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Class_Notes

The document covers key concepts in computer science, including data structures like stacks, process scheduling in operating systems, the OSI model in computer networks, normalization in database management systems, and the software development life cycle. Each section outlines definitions, operations, applications, and methodologies relevant to the topics. The goal is to provide a concise overview of fundamental principles in these areas.

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intranex2024gkm
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2 views

Class_Notes

The document covers key concepts in computer science, including data structures like stacks, process scheduling in operating systems, the OSI model in computer networks, normalization in database management systems, and the software development life cycle. Each section outlines definitions, operations, applications, and methodologies relevant to the topics. The goal is to provide a concise overview of fundamental principles in these areas.

Uploaded by

intranex2024gkm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Data Structures - Stack


Definition:

A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle.

Operations:

- push(x): Add element x to the stack.

- pop(): Remove the top element.

- peek(): View the top element.

- isEmpty(): Check if stack is empty.

Applications:

- Expression evaluation

- Undo operation in editors

- Function call stack in programming

2. Operating Systems - Process Scheduling


Process Scheduling:

Determines the order in which processes are executed by the CPU.

Scheduling Algorithms:

- FCFS (First Come First Serve)

- SJF (Shortest Job First)

- Round Robin (uses time quantum)

- Priority Scheduling

Goal: Maximize CPU utilization, reduce waiting time, turnaround time.

3. Computer Networks - OSI Model


OSI Model Layers:

1. Physical - Transmits raw bits

2. Data Link - Frames, MAC addresses

3. Network - IP addressing, routing

4. Transport - TCP/UDP

5. Session - Maintains connections

6. Presentation - Encryption, translation

7. Application - User interface (HTTP, FTP)

4. DBMS - Normalization
Normalization:

Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.

Normal Forms:

- 1NF: Eliminate repeating groups

- 2NF: Eliminate partial dependency

- 3NF: Eliminate transitive dependency

- BCNF: Stronger version of 3NF

Helps in efficient database design and data integrity.

5. Software Engineering - SDLC


SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle):

Phases in software development:

1. Requirement Analysis

2. System Design

3. Implementation (Coding)
4. Testing

5. Deployment

6. Maintenance

Models:

- Waterfall

- Agile

- Spiral

- V-Model

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