It has limited expendability. It is not practical for more than 6 computers depending upon the
usage.
DSL:
DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line which has emerged as a new Internet access technology that has
brought high connection speeds to home users and business organizations. It is one of the most common
forms of broadband connection as it provides fast Internet access over ordinary telephone lines. Several
versions of DSL technology are available for home and business use which is the reason why it is also
known as xDSL.
Some of the most common DSL are:
o Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
o Rate adaptive DSL (RADSL)
o Very high bit-rate DSL (VSDL)
o Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
o High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
o ISDN DSL (IDSL)
All these differ depending on their upload and download speeds, bits transfer rate, levél of service,
distance, and other factors. ADSL is the most popular and widely used high speed broadband connection
that allows digital information to be sent at a very high speed over ordinary phone lines. Using this
connection, the same phone line is splitted into two separate channels, one for data and one for voice.
Thus it allows you to talk on the phone without disconnecting from the Internet. It is called asymmetric
because the download speed is different from the upload speed. These speeds vary according to the
location from the phone company. Some of the common download/upload speeds are 256 Kbps/128
Kbps, 512 Kbps/128 Kbps, 1Mbps/256 Kbps etc. The speed varies from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps and upload
speed ranges from 64 Kbps to 256 Kbps.

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SDSL is like ADSI. With the difference that in the former both the upload and download speeds are the
same, In order to access the Internet using this connection, DSL modem is required for the home users
and DSL router is required for connecting network computers.
Advantages of DSL connection:
1. It is always on connection and users need not wait as in case of dialup connection.
2. It allows you to use a telephone and Internet simultaneously.
3. It is ideal for downloading video games, watching movies online, online video conferencing etc.
4. It is faster than ISDN and dial-up connection.
5. It eliminates the performance overhead associated with standard dial-up connection as there is
no need to convert analog signal to digital signal and digital to analog signals.
Disadvantages of DSL Connection:
1. Limited Availability Availability only in limited areas.
2. It is expensive in terms of setup and equipment costs.
3. Upload speed is much slower than download speed.
CABLE TV INTERNET CONNECTION
Cable TV Internet Connection is a high speed Internet connection service provided through existing
Cable TV lines. You can watch TV in a normal manner and at the same time access the Internet. It is
one of the most widely growing services in homes because of its affordability and ease of use. The cable
TV lines use the coaxial cable which transfers data at much higher speed than common telephone lines.
Its speed usually ranges from 256 Kbps to 1 Mbps
In order to access this service, a cable modem is used which is provided by a Cable TV operator. A cable
modem typically has two connections, one for the Internet service and other for the Cable TV signals.
These modems are specially designed so that data transmission doesn't interfere with TV signals, making
it possible to use both the services simultaneously.

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Cable TV Internet connections share a set amount of bandwidth with a group of customers. So the data
transfer speed available to a user depends upon how many customers are using the Internet at the same
time. Data transfer speeds can be extremely fast when only a few customers are online but it reduces
drastically as the number of customers online increases.
Cable TV Internet Services are far more available in residential communities than in business
organizations.
Advantages of Cable TV Internet Connection:
1. Data transfer speed is very fast.
2. It provides continuous and instantaneous connectivity i.e. connection is always ON.
3. There is no internet login required and the user never gets busy signals as in case of dialup
connection.
Disadvantages of Cable TV Internet Connection:
1. As the connection may be shared by multiple customers this may slow down the connection to
the Internet during peak time.)
2. Only available in areas with Cable TV connections
3. Customers are not able to telecommunicate host websites, use video teleconferencing and many
other bandwidth eating applications.
4. It is inexpensive as compared to other types of connections though.
5. Its initial cost may be high
6. Customers sharing the same cable network with other customers poses certain security risks such
as unauthorized monitoring and hacking, denial of service etc.

SATELLITE INTERNET CONNECTION

Satellite Internet Connection offers yet another option for accessing the Internet. It is the most expensive
alternative for getting a high speed connection to the Internet. These connections are aimed for those
remote areas where other Internet connections such as dial-up. ISDN, DSL cannot be used.
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Satellite Internet connection can either be a one way connection or a two way connection. In one way
connection, you can only download data but in order to upload the data you need a dialup access through
an ISP over telephone line. However, in a two way connection, downloads and uploads are done by the
satellite without a need of dialup connection.

In order to use this connection, you need a satellite dish, a coaxial cable and communication software.
In addition, we may also need a phone line and a dial-up Internet connection if the user has to upload
also.
The download speed for these connections varies from 400 Kbps to 6 Mbps and the upload speed is
limited upto a maximum of 128 Kbps.
Advantages of Satellite Internet Connection:
1. This connection is available almost everywhere even in small villages where Cable TV
connection is not possible.
2. Bandwidth is not shared as in case of Cable Internet Connection.
3. It is easy to reinstall as the dish can be easily removed and reinstalled unlike Cable TV
connection where cables generally go to waste.
Disadvantages of Satellite Internet Connection:
1. It is more expensive to set up than other high speed Internet Connections
2. Provides high speed downloading as compared to uploading
3. In case of one way connection, you cannot communicate on the phone when you are uploading
WIRELESS INTERNET CONNECTION
With the recent advancement in wireless technology, the high speed Internet access is not limited to the
desktop but it is now accessible on laptops, PDA's, mobiles also, Wireless Internet is the broadband
Internet connection that use the radio frequency bands to connect to the Internet instead of using a
telephone line or a cable network. This type of connection provides a very high speed, usually more than
10 Mbps and costs considerably less than the equivalent other wired versions. Its speeds range from 256
Kbps to 10 Mbps. It is possible to use this type of connection to transmit data over long distances. This
type of connection is used by business travelers and persons who are away from home as long as they
are within the network's coverage area.

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(wi-fi): A number of ISP's have placed 802.11b (wi-fi) network standards in public places such as
hostels, coffee shops, airports, convention centers. These networks provide easy access to the Internet
for anyone with a compatible device (e.g. Laptop or PDA).
Bluetooth: It is also used for Internet access although it doesn't have the potential of wi-fi due to its
limited distance. It was primarily promoted as it eliminated the need for cables between devices such as
keyboard, computers, cellular phones, PDA's etc. The current standard allows upto 8 devices to be
connected to it.
Advantages of Wireless Internet Connection :
1. It is an extremely fast connection.
2. It provides greater mobility and covers a very long distance.
3. It provides an always on connection.
Disadvantages of Wireless Internet Connection:
1. It has limited availability wi-fi connection is usually available in public areas like
airports,railways stations etc. Bluetooth connection is available in areas where mobile companies have
network coverage.
2. Depending upon the signal quality, its speed varies
3. Initial cost of setup is very high.

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider which is a term used to refer to a company that provides
internet access to people who pay the company or subscribe to the company for the same. For their
services, the customers have to pay the internet service provider a nominal fee which varies according
to the amount of data they actually use or the data plan which they purchase. An Internet Service
Provider is also known as an Internet Access Provider or an online service provider. An Internet
Service Provider is a must if one wants to connect to the internet.

History
The first Internet Service Provider was Telenet. Telenet was the commercialized version of the
ARPANET – a precursor to the internet, of sorts. Telenet was introduced in 1974. Since then, many
Internet Service Providers have entered the scene and this was partly because of the proliferation of
the internet as a commodity that fuelled the consumerist attitude of the people. Pretty soon, an Internet
Service Provider called “The World” came to be in vogue and ever since it started serving its
customers today in 1989 has cemented itself as the first archetypal Internet Service Provider. Examples
of major Internet Service Providers include Google Fiber, Verizon, Jio, AT&T etc.
Characteristics
• E-mail Account: Many Internet Service Providers offer an e-mail address to their consumers.
• User Support: Professionals and an increasing number of lay users prefer an ISP that can
provide them with customer support so that they have someone they can refer to if things go awry.
• Access to high-speed internet: Probably the most obvious item on this list as this feature of
an Internet Service Provider lies literally in its name. Furthermore, the higher the speed an Internet
Service Provider can offer one, the better it’s standing in the market and the more customers it can
attract.
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• Spam Blocker: An Internet Service Provider that hinders its customers’ productivity by way
of not blocking spam and displaying frequent ads is not something that is generally favoured in the
market today. Therefore, many of the Internet Service Providers offer spam blocking features to their
customers.
• Web Hosting: Some of the ISPs offer web hosting services to their clientele as well.
Different types of ISP connections
• DSL
• Wi-Fi broadband
• mobile broadband
• fibre optic broadband
• cable broadband
List of ISP
• Reliance Jio
• Vodafone Idea
• Airtel
• BSNL
• Hathway
Advantages
• The customer need not then bother with either the technicalities or finances of investing and
inventing a web browser to work with. An ISP can readily do all of this for its customers.
• Many ISPs, being professional companies, provide its clientele with high-speed internet and
that is not possible if one decides to sidesteps these companies.
• ISPs offer a very high degree of reliability and availability
• The ISPs are secure – they offer a tremendous deal of protection against viruses and use only
the latest software patches whilst operating and thereby, maintaining the integrity of the browser.
• User do not need to invest in user’s own web server.
• ISP’s should give the best uptime guarantee.

Disadvantages
• Because of the range of options available in the market and due to cut-throat competition, some
of the ISPs have been accused of violating the customers’ trust by way of inflated pricing, data losses,
etc. It is true that using an ISP makes the customer entirely dependent on it.
• If an Internet Service Provider is stretched thin because of hosting too many sites on a shared
server, it can compromise the quality of the customers’ data by way of slow download rates and poor
performance of websites.
• User need to trust user’s ISP for uptime and security.
• ISP can directly affect user if the it gets blacklisted.

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