12

Application of Derivatives 12.1

Chapter Application of Derivatives

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
dy 5. Given curve x2 = 3 - 2y ...(i)
1. 2
dx = 12 - 3x = 0 & x = ! 2
Hence points are (2,16) and (–2, –16). dy dy
Differentiate w.r.t. x, 2x = 0 - 2 dx & dx =- x

a2 dy a2 Slope of the tangent of the curve =- x

2. Since y = x , ` dx =- 2
x

` At ^ x1, y1 h, dx = 2
dy - a2 From the given line, slope =- 1, ` x = 1 and from
x1
equation (i), y = 1. ` Co-ordinate of the point is
- a2 ]x - x g
Thus tangent to the curve will be y - y1 = 1
x12
(1,1).
& yx12 - y1 x12 =- a2 x + a2 x1
6. x = t2 and y = 2t
& a x + x y = x1 ^ x1 y1 + a i = 2a x1,
2 2
1
2 2

At t = 1, x = 1 and y = 2
^a x1 y1 = a i 2

Now c m= = t &c m =1
dy dy/dt 2 1 dy
=
This meets the x-axis where y = 0 dx dx/dt 2t dx t = 1
Equation of the normal at (1, 2) is
` a2 x = 2a2 x1, ` x = 2x1

` Point on the x-axis is ^2x1, 0h y - 2 =- dy ]x - 1g

1

dx
Again tangent meets the y-axis where x = 0
& y - 2 =- 1 ]x - 1g & x + y - 3 = 0.
2
2a
a x12 y = 2a2 x1, ` y = x1
y = sin 2 & dx = 2 cos 2 x & c m = 0
rx dy r r dy
7.
dx ^1, 1h
So point on the y-axis is b 0, 2xa l
2

` Equation of normal is y - 1 = 0 ]x - 1g
1 1

Required area = 2 ]2x1gb 2xa l = 2a2 .

2
1
1 & x = 1.

3. t = 2 for the point (2,–1) r 2

8. y = 2 cos x At x = 4 , y = = 2 and
2
dy 4t - 2 6
dx = 2t + 3 = 7 for t = 2 . dy
`c
dy
m
dx =- 2. sin x dx x = r/4
=- 2
4. Given y2 = 2 ]x - 3g .....(i)
` Equation of tangent at b 4 , 2 l is
r
dy dy 1
Differentiate w.r.t. x, 2y $ dx = 2 & dx = y
y - 2 =- 2 b x - 4 l .
r
-1
Let the point be ^ x1, y1 h, ` y1 = be -x /a
Slope of the normal = =- y
c m 9. .....(i)
dy 1

dx
dy - b
Slope of the given line = 2 ` y =- 2 Also, curve y = be -x/a & dx = a e -x/a

c m
From equation (i), x = 5 ` Required point is (5,-2). dy -b - y1
= a e -x /a = a (by (i))
1

dx ^ x , y h
1 1
12.2 Mathematics
Now, the equation of tangent of given curve at point dy 4
10. For curve y2 = 4x & dx = 2y
^ x1, y1 h is y - y1 = a ]x - x1g & ax + y = xa1 + 1
- y1 y
`c m = 1 and for curve x2 + y2 = 5 &
1 dy
dx ^1, 2h
x y
Comparing with a + b = 1, we get
c m
dy - x dy -1
x dx = y ` dx ^1, 2h = 2
y1 = b and 1 + a1 = 1 & x1 = 0.
` Angle between the curves is
Hence, the point is (0, b).
-1
2 -1
i = tan -1
= tan -1 ]3 g .
1 +b 2 l
- 1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
y = x2 & c m = m1 = 2x = 2
dy dy
1. y = x2 & dx = m1 = 2x 4.
dx ^1, 1h

&c m = 2 = m1 and x = y2 & 1 = 2y 6y = 7 - x3 & 6. dx =- 3x2 & c m = m2 =- 2

dy dy dy dy 1
dx ^1, 1h dx dx ^1, 1h
Clearly m1 m2 =- 1, therefore angle of intersection
& dx = m2 = 2y & c m = 2
dy 1 dy 1
dx ^1, 1h r
is 2 .
` Angle of intersection,
5. xy = c2 …..(i)
1 dy
m1 - m2 2- 2 3 a Subnormal = y dx
tan i = 1 + m m = 1 =4
1 2
1+2# 2 c2 dy - c2
a From (i), y = x & dx = 2
x
& i = tan -1 ^3/4h . ` Subnormal
y # - c2 - yc2 - yc2 y2 - y3
2. Clearly the point of intersection of curves is = = 2 2 = = 2
cc m
x 2
c4 c
y
(0, 1). Now, slope of tangent of first curve
` Subnormal varies as y3 .
m1 = dx = a x log a & c m = m1 = log a
dy dy
dx ^0, 1h 6. If sin x = cos x & x = r/4
Slope of tangent of second curve
If y = sin x & c m
dy 1
=
dx x = r/4 2
m2 = dx = b x log b & m2 = c m = log b
dy dy
dx ^0, 1h
If y = cos x & c m
dy -1
=
dx x = r/4 2
tan i = 1 +1 m m2 = 2 2 & i = tan -1 ^2 2 h .
m -m log a - log b m -m
` tan a = 1 +1 m m2 = 1 + log a log b . 1 2
1 2

3. x = a ]t + sin tg, y = a ]1 - cos tg 7. dx

= a ]1 + cos ig,
dy
= a ]sin ig
di di
dy dy/dy a ]sin tg t
dy

]1 + cos tg
` dx = = = tan 2 dy a sin i
= ddx
i =
a ]1 + cos ig
= 1, y =a
dx/dt a dx r
i= 2
r
i= 2

di

Length of the normal = y 1 + c m

dy 2 y a
Length of sub-tangent ST = = = a.
dx dy/dx 1
= a ]1 - cos tg 1 + tan2 ^t/2h = a ]1 - cos tg sec ^t/2h dy
and length of sub-normal SN = y dx = a.1 = a

= 2a sin2 ^t/2h sec ^t/2h = 2a sin ^t/2h tan ^t/2h . Hence ST = SN.
 Application of Derivatives 12.3
8. Let ^ x1, y1 h be their point of intersection. 10. Case - I: If slope of line = a > 0 then two intersection
point,So, a ! ^0, 3h .......(1)
So, m1 # m2 =- 1 & b c 1 l = 3y13
64x
......(1)
Case II: If a < 0
Also, y13 = 16x1 ......(2)
3
dy -3 b - 1 & -3 = 3 - b & b = 6
` From (1) and (2), dx
= 2 = b-0
B b b2 b2
4
we get c = 3 y ax 1
3
0,1 B f (x ) =
m -m 1
9. tan a = 1 -1 m m2 where m1 = O 0,0
1 2 2
-1
and m2 =
2
` Slope at B = 12 (For tangency)So, a ! b 12 , 0 l
-1 -1
1
Hence, tan a = 2 2 . & cos a = 3 .
Hence, ]1 g , ]2 g & b 12 , 0 l , ^0, 3h
-1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. Let f ]xg = y = x + x
1 6. Given f ]xg = ]x - 1g]x - 2g2

Differentiating with respect to x, we get f ]xg = ]x - 1g^ x2 + 4 - 4xh; f ]xg = ^ x3 - 5x2 + 8x - 4h

Now f' ]xg = 3x2 - 10x + 8, f' ]xg = 0

]xg = 1 - 12 # 0 & 1 # 12 or x2 # 1
dy
dx = f' x x
Hence x ! 6- 1, 1@. & 3x2 - 10x + 8 = 0 & ]3x - 4g]x - 2g = 0 & x = 3 , 2
4

1 dy 2x Now f" ]xg = 6x - 10

2. & dx =-
^1 + x2h2
y=
1 + x2
f" ^4/3h = 6 # 4/3 - 10 < 0
To be decreasing,
f" ]2 g = 12 - 10 > 0 .
< 0 & x > 0 & x ! ^0, 3h
2x
^1 + x2h2
-
4
Hence at x = 3 the function will occupy maximum
Obviously here cos 3x is not decreasing in b 0, 2 l
r
3.
value.
d
because dx cos 3x =- 3 sin 3x
` Maximum value = f ^4/3h = 4/27.
°
But at x = 75 , - 3 sin 3x > 0. Hence the result.
7. Here f ]xg = sin 4x + 3
Since f' ]xg =
3
]x + 1g2
4. is greater than ‘0’ in interval
We know that minimum value of sin x is –1 and

^- 3, 3h , therefore f ]xg = x - 2 is increasing in maximum is 1. Hence minimum

x+1
interval ^- 3, 3h or R. sin 4x + 3 = - 1 + 3 = 2 and maximum

5. Let f ]xg = x2 - x + 1, f' ]xg = 2x - 1 sin 4x + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4.

Obviously f' ]0g =- 1 and f' ]1 g = 1

Thus function is neither increasing nor decreasing.

12.4 Mathematics
8. f' ]xg = 2 ]x - 1g]x + 2g + ]x + 2g2 = 3x2 + 6x 10. Let f ]xg = x3 - 12x2 + 36x + 17

f' ] x g = 0 & x = 0 , - 2 ` f ' ]xg = 3x2 - 24x + 36 = 0 at x = 2, 6

f ]- 2g = ]- 2 - 1g]- 2 + 2g2 = 0 (Maximum value) Again f" ]xg = 6x - 24 is -ve at x = 2

and f ]0g = ]0 - 1g]0 + 2g2 =- 4 (Minimum value). So that f ]6 g = 17, f ]2 g = 49

9. Obviously, it has a maximum at x = 1. At the end points = f ]1 g = 42, f ]10g = 177

dy d2 y
as
dx x=1
= 0 and
dx 2
<0 So that f ]xg has its maximum value as 177.
x=1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
To determine ‘c’ in Rolle’s theorem, f' ]c g = 0.
Here f ]xg = x - 1 & f' ]xg =
x - 3x 2
x - 2x + 3 2
6.
]x - 1g2
1.
Here f' ]xg = ^ x + 3xh e
- ^1/2 hx
. b - 2 l + ]2x + 3g e -^1/2hx
2 1
Obviously, it is not derivable at x = 1 i.e., in (0,3)
Also f ]ag = f ]b g does not hold for 6- 3, 0@ and = e -^1/2hx &- 2 ^ x2 + 3xh + 2x + 3 0
1

[1.5, 3] Hence the answer is (d).

=- 2 e -^ x/2h " x2 - x - 6 ,
1

f ]b g - f ]ag
2. Here b-a = f ' ]c g ` f' ]c g = 0 & c2 - c - 6 = 0 & c = 3, - 2 ,
But c = 3 g 6- 3, 0@.
& b - a = f' ]c g & 1 - 0 = e c & c = log ]e - 1g.
eb - ea e-1
7. If Rolle’s theorem is true for any function f ]xg in

3. f ] xg = )
- x . when - 1 # x < 0 6a, b@. Then f ]ag = f ]b g, therefore [–2,2].
x, when 0 # x # 1
Clearly f ]- 1g = - 1 = 1 = f ]1 g 8. f' ] x g = 1 -
1
& f' ] c g = 1 - 2
1
x2 c
f ]0 + hg - f ]0g
But Rf' ]0g = lim h h
= lim h = lim h = 1
10
-2
1 1 2
` 1- 2 = 3 2
h
h$0 h$0 h$0
& 1 - 2 = 3 & c2 = 3.
f ]0 - hg - f ]0g
c c
Lf' ]0g = lim
-h h
h = lim - h = lim - h =- 1 9. According to mean value theorem, In interval [a, b]
f ]b g - f ]ag
h$0 h$0 h$0

` Rf' ]0g ! Lf' ]0g for f (x) b-a = f' ]c g , where a < c < b

Hence it is not differentiable on ^- 1, 1 h . ` a < x1 < b.

f ]2 g - f ]0g f ]2 g - 0
f ]b g - f ]ag 10. ] xg & = f' ] x g
We know that f' ]c g = 2-0 = f ' 2
4. b-a df ]xg f ]2 g f ]2 g
& dx = 2 & f ]xg = 2 x + c
& f' ] c g =
0-1 2
=- r .....(i) f ]2 g
r/2 ` f ]0g = 0 & c = 0; ` f ]xg = 2 x ........(i)
But f' ]xg =- sin x & f' ]c g =- sin c
f ]2 g
....(ii)
Given f' ]xg # 2 &
1 1
#2 .......(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get 2
f ]2 g f ]2 g
- sin c =- r & c = sin -1 b r
2 2 l. (i) & f ]xg = = x #1 x
2 x 2 2

f' ]x1g =
-1 [from (ii)]
5.
x12 In [0,2], for maximum x ]x = 2g
1 1
f ]xg # 12 .2 & f ]xg # 1.
-1 -a 1
` 2 = bb - a =- ab & x1 = ab .
x1
 Application of Derivatives 12.5

EXERCISE - 1
Tangent and Normal
Length of normal = y 1 + c m
dy 2
5.
1. 2
y = ax + bx dx
dy dy/di a sin i sin i
dx/di a ]1 + cos ig 1 + cos i
Now, dx =
c m
dy dy = =
dx = 2ax + b & dx ^2, - 8h = 4a + b
a Tangent is parallel to x-axis i i
2 sin 2 cos 2
=
i
dy 2 cos2 2
` dx = 0 & b =- 4a …..(i)

`c m = :tan 2 D r = 1, 6y@bi = r2 l =
dy i
Now, point (2, –8) is on the curve of y = ax2 + bx dx bi = r2 l bi = l
2

a b1 - cos 2 l = a
`- 8 = 4a + 2b ……(ii) r

From (i) and (ii), we get a = 2, b =- 8. ` Length of normal = a 1 + ]1 g2 = 2 a.

2. x + y = a;
1
+
1 dy dy
= 0, ` dx =-
y 6. y = a ]sin i - i cos ig, x = a ]cos i + i sin ig
2 x 2 y dx x
= a 5cos i - cos i + i sin i? = ai sin i
dy
Hence tangent at (x, y) is
di

= a ]- sin i + sin i + i cos ig = ai cos i

dx
] X - xg
y
Y - y =- di
x
or X y + Y x = xy ^ x + y h = axy dy dy/di ai sin i
` dx = = = tan i
dx/di ai sin i
X Y
or + = 1. & Slope of the tangent = tan i
a x a y
Clearly its intercepts on the axes are a x and ` Slope of the normal =- cot i
a y.
Hence, equation of normal
Sum of the intercepts a ^ x + y h = a . a = a.
6y - a sin i + ai cos i@ =- cos i 5x - a cos i - ai sin i?
dy sin i
3. y = x log x & dx = 1 + log x
& y sin i - a sin2 i + ai sin i cos i
1 -1
^dy/dx h 1 + log x
The slope of the normal =- =
=- x cos i + a cos2 i + ai sin i cos i
The slope of the line 2x - 2y = 3 is 1.
& x cos i + y sin i = a ` Distance from origin
-1
` 1 + log x = 1 & log x =- 2 & x = e -2 a
= = a constant
sin2 i + cos2 i
` y =- 2e -2
7. x = 3t2 + 1, y = t3 - 1
` Co-ordinate of the point is ^e -2, - 2e -2 h. dy
dx
` dt = 6t, dt = 3t2
1
4. Slope of the normal =-
c m
dy JK dy NO
dx dy KKK dt
OO 2
OO = 3t = t
Now dx = K 6 t 2
1 dx KK dx OO
This is parallel to x-axis & - = 0 & dy = 0. dt
c m L P
dy
dx 0
For x = 1 , 3t2 + 1 = 1 & t = 0 & Slope = 2 = 0.
12.6 Mathematics
8. Let the point of contact be ^h, kh , where k = h 4 . ` Slope of the normal

8a2
Tangent is y - k = 4h3 ]x - hg, ;a E
dy 1 1
3 =- =- 2 =- 2
dx = 4x c m
dy 3x 3x
dx 8a2
It passes through (2, 0), `- k = 4h3 ]2 - hg
- 8a2 - 2 ^ x, y h ^2a, a h
Given = 3 ` = .
& h = 0 or 8/3, ` k = 0 or ^8/3h 3x2
4

y = e2x & dx = 2e2x & c m = 2

dy dy
13.
` Points of contact are (0, 0) and c 83 , b 3 l m
8 4 dx ^0, 1h
` Equation of tangent is,
` Equation of tangents are
y - 1 = 2 ]x - 0g & y = 2x + 1
y = 0 and y - b 3 l = 4 b 3 l b x - 3 l .
8 4 8 3 8
This tangent meets x-axis, ` y = 0
dy
9. y = x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 5 & dx = 3x2 - 6x - 9. & 0 = 2x + 1 & x =- 1/2
We know that this equation gives the slope of the
` Co-ordinates of the point b - 2 , 0 l .
1

tangent to the curve. The tangent is parallel to

14. ^1 + x2h y = 2 - x ......(i)
dy
x-axis, ` dx = 0. Therefore It meets x-axis, where y = 0 i.e., 0 = 2 - x & x = 2

3x2 - 6x - 9 = 0 & x =- 1, 3. So, (i) meets x-axis at the point (2, 0)

x2 =- 4y & 2x =- 4 dx & dx = 2 & c m

dy dy - x dy 2-x
10. dx ^-4, - 4h Also from (i), y =
1 + x2
= 2. We know that equation of tangent is, dy ^1 + x2h]- 1g - ]2 - xg]2xg dy x2 - 4x - 1
& dx = & dx =
^1 + x h
2 2
^1 + x2h2

^y - y1 h = c m ]x - x1g & y + 4 = 2 ]x + 4g
dy 4 - 8 - 1 -5 -1
]1 + 4g2
dx ^ x , y h
1 1
Slope of tangent at (2, 0)is, = 25 = 5

& 2x - y + 4 = 0. ` Equation of tangent at (2, 0) is,

y - 0 =- 5 ]x - 2g & x + 5y = 2.
dy 1
11. y = 2x2 - x + 1 & dx = 4x - 1.

We know that this equation gives the slope of tangent 15. Curve is y = be -x/a Since the curve crosses y-axis

to the curve. Since this tangent is parallel to (i.e., x = 0)

y = 3x + 9, therefore slope of the tangent is 3, so `y=b

4x - 1 = 3 or x = 1. Therefore dy - b
Now dx = a e -x/a .
y = 2x2 - x + 1 = 2 - 1 + 1 = 2. Thus the point
At point (0, b), c m = -b
dy
dx ^0,bh a
^ x, yh is (1, 2).
` Equation of tangent is,
dy
12.
y - b = a ] x - 0g
x3 - 8a2 y = 0 & 3x2 - 8a2 . dx = 0 -b
dy dy 3x2
& 3x2 = 8a2 . dx & dx = 2 x y
8a & a + b = 1.
 Application of Derivatives 12.7
16. y = 2x - x + 1. Let the coordinates of P is (h, k),
2
` m1 m2 =- 1 gives 4x = 9a 2 2
........(1)

then c m = 4h - 1 Also by eliminating ‘y’ between the equation of

dy
dx ^h, kh
Clearly 4h - 1 = 3 & h = 1 & k = 2; ` P is (1, 2). curves x2 = 9a

17. We have, y2 = 5x - 1 …..(i) from (1) and (2), we get a = 4 ....(2)

20. f ]xg = y = x2 - 6x + m ........(ii)

At ^1, - 2h; dx = ; 2y E
dy 5 -5
= 4
^1, - 2 h
y =- x2 + 6x - 8 .........(i)
` Equation of normal at the point (1, –2) is,
` f ]3 g $ 1 & m $ 10
7y - ]- 2g@: - 5 D + x - 1 = 0
4
Tangent at (2,0) at parabola (i) dy/dx =- 2x + 6
` 4x - 5y - 14 = 0 ……(ii)

As the normal is of the form ax - 5y + b = 0,

comparing this with (ii), we get a = 4 and b =- 14. 3,1

2,0 3,0 4,0

Length of tangent, normal, subtangent, subnormal,
angle between curves, shortest distance between dy
=2
curves, applications dx ^2, 0 h

` Equation of tangent at (2,0) is ^y - 0 h = 2 ]x - 2g

by2 = ]x + ag3 & 2by. dx = 3 ]x + ag2 & dx =
dy dy
18.
& y = 2x - 4 Now this will be secant to parabola
3 ]x + ag2
2by
(ii)if 2x - 4 = x2 - 6x + m & x2 - 8x + m + 4 = 0
` Subnormal = y dx = 2b ]x + ag2
dy 3
D>0
2
y y 2by
] g ] x + ag2
` Subtangent = = 2 = & m < 12
c m
dy 3 x + a 3
dx 2by
& m = 10 or 11.
]x + ag3
2b y2 - y1
= 3 ] x + ag
b 2 21. Slope of chord x - x
3 ]x + ag2
= 2 1

` (Subtangent)2 = 9 ]x + ag2
4 _ ap 2 + bp + c i - _ aq 2 + bq + c i
= p-q
4 ]x + ag2
^Subtangent h2 9 8b = a^ p + qh + b
and Subnormal = 3 = 27
] x + ag2
2b Slope of chord = Slope of tangent

& (Subtangent)2 = constant # (Subnormal). dy

=
dx ^ h, 0 h
` (Subtangent)2 \ (Subnormal).
a ^ p + q h + b = 2ah + b

19. For x2 = 9a ^9 - y h; dx = 9a = m1
dy - 2x
p+q
&h= 2
For x2 = a ^y + 1 h; dx = a = m2
dy 2x
12.8 Mathematics
22. x+ y=a dy - a n + 1
ny n - 1 dx =
x2
1 1 dy dy - an + 1
& + =0
2 x 2 y dx =
dx nx 2 y n - 1
dy - y dy - y
& dx =
x dx = nx
Equation of tangent at ^h, k h Equation of tangent at ^h, k h

^ y - kh =
- k
] x - hg ^ y - k h = - k ] x - hg
h nh
x y y x 1
&
h
+
k
= h+ k = a k + nh - 1 = n
y x 1
For x = 0, OB = ak k + nh = 1 + n

For y = 0, OA = ah y = 0 & x = nh b1 + 1n l

x = 0 & y = k b1 + 1n l
OA + OB = ah + ak

Area = nhk b1 + 1n l For area to be constant

2

= a^ h + k h
hk = constant
= a. a = a
&n=1

23. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = a 2/3 25. Point of intersection = (2, 2)

2 -1/3 2 -1/3 dy For y 2 = 2x,

3x + 3y dx = 0
dy - x1/3 dy 1
c m
y 1 /3 m1 = = 2
dx = =- dx ^ 2, 2 h
y -1 / 3
x
Equation of tangent at ^h, k h For x 2 + y 2 = 8

dy
^ y - k h =- b k l ] x - hg
1/3
m2 = =- 1
h dx ^ 2, 2 h

y x 1 ]- 1g
+ = k 2/3 + h 2/3 2-
k1/3 h1/3 tan α = =3
1 + b 2 l]- 1g
1

For x = 0, y = k1/3 ]k 2/3 + h 2/3g

26. For first curve
For y = 0, x = h1/3 ]k 2/3 + h 2/3g dy -3
m1 = = 5
dx ^ 2, 1 h

Sum of squares = ]k 2/3 + h 2/3g3 dy

m2 = =- 4
dx ^ 2, 1 h

= ]a 2/3g3 = a 2 m -m
tan θ = 1 +1 m m2 = 1
1 2

24. Let point of Tangency = ^h, k h π

&θ= 4
x yn = an + 1
 Application of Derivatives 12.9
y 3
27. Subtangent = dy = 8 ...(1) 31. Let f ]xg = log sin x & f' ]xg = cot x

dx Hence function is increasing on the interval

dy
Subnormal = y dx = 24 ...(2)
b 0, r l .
2
3
Multiplying (1) and (2) y 2 = 8 # 24 = 9
32. We have, f' ]xg = cos x + sin x

&y=3 Now f ]xg is increasing function of x, if

by2 = ]x + ag3 & 2by. dx = 3 ]x + ag2 & dx =

dy dy
f' ]xg = cos x + sin x > 0 or 2 cos b x - 4 l > 0
28. r

3 ]x + ag2
& 0 # x < 4 i.e. f' ]xg > 0 in ;0, 4 l .
3r 3r
2by

` Subnormal = y dx = 2b ]x + ag2
dy 3
33. Let f ]xg = sin x - bx + c

` f' ]xg = cos x - b > 0 or cos x > b

y y 2by2
3 ] x + ag 3 ]x + ag2
` Subtangent = = 2 =
c m
dy
dx 2by
or b < - 1.
]x + ag3
34. Let f ]xg = x 4 - 4x & f' ]xg = 4x3 - 4
2b
= 3 ] x + ag
b 2
3 ]x + ag2
=

So, 4x3 - 4 < 0 or x3 < 1

` (Subtangent)2 = 9 ]x + ag2
4
Hence function of decreasing in ^- 3, 1h .
4 ]x + ag2
^Subtangent h 2

f ]xg =- 2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1

9 8b
and Subnormal = 3 = 35.
]x + ag2 27
2b
& f' ]xg =- 6x2 - 18x - 12
dy
29. Subnormal = y dx
To be decreasing f' ]xg < 0 , i.e., - 6x2 - 18x - 12 < 0
= yc m
-y
nx & x2 + 3x + 2 > 0 & ]x + 2g]x + 1g > 0
- y2
= nx = constant Therefore either x < - 2 or x > - 1

& For xy n = a n + 1 & x ! ^- 1, 3h

y2 or ^- 3, - 2h .
n =- 2 makes nx constant

Monotonocity, maxima minima 36. To be increasing f' ]xg = 3x2 - 27 > 0

30. Let y = f ]xg = x2 e -x & x2 > 9 & x > 3.

37. f ]xg = x2 & f' ]xg = 2x > 0 (for increasing)

& dx = 2xe -x - x2 e -x = e -x ^2x - x2h
dy

i.e., 0 < x < 3.

Hence f' ]xg $ 0 for every x ! 60, 2@ ,
Thus f ]xg is increasing in ^0, 3h .
therefore it is non-decreasing in [0,2].
12.10 Mathematics
46. Here f ]xg = y = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x - 6
f ]xg = x 4 - 3 & f' ]xg = 4x3 - x2
x3
38.
& f' ]xg = 6x2 - 18x + 12
For increasing 4x3 - x2 > 0 = x2 ]4x - 1g > 0
Since f ]xg is increasing or decreasing in ^a, bh
1
according as f' ]xg > 0 or < 0 for every x ! ^a, bh .
Therefore, the function is increasing for x > 4

1
Similarly decreasing for x < 4 . Hence f' ]xg = 6 ]x - 2g]x - 1g which is obviously

39. f ]xg = e x & f' ]xg = e x > 0, 6x decreasing if x ! ^1, 2h i.e., 1 < x < 2.

Thus f ]xg is increasing for all x. 47. f ]xg = ]x - 1g2 - 1. Hence decreasing in x < 1.
40. If the function is monotonic, then its value must Y

change according to its monotonocity. y = f(x)

41. f ]xg = 5 -x (1,0)

X
O
& f' ]xg =- 5 -x log e 5 =- x & f ]xg < 0 for all
log e 5
5 (1, –1)

x i.e., f ]xg is decreasing for all x.

Aliter : f' ]xg = 2x - 2 = 2 ]x - 1g
42. f ]xg = 2x - 3x - 36x + 7
3 2
To be decreasing,
& f' ]xg = 6x2 - 6x - 36 but for decreasing 2 ]x - 1g < 0 & ]x - 1g < 0 & x < 1.
f' ]xg < 0 48. Given equation (curve) y = xe x
& x2 - x - 6 < 0 & ]x - 3g]x + 2g < 0
` dx = xe x + e x = e x ]1 + xg and = ] x + 2g e x
dy d2 y
&- 2 < x < 3 dx2
For maximum or minimum value of f ]xg ,
Hence the required interval is (–2, 3).

& dx = 0 & x =- 1. a " f" ]xg,x =- 1 =+ ve

dy
f ]xg = sin x - 2 & f' ]xg = cos x - 2
x 1
43.
Hence f ]xg is minimum at x =- 1.
f' ]xg > 0 for increasing function
49. Let f ]xg = sin x ]1 + cos xg
r r
Obviously it is increasing for - 3 < x < 3 .
& f' ]xg = cos 2x + cos x
44. f ]xg = x sin x + cos x + cos x
and f" ]xg =- 2 sin 2x - sin x =- ]2 sin 2x + sin xg
2

` f' ]xg = sin x + x cos x - sin x - 2 cos x sin x For maximum or minimum value of f ]xg, f ]xg = 0
= cos x ]x - 2 sin xg cos 2x + cos x = 0 & cos x =- cos 2x

Hence x $ 0 to 2 , then f' ]xg < 0

r & cos x = cos ]r ! 2xg
r
i.e., f ]xg is decreasing function.
`= r ! 2x or x = 3 , - r

Now f" b 3 l =- 2 sin 3 - sin 3 =- 2 2 - 2

r 2r r 3 3
]x - 2g is +ve when x ]x - 2g is - ve
dy - 1
45. dx = e x x
3 3
i.e., x lies in the interval (0, 2), exponential function =- 2 =- ve

Hence f ]xg is maximum at x = 3 .

r
as we know is always +ve.
 Application of Derivatives 12.11

f ]xg = b x l & f' ]xg = b x l b log x - 1 l f ] x g = x + x & f' ] x g = 1 - 2

1 x
1 x
1 1 1
50. 56.
x

f' ]xg = 0 & log x = 1 = log e & x = e & x = e

1 1 1 & f' ] x g = 0 & x 2 - 1 = 0 & x = 1 , - 1

Therefore maximum value of function is e1/e . But given that x is positive, hence at

x = 1 , f ] x g = 1 + 1 = 2.
1
51. x + y = 10; ` y = 10 - x …..(i)

Now f ]xg = xy = x ]10 - xg = 10x - x2 57. Let y = x x & log y = x. log x, ]x > 0g

` f' ]xg = 10 - 2x Differentiating dx = x x ^1 + log x h; ` dx = 0

dy dy

For maximum value of f ]xg, f' ]xg = 0 1

& log x =- 1 & x = e -1 = e
` x = 5 and y = 5 1
` Stationary point is x = e
So maximum value of xy = 5 # 5 = 25.
= x x ^1 + log x h + x x . x
d2 y 2 1
52. Suppose that two numbers are x and y. dx2
1 ^1/eh - 1
When x = e , 2 = b e l
2
1 d y
x+y = s & y = s-x >0
dx
Then f ]xg = xy = x ]s - xg = xs - x2 1
Therefore y is minimum at x = e and minimum

` f' ]xg = s - 2x
value = b e l = e -1/e .
1 1/e

f' ]xg = 0 for maximum value of f ]xg

58. Given, f ]xg = 2x3 - 21x2 + 36x - 20
s s
f' ]xg = 6x2 - 42x + 36
` x = 2 and y = 2

Put f' ]xg = 0 & 6x2 - 42x + 36 = 0

Thus each number is half of the sum.

53. Let one number is ]100 - xg and then another is x.

& x2 - 7x + 6 = 0
Therefore f ]xg = 2 ]100 - xg + x2 = x2 - 2x + 200
& x2 - 6x - x + 6 = 0 & ]x - 1g]x - 6g = 0
f' ]xg = 0 & 2x - 2 = 0 & x = 1
& x = 1, 6
Here f" ]xg = 2 > 0
Now, f" ]xg = 12x - 42

f" ]1 g =- 30 =- ve and f" ]6 g = 30 =+ ve

Therefore function is minimum at x = 1 .

So the numbers are 99 and 1.

Hence x = 6 is the point of minima
54. Let the number is x, then y = x - x2
Minimum value

=- 2 ]< 0g = f ]6 g = 2 ]6 g3 - 21 ]6 g2 + 36 # 6 - 20
2
dy d y
& dx = 1 - 2x and
dx2
1
& 1 - 2x = 0 & x = 2 . f ]6 g =- 128.

55. It is a fundamental property.

12.12 Mathematics

59. Let x + y = 4 or y = 4 - x , 1 + 1 = x + y or 63. Given y = e]2x - 2x + 1gsin x

2 2

x y xy

f ]xg = xy = ] ; f ] xg =
4 4 4 dy
x 4 - xg
For minima or maxima, dx = 0
4x - x2

Now f' ]xg = ^4x - x2h2 . ]4 - 2xg

-4 ` e]2x - 2x + 1gsin x [(4x - 2) sin2 x + 2 (2x2 - 2x + 1)
2 2

Put f' ]xg = 0, then 4 - 2x = 0 ` x = 2 and

sin x cos x] = 0

& 6]4x - 2g sin2 x + 2 ^2x2 - 2x + 1h sin x cos x@ = 0

y = 2; ` min c x + y m = 2 + 2 = 1.
1 1 1 1
& 2 sin x []2x - 1g sin x + (2x2 - 2x + 1) cos x] = 0
6]5 + xg]2 + xg@
60. Given f ]xg = & sin x = 0
51 + x?
` y is minimum for sin x = 0
f ]xg = 1 + 1 + x + ]5 + xg = ]6 + xg + ]
4 4
1 + xg
Thus minimum value of y = e]2x - 2x + 1g]0g = e 0 = 1.
2

& f' ] x g = 1 -
4
]1 + xg2
= 0; x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
Mean Value Theorems
& x =- 3, 1
64. f ]1 g = f ]3 g & a + b - 5 = 3a + b - 27 & a = 11,
Now f" ]xg = , f" ]- 3g =- ve, f" ]1 g =+ ve
8
]1 + xg3 which is given in option (a) only.
Hence minimum value at x = 1 65. f ]xg = e -2x sin 2x & f' ]xg = 2e -2x ]cos 2x - sin 2xg
]5 + 1g]2 + 1g 6 # 3 Now, f' ]c g = 0
f ]1 g = ]1 + 1g = 2 =9
r
& cos 2c - sin 2c = 0 & tan 2c = 1 & c = 8 .
61. Let y = sin p x. cos q x
66. From Rolle’s theorem in (1, 26), f ]1 g = f ]26g = 5.
]- sin xg sin p x
dy p-1 q q-1
dx = p sin x. cos x. cos x + q cos x. In given interval, function satisfy all the conditions
dy p-1 q+1 q-1 p+1
of Rolle’s theorem, therefore in [1, 26], at least, there
dx = p sin x. cos x - q cos x. sin x
dy p p is a point for which f' ]xg = 0.
Put dx = 0, ` tan2 x = q & tan x = ! q 2

# f' ]xg dx = 6 f ]xg@1 = f ]2 g - f ]1 g = 0

2
67.
p
` Point of maxima x = tan -1 q.
1

( a f ]xg satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s theorem,

62. Let x + y = 20 & y = 20 - x
` f ]2 g = f ]1 g]) .
and x3 .y2 = z & z = x3 .y2
68. f ]xg = x3 - 6x2 + ax + b
z = x ]20 - xg2 & z = 400x3 + x5 - 40x 4
3

& f' ]xg = 3x2 - 12x + a

dz 2 4 3
dx = 1200 x + 5x - 160x
& f' ]c g = 0 & f ' d 2 + n= 0
1
dz 3
Now dx = 0, then x = 12, 20
& 3d2 + n - 12 d 2 + n+ a = 0
1 2 1
Now d z2 = 2400x + 16x3 - 480x2; c 2 m
2 2
d z 3 3
=- ive
dx dx x = 12
& 3d 4 + 3 + n - 12 d 2 + n+ a = 0
1 4 1
Hence x = 12 is the point of maxima ` x = 12, y = 8 3 3
12 + 1 + 4 3 - 24 - 4 3 + a = 0 & a = 11.
 Application of Derivatives 12.13
f ]b g - f ]ag f ] xg = x
69. From mean value theorem f ]c g =
72.
b-a
a = 0, f ]ag = 0 & b = 2 , f ]b g = 8 ` f ]ag = 4 = 2, f ]b g = 9 = 3 = f' ]xg =
1 3 1
2 x
f' ]xg = ]x - 1g]x - 2g + x ]x - 2g + x ]x - 1g f ]b g - f ]ag 3 - 2 1
Also, f' ]c g = = 9-4 = 5
f' ]c g = ]c - 1g]c - 2g + c ]c - 2g + c ]c - 1g
b-a
1 1 25
` = 5 & c = 4 = 6.25 .
= c2 - 3c + 2 + c2 - 2c + c2 - c 2 c

f' ]c g = 3c2 - 6c + 2 According to mean value 73. Using LMVT,

f ]b g - f ]ag f ]5 g - f ]2 g
1 1
theorem, f' ]c g =
-
b-a f' ] c g = 5-2 & f ' ]c g = 2 5 & f' ]c g = 1
3 10
^3/8h - 0 3 5 74. By Rolle’s theorem
^1/2h - 0
& 3c2 - 6c + 2 = = 4 & 3c 2 - 6c + 4 = 0

6 ! 36 - 15 6 ! 21 21 f ]1 g = f ]3 g
c= 2#3 = 6 = 1! 6 .

70. Given that equation of curve y = x3 = f ]xg

& a + b + 11 - 6 = 27a + 9b + 33 - 6

...(1)
So f ]2 g = 8 and f ]- 2g =- 8
& 13a + 4b + 11 = 0

Now, f' ]xg = 3ax2 + 2bx + 11

f ]2 g - f ]- 2g
Now f' ]xg = 3x & f' ]xg =
2 - ]- 2g
2

So, f' d 2 + n= 0
1
8 - ]- 8g 2 3
& 4 = 3x2; x = ! .
3
& 3a d 2 + n + 2b d 2 + n + 11 = 0
1 2 1
71. Let the point be ^ x1, y1 h .
...(2)
3 3

Therefore y1 = ]x1 - 3g2 .(i)

[Using equation (1)]

Now slope of the tangent at ^ x1, y1 h is 2 ]x1 - 3g, but

& 6a + b = 0

` On solving (1) and (2), we get a = 1, b =- 6

it is equal to 1. Therefore, 2 ]x1 - 3g = 1 & x1 = 2
7
75. Use Rolle’s theorem for F ]xg in 6a, b@; F ]ag = F ]b g,

` y1 = b 2 - 3 l = 4 .
2
7 1 also f is differentiable. Hence, we have

F' ]xg = f ]xg = 0 & continuous for some

Hence the point is b 2 , 4 l .
7 1
x ! ^a, bh .

EXERCISE - 2
Tangent and Normal
1. Given y = 6x - x2 .....(i)

dy
dx = 6 - 2x
Since, tangent is parallel to the line 4x - 2y - 1 = 0

dy -4
` dx = 6 - 2x = - 2 & 6 - 2x = 2 & x = 2 . Put the value of x in (i), we get y = 8

Hence required point of tangency will be ^2, 8 h .

12.14 Mathematics
2. Slope of normal dy x -2
6. dx = 2 & Slope of normal = x
- d "a (1 + cos i) ,
- dx di a sin i At point ^ x1 y1 h
d ]a sin ig
= dy = = = tan i
a cos i
di ^ y - y1 h = -x2 ] x - x1g
1

Now, the equation of normal at i is,

x1 y - x1 y1 =- 2x + 2x1
y - a sin i = tan i [x - a (1 + cos i)]
x3
2x + x1 y - 41 - 2x1 = 0 ...(1)
y + tan θ ] x - ag = 0
Line passes through (1, 2)
Clearly, this line passes through (a, 0).
x3
x1 - 41 - Y
& 2 + 2Y 2x1 = 0
2 1
3. x r
i= 4 = = ,
2 2 2
& x13 = 8 & x1 = 2
y 3 dy r
i= 4
2
9 sin i cos i -3
r = , = 2 .
2 2 dx - 6 cos2 i sin i
i= 4 r
i= 4 From (1), put x1 = 2

` Equation of tangent is d y - n = -3 dx - n
3 1
2
& equation of line is
2 2 2

& 3 2 x + 2 2 y = 6 & 3x + 2 y = 3 2 . 2x + 2y = 6 & x + y = 3

4. Curve x + y = e xy 7.
dx ]- sin θ + θ cos θ + sin θg = aθ cos θ
dθ = a
Differentiating with respect to x
]cos θ + θ sin θ - cos θg = aθ sin θ
dy
dθ = a
1 + dx = e xy c y + m or
dy dy dy ye xy - 1
dx dx = 1 - xe xy dy dy/dθ
dx = dx/dθ = tan θ
^ x + yh = 0
dy xy
dx = 3 & 1 - xe = 0 & 1 - x Slope of normal =- cot θ

This hold for x = 1, y = 0. Equation of normal at 'θ'

5. Let point of tangency = ^h, k h 7 y - a ]sin θ - θ cos θgA

c 2 dy
y= x =
- c 2 - c 2 - hk -k
= 2 = 2 = h . =- cot θ ^ x - a ]cos θ + θ sin θgh
dx h, k x2 h h
Equation of tangent on simpliyfing, x cos θ + y sin θ = a

^ y - k h = - c2 ] x - hg
2
& Ans = a
h
dx
hk ] x - hg
θ
8. dθ = 2ae sin θ
y - k =-
h2
dy
y - k = h ] x - hg
-k θ
dθ = 2ae cos θ
y x dy
k +h =2 dx = cot θ (Slope of tangent)

Length of intercepts: 2h & 2k Slope of normal =- tan θ

Area of triangle = 2 ]2hg]2k g

1
Equation of tangent at 'θ'
= 2c 2
 Application of Derivatives 12.15
y - ae ]sin θ + cos θg
θ x cos θ - y sin θ = a cos 2θ

= cot θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh Length of perpendicular 'q'

multiply by sin θ q = a cos 2θ

y sin θ - aeθ ^sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θh 4p 2 + q 2 = 4a 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + a 2 ^cos 2 θ - sin 2 θh

= cos θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh = a 2 ^cos 2 θ + sin 2 θh = a 2

2

& x cos θ - y sin θ + aeθ = 0 10. The cuves meet at point ^1, - 1h

Distance from origin = p = aeθ For C1 / x3 - 3xy 2 + 2 = 0

& 3x 2 - 3y 2 - 3x c 2y m= 0
Equation of normal at 'θ' dy
dx
y - aeθ ]sin θ + cos θg dy
At ^1, - 1h / dx = 0
=- tan θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh
For C2 / 3x 2 y - y3 + 2 = 0
Multiply by cos θ
dy dy
& 6xy + 3x 2 dx - 3y 2 dx = 0
y cos θ - aeθ ^sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θh
dy
At ^1, - 1h & dx = 3.
=- sin θ ^ x - aeθ ]sin θ - cos θgh
& They cut orthogonally.
& x sin θ + y cos θ - aeθ = 0
11. Intersection point ^k 2/3, k1/3 h
Distance form origin = q = aeθ
For x = y 2
9. x = a cos3 θ
dy dy 1
y = a sin3 θ 1 = 2y dx & dx = 1/3
2k
dx 2
]- sin θg For xy = k
dθ = 3a cos θ
dy dy
2 y + x dx = 0
dθ = 3a sin θ cos θ
dy dy - y - 1
dx =- tan θ dx = x = k1/3

& Slope of normal = cot θ For othogonal cutting

Equation of tangent at 'θ' m1 m2 =- 1

x y 1
=1
cos θ + sin θ = a 2k 2/3
1
Length of perpendicular 'p' k 2/3 = 2

a
k =b2l =
= = a sin θ cos θ 1 3/2 1
1 1 2 2
2 + 2
cos θ sin θ
Equation of normal at 'θ'
12.16 Mathematics
y 3 Monotonicty, maxima minima
12. Subtangent = dy = 8 ...(1)
dx 16. f ] xg = x3
dy
Subnormal = y dx = 24 ...(2) g ] xg = 6x 2 + 15x + 5

3 f ' ] xg < g' ] xg

Multiplying (1) and (2) y 2 = 8 # 24 = 9
& 3x 2 < 12x + 15
&y=3
& x 2 < 4x + 5
2 2 5
13. x y =a
& x 2 - 4x - 5 < 0
dy
2x 2 y dx + Y
Y 2xy 2 = 0 ] x - 5g] x + 1g < 0 & x ! ^- 1, 5h

dy - xy 2 - y 17. f ' ] xg < 0

dx = x 2 y = x
y & 3 ]a + 2g x 2 - 6ax + 9a G 0
Subtangent = dy/dx =- x
& ]a + 2g x 2 - 2ax + 3a G 0 6x ! R
& Answer abscissa
& D G 0 and a + 2 < 0
m n m+n
14.
4a 2 - 4 ]3ag]a + 2g G 0
x y =a

dy
mx m - 1 y n + nx m y n - 1 dx = 0 a 2 - 3a 2 - 6a G 0

dy - my a 2 + 3a H 0
& dx = nx
a ]a + 3g H 0
y - nx
Subtangent = dy/dx = m
a ! (- 3, - 3] , [0, 3) ...(1)
α Abscissa Also a + 2 < 0 & a < - 2 ...(2)

15. y 2 = ] x + ag3 From (1) & (2) a ! (- 3, - 3]

dy
& 2y dx = 3 ] x + ag2
dy 2
18. dx = 3x > 0
dy 3 ] x + ag2 19. f ] xg = x 2 + kx + 1
& dx = 2y
dy 3 ] x + ag2 f ' ] xg > 0
Subnormal = y dx = 2
& 2x + k > 0
y 2y 2
3 ] x + ag2
Subtangent = dy =
& k > - 2x
dx
= 3 ] x + ag
2 2>x>1

(Subtangent)2 = 9 ] x + ag2
4 & 4 > 2x > 2

^Subtangent h2 8
& 4 + k > 2x + k > 2 + k
Subnormal = 27
As 2x + k > 0
& ^Subtangent h α Subnormal
2

& 2+k > 0

& k >-2
 Application of Derivatives 12.17
f ] xg = 2x - 3x + 90x + 174
3 2 x
20.
26. f ] xg = # ^t4 - 4he-4t dt & f']xg = ^ x4 - 4he-4x
f ' ] xg = 6x 2 - 6x + 90 > 0
-10

Now f' ]xg = 0 & x = ! 2 ,

& x 2 - x + 90 > 0
Now f" ]xg =- 4 ^ x 4 - 4h e -4x + 4x3 e -4x
D < 0 & always true
At x = 2 and x =- 2 the given function has
&x!R
extreme value.
f ' ] xg > 0
f ]xg = x2 log x & f' ]xg = ^2 log x + 1 h x
21.
27.
cos x - sin x
&
]sin x + cos xg2
>0 Now f' ]xg = 0 & x = e -1/2, 0

& cos x > sin x a 0 < e -1/2 < 1 a None of these critical points lies

& tan x < 1 in the interval [1, e] ` So we only compare the

& x ! b0, 4 l
π value of f ]xg at the end points 1 and e. We have

f ]1 g = 0, f ] e g = e2 ` Greatest value = e2 .
f ] xg =
e 2x - 1
22.
e 2x + 1
2 ]e 2x + 1ge 2x - ]e 2x - 1g]2e 2xg 28. y = a (1 - cos x) & y' = a sin x
f ' ] xg =
]e 2x + 1g2
2e 2x ]2g 4 e 2x & y' = 0 & sin x = 0 & x = 0, r
]e + 1g ]e + 1g2
= 2x 2 = 2x >0
Now y" = a cos x & y" ]0g = a and y" ]rg =- a
& f ' ] xg > 0 & 0 increasing function

x ]8xg - ]4x 2 + 1g
Hence y is maximum when x = r.
23. f ' ] xg =
x2
29. Let y = f ]xg = b x2 + 250
x l, ` dx = f' ]xg = 2x - x2
dy 250
2
4x - 1
= <0
x2 Put f' ]xg = 0 & 2x3 - 250 = 0 & x3 = 125 & x = 5
& b x - 2 lb x + 2 l < 0
1 1
= f" ] x g = 2 + 3 .
d2 y 500
Again,
dx2 x
& x!b 2 ,2l
-1 1
Now f" ]5 g = 2 + 125 > 0
500
24. Solve f ' ] xg > 0 for all options
Hence at x = 5. The function will be minimum.
c m
dy a dy
Minimum value f ]5 g = 25 + 50 = 75.
25. dx = x + 2bx + 1 & dx x = 1 = a + 2b + 1 = 0

f ]xg = 2x + 3y when xy = 6
& a =- 2b - 1
30.
and c m = 2 + 4b + 1 = 0
dy a
f ]xg = 2x + 3y = 2x + x
dx x = 2 18
- 2b - 1 1
& + 4b + 1 = 0 & - b + 4b + 2 = 0
f' ]xg = 2 -
2 18
=0
-1 -1 1 -2 x2
& 3b = 2 & b = 6 and a = 3 - 1 = 3 .
& x = ! 3 and f" ]xg = & f" ]3 g > 0
36
x3
Putting x =+ 3 , we get the minimum value to be 12.
12.18 Mathematics
31. f ]xg = 3x 4 - 8x3 + 12x2 - 48x + 25 35. Using LMVT in [0,2]

` f' ]xg = 12x2 - 24x2 + 24x - 48 f ]2 g - f ]0g

2-0 = f' ]c g where c ! ^0, 2h
= 12 6x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 4@ = 12 6]x - 2g^ x2 + 2h@
f ]2 g + 3
& 2 # 5 f ]2 g # 7
For maximum and minimum value of the function
36. Clearly, y = f ]xg is discontinuous at x = 0
f' ]xg = 0
y = f ]xg is not differentiable at x =- 1
& x = 2. Now f" ]xg = 12 63x2 - 4x + 2@
But f' ]xg = 0 has a root x = 3
5
` f" ]2 g = 12 512 - 8 + 2? = 72 > 0
cos b x l, x ! [- 1, 0) , ^0, 1h
g ] xg = *
1
Hence the function is minimum at x = 2 37.
0, x = 0
Minimum value of f ]xg on [0, 3]
As, lim g ]xg does not exist. So, g ]xg is
= min " f ]0g, f ]2 g, f ]3 g, = min "25, - 39, 16 , =- 39. x$0

discontinuous at x = 0.
32. Let co-ordinate of R (x, 0)
38. Let f ]xg = x tan -1 x
Given P(1,1) and Q(3,2)
By LMVT, f ]x + 2g - f ]xg = 2f' ^ y h
PR + RQ = ]x - 1g2 + ]0 - 1g2 + ]x - 3g2 + ]0 - 2g2
for some y ! ^ x, x + 2 h
2 2
= x - 2x + 2 + x - 6x + 13
As x $ 3, we have y $ 3.
For minimum value of
Hence lim 6 f ]x + 2g - f ]xg@ = lim 2f' ^ y h =
PR + RQ, dx ^ PR + RQh = 0
x$3 y$3
d
lim = + 2 tan -1 yG = r
2y
& dx ^ x2 - 2x + 2 h + dx ^ x2 - 6x + 13 h = 0
d d y$3 1 + y2
f ]1 g - f ]0g f' ] c g
] x - 1g ] x - 3g 39. We have
g ]1 g - g ]0g g' ]c g
=
& 2
=- 2
x - 2x + 2 x - 6x + 13 1-0 2c
]x - 1g2 ]x - 3g2
& 1-0 = 2 = 1
3c
Squaring both sides, 2
^ x - 2x + 2h
= 2
x - 6x + 13 (As 0 < c < 1)
& 3x - 2x - 5 = 0 & ]3x - 5g]x + 1g = 0, x = 3 , - 1
2 5
2
&c= 3
Also 1 < x < 3. ` R = ^5/3, 0h .
40. (a) f ]xg = x , is not derivable at x = 0.
33. f ]xg = 1 + 2x2 + 22 x 4 + 23 x6 + ...210 x20
(b) f ]xg = tan x is discontinuous at x = 2 .
r
f' ]xg = x ^4 + 4.2 x + ... + 20.2 x h
2 2 10 18

(c) f ]xg = 1 + ]x - 2g2/3 is non-derivable at x = 2.

` f' ]xg = 0 & x = 0 only Also f" ]0g > 0.
(d) Only function which satisfies rolle’s theorem, is
Mean value theorems
f ]xg = x ]x - 2g2, 0 # x # 2.
f ]4g - f ]0g
34. 4-0 = 2c - 3 & c = 2
 Application of Derivatives 12.19
41. f ]xg = x - 6ax + 5x
3 2
44. y = x ; y' =
1
2 x
f' ]xg = 3x2 - 12a x + 5 By the mean value theorem we have

f' b 4 l = 16 - 21a + 5 = 16 - 21a

7 147 227 12
= 4 &c=1
2 c
f ]1 g = 6 - 6a, f ]2 g = 18 - 24a
y= x
227 ]18 - 24ag - ]6 - 6ag
` 16 - 21a = 2-1 = 12 - 18a & a 4,2

35
= 48 .

42. Given, f ]xg = x3 - ax2 + 2x, x ! 60, 2@ 0,0

Now, f' ]xg = 3x2 - 2ax + 2 The point is (1,1)

f ]2 g = ]2 g3 - 4a + 4 = 12 - 4a and f ]0g = 0 45. Using LMVT in [1,4] for y = f ]xg

` Using LMVT, we have there must exist atleast one c ! ^1, 4h such that

f ]2 g - f ]0g 3 ]12 - 4ag - 0 f ]4g - f ]1 g 8

f' b 2 l = f' ]c g = = 3 but f' ]xg > 3 6 x ! R
1
2-0 & 4 -a+2 = 2 4-1
11 11 13
& 4 - a = 6 - 2a & a = 6 - 4 & a = 4 Hence, no such function exists.

43. # f' ]xg dx = f]xg 13 = f ]3 g - f ]1 g = 0

1

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
f x = x2
A p,q
8 8
1. y = x2 and y =- x ; q = p2 and s =- r (1)

dy
Equating dx at A and B, we get
B r,s

8
2p = (2) 8
r2 q-s p2 + r
Now, m AB = p - r or 2p = p - q
or pr2 = 4
8 16
or p2 = 2pr + r or p2 = r

= r = or r = 1 ^ r ! 0h or p = 4
16 16
or
r4
` r = 1, p = 1 Hence, p + r = 5.
12.20 Mathematics
2. x = t 2; y = t 3 4. f ]xg = f ]6 - xg (1)

dx dy 2 On differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get

dt = 2t; dt = 3t
f' ]xg =- f' ]6 - xg (2)
dy 3t
dx = 2
Putting x = 0, 2, 3, 5 in (2), we get
R h,k
f' ]0g =- f' ]6 g = 0

Similarly, f' ]2 g =- f' ]4g = 0

f' ]3 g = 0

f' ]5 g =- f' ]1 g = 0
Q

y - t = 2 ^ x - t2h
3t
3

` f' ]0g = 0 = f' ]2 g = f' ]3 g = f' ]5 g = f' ]1 g = f' ]4g

2k - 2t3 = 3th - 3t3
= f' ]6 g
` t - 3th + 2k = 0 (1)
3

Therefore, f' ]xg = 0 has minimum seven roots in

Product of roots, t1 t2 t3 =- 2k
60, 6@ . Now, consider a function y = f' ]xg.
Putting t1 t2 =- 1, t3 = 2k. AS f' ]xg satisfies Rolle’s theorem in intervals [0,1],

Now, t3 must satisfy equation (1). Therefore, [1,2], [2,3], [3,4], [4,5], and [5,6], respectively, by

^2k3h - 3 ]2kg h + 2k = 0 Rolle’s theorem, the equatio f" ]xg = 0 has minimum

six roots.Now,
i.e., 4y2 - 3x + 1 = 0 or 4y2 = 3x - 1 or a + b = 7
g ]xg = ^ f" ]xgh + f' ]xg + f"' ]xg = 0 = h' ]xg, where
2

3.
y = ex h ] xg = f' ]xg f" ]xg.

0,1 Clearly, h ]xg = 0 has minimum 13 roots in [0,6].

y nx
Hence, again by Rolle’s theorem, g ]xg = h' ]xg has
1,0
minimum 12 zeroes in 60, 6@.

Since the graphs of y = e x and y = log e x are 5. y = xn

symmetrical about the line y = x, minimum distance dy

` dx = nx n - 1 = na n - 1
is the distance along the common normal to both the 1
Slope of normal =-
na n - 1
curves, i.e., y = x must be parallel to the tangent as
1 ] x - ag
Equation of normal is y - a n =- .
na n - 1
both the curves are inverse of each other.
Put x = 0 to get y - intercept. Then
dy
= e x = 1 or x1 = 0 and y1 = 1
1
RS
dx x1 SS0 , if n < 2
or A / ^0, 1h and B / ^1, 0h or AB = 2
1 S
y = an + or lim b = SS 1 , if n = 2
na n - 2 a$0 SS 2
S3, if n > 2
T
 Application of Derivatives 12.21
dy y 1 1 r 9. We have f ]0g = 2
6. dx = x =- 2 cot i =- 2 at i = 4
3

Now, y - f ]ag = f' ]ag5x - a? .

Also, the point P for i = r/4 is (2,1)
For x intercept, y = 0. So,
Equation of tangent is y - 1 =- 2 ]x - 2g or
1
f ]ag f ]ag
x + 2y - 4 = 0 (1) x = a- ]
f' a g = a - 2 or ] g = 2
f' a
This meets the curve whose Cartesian equation on f' ]ag 1
f ]ag 2
or =
eliminating i by sec2 i - tan2 i = 1 is
` On integrating both sides w.r.t a, we get
1 1
y = x - 1 Solving (1) and (2), we get y = 1, - 2 ln f ]ag = 2 + C
2
a

` x = 2, 5 f ]ag = Ce a/2
f ]xg = Ce x/2
Hence, P is (2,1) as given and Q is b5, - 2 l .
1
f ]0g = C or C = 2
45 3 5
Therefore. PQ = 4 = 2 ` f ]xg = 2e x/2
7.
1 k
Hence, k = 2, p = 2 or p = 4
dy
10. y = ax2 + bx + c, dx = 2ax + b
45°
When x = 1, y = 0

` a + b + c = 0 (1)
We have dt = 2 or dt b 3 rr3 l = 2
dV d 1

dy dy
[Here r = h, as i = 45°] = 3 and =1
dx x=1 dx x=3

dr dr 2 2a + b = 3 (2)
or rr2 dt = 2 or dt = ......(1)
rr 2
Now, perimeter = 2rr = p ]letg
6a + b = 1 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3),

` dt ]2rrg = 2r c 2 m = 2
d 2 4
rr r
1 7
a =- 2 , b = 4, c =- 2
[Using equation (1)] ......(2)

When h = 2 m, r = 2m ` 2a - b - 4c =- 1 - 4 + 14 = 9.
dp 4
Hence dt = 4 = 1 m/s. 11. y = e a + bx passes through (1,1)
2

y = x3 + x + 16 c m = 3x12 + 1
dy
8. ` 1 = ea + b
dx x y1 1

y1
` 3x12 + 1 = x1 or 3x13 + x1 = x13 + x1 + 16 ` a+b = 0
or 2x = 16 or x1 = 2 or y1 = 26
3

Also, c m =- 2
1
dy
` m = 13 dx ^1, 1h
2
` e a + bx $ 2bx =- 2

or e a + b $ 2b ]1 g =- 2 or b =- 1 and a = 1

or 2a - 3b = 5
12.22 Mathematics
12. Let x = r cos i, y = r sin i
−1 y 5x
y=
` r ]1 + cos i sin ig = 1
2
x
5
−25,5 1,5
2 2
or r = 2
or r max
2
=1
2 + sin 2i
13. Let f ]xg = x3, x ! 6a, b@ .

f ]xg satisfies conditions of LMVT [as f ]xg is

Clearly, area of triangle = 2 ]26g]5 g = 13 ]5 g = 65
1
continuous and differentiable] Therefore,

f ]b g - f ]ag 16. ] x 2 - 11g^ y + 1 h =- 4 =- 2 # 2

b-a = f' ]c g, a < c < b

on comparing we get
_ x0, y0 i / ^3, 1h
3 3
b -a
or b - a = 3c2
8x
]x 2 - 1g2

y' =
or b2 + ba + a2 = 3c2
y' x = 3 = 6

14. Clearly, d = b 34 - 12 l + b 12 - 34 l =
2 2
1 1 1
16 + 16 = 8 -1
m
` N= 6
1
= So, sin i = 2 2 d & sin i = 1 y
2 2
( 0, 23 )
1 3
 , 
2 4
 1
 0,  3 1
 2  ,  (9, 0)
4 2
1  x
 ,0 
x 2 
y=

Equation of normal y - 1 = 6 ] x - 3g
-1

- r r 3r
x + 6y = 9
`i= 2 ,2, 2 .
1 3 27 a

` Area = 2 # 9 # 2 = 4 = b
Hence, the number of values of i are 3.
Hence, ]a - 6bg = 3

dy 7y
15. Given x + 5y - y5 = 0 & dx = d 4 n
dy 1
17. x7 .y 2 = 7 + 21/7 & dx =- 2x
5y - 5
Equation of tangent Y - y =- c m] X - xg
7y
Now, when x = 0, y = ! ]5 g4
1
2x
Point A b 7 , 0 l
9x

or y = 0.
1
But, y = ! 5 4 (Rejected)
B 1
So, slope of tangent at ^0, 0h = 5
-1
P(x,
-x y)
& Equation of tangent is y = 5 ....(1)

Now, equation of normal is y = 5x ....(2)
A
Also, given line is y = 5 ....(3)
 Application of Derivatives 12.23
f ] xg
Point B c 0, m
9y

2 & x = f ] xg + C

9my
Since f ]2g = 1 & C = 2 & f ] xg = ]
9x -1 x
Let AP: BP = m: 1 & f
7 , 2 p
2 x - 1g
m+1 m+1
& f - 1 b 8 l = 5
5
9x 2
7 ]m + 1g
=x& 7 =m
22. Slope of the normal at P ^ x, y h

AP 2 b BP l 7
BP = 7 & 2 AP = 2. 2 = 7 -1 2 dy -1 - dx
dy/dx = x y & dx = x 2 y & ydy = x 2
18. Let F ] xg = f 3 ] xg and F ] xg is continuous and y2 1

& 2 = x +C

differentiable function in [1, 3].
at x =- 2, y = 1 & c = 1
y2 1
F ]3 g - F ]1 g & 2 = x + 1 & y 2 = x + 2 = f 2 ] xg
2
= F' ]c g


` 3-1 (using L.M.V.T)
y = xf 2 ] xg = x b 2x + 2 l = 2 + 2x
f 3 ]3 g - f 3 ]1 g

2 = 3f 2 ] c g . f ' ] c g & k = 6 y
19. Applying Rolle’s theorem,
(0, 1)
2 = Limg ] xg & p - q = 2
(i)
x " 0+

and f ]0 g = f ]1 g givens e p - q = 3
(ii)

& p = 0, q =- 2

20. We have f ] xg = 2x 2 - 4x - 5 and let P ^a, bh x

(1, 0)
So, f ' ] xg = 4x - 4 & f ' ]ag = 4 ]a - 1g


& Equation of tangent at P ^a, bh , is

Area bounded by y = 2x + 2 and coordinate axes
^ y - b h = 4 ]a - 1g5x - a?

1
A = 2 #1#2 = 1

If it passes through ^0, - 7h , so

23. Given, C; y 2 = px3 + q (1)

- 7 - b = 4 ]a - 1g]- ag & 7 + b = 4a ]a - 1g
2
dy dy 3px
& 2y dx = 3px 2 & dx = 2y
(2)
But b = 2a 2 - 4a - 5

Put x = 2 and y = 3 in (1), we get 9 = 8p + q (3)
3p ]4g
E
dy
So, 7 + 2a 2 - 4a - 5 = 4a 2 - 4a & 2a 2 = 2 & a = 1
= 6 = 2p = 4
Also, from (2), we get
dx M^2, 3h

or a =- 1
(4)

` From (2) and (3), we get p = 2, q =- 7.

Clearly, x1 = 1 and x2 =- 1.
Hence, ^ p - q h = 2 - ]- 7g = 2 + 7 = 9.

So, _3x1 - 2x2 i = 5.
24. Given, f ] xg = ]2x + 1g50 ]3x - 4g60
21. Clearly, f ] xg = 220 ]2x + 1g49 . ]3x - 4g59 ]3x - 1g
'
xf ' ] xg - f ] xg
   
y
= f ' ] xg
| | |
f ' ] xg

x- = x2 &  
8
8


x2
1
2 3 3

Now, integrating both sides with respect to x, we Sign scheme of f ' ] xg

get
& Least positive integer is k = 2.
12.24 Mathematics

25. We have f ] xg = b 3 l x3 + ]a - 3g x 2 + x + 5
4a - 7

& f ' ] xg = ]4a - 7g x 2 + 2 ]a - 3g x + 1

Now, for f ] xg to be monotonic,

f ] xg $ 0 6 x ! R or f ' ] xg # 0 6 x ! R.
'

& # 0 & ]a - 3g2 - ]4a - 7g # 0

D

& 2 - 10a + 16 # 0
a

& ]a - 2g]a - 8g # 0 & a ! 62, 8@

7

Also, 4a - 7 ! 0 & a ! 4

So, a ! 62, 8@ - & 4 0 .

7

Hence, number of integral values of a equals 7.

EXERCISE - 3
Single Option Correct dy
2. 2
dx = 3x - 2ax + 1
1.
dx a
dt = a + 2 2 cos 2t = a
51 + cos 2t? = 2a cos2 t
dy
Given that dx $ 0
and dt = 2a ]1 + sin tg cos t
dy
or 3x2 - 2ax + 1 $ 0 for all x
dy 2a ]1 + sin tg cos t ]1 + sin tg or D # 0 or 4a2 - 12 # 0
` dx = = cos t
2a cos2 t
Then, the slope of the tangent, or - 3 # a # 3

^cos (t/2h + sin ^t/2h) 2 3. Here, y > 0.

cos2 ^t/2h - sin2 ^t/2h
tan i =

t Putting y = x in y = 4 - x2 , we get
1 + tan 2
t = tan b 4 + 2 l
r t
=
1 - tan 2 x = 2, - 2 .

r + 2t So, the point is ^ 2 , 2 h.

or i = 4
Differentiating y2 + x2 = 4 w.r.t. x, we get

dy dy x
2y dx + 2x = 0 or dx =- y

` At ^ 2 , 2 h, dx =- 1
dy
 Application of Derivatives 12.25
4. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy 2x
7. 2x2 + y2 = 12 or dx =- y .

1 + dx = e xy c y + x m or dx =
dy dy dy ye xy - 1
Slope of normal at point A ^2, 2 h is 2 .
dx 1 - xe xy 1

dy
Also, point B b - 9 , - 9 l lies on the curve and
22 2
dx = 3 or 1 - xe = 0
xy

This holds for x = 1, y = 0. 2 - ^- 2/9h 1

slope of AB is
2 - ^- 22/9h 2
= .
5. Putting x = 0 in the given curve, we obtain y = 1. Hence, the normal meets the curve again at point

So, the given point is (0,1). Now, b - 22 , - 2 l

9 9

y = e2x + x2 or dx = 2e2x + 2x or c m
dy dy dy x 1 y
=2 8. x2 - y2 = 8 or dx = y or - =- x
dx ^0, 1h dy/dx
The equation of the tangent at (0,1) is
At the point d - n, - 1 =
5 3 - 3/ 2 3
, =5
2 2
y - 1 = 2 ]x - 0g or 2x - y + 1 = 0
dy/dx - 5/ 2
(1)
Also, 9x2 + 25y2 = 225
Required distance = length of = from (0,0) on (1)
dy
or 18x + 50y dx = 0
1
=
5 dy 9x dx 25x
or dx =- 25y or - dy = 9x
6. Let the required point be ^ x1, y1 h . Now,

At the point d - n,
5 3
3y = 6x - 5x3 ,
2 2
dy dy dx 25 # 3/ 2 15 5
9 ^- 5/ 2 h
or 3 dx = 6 - 15x2 or dx = 2 - 5x2 - dy = =- 9 =- 3

or c m
dy Since the product of the slopes is - 1, the normals
= 2 - 5x12
dx ^ x , y h
1 1

The equation of the normal at ^ x1, y1 h is

cut orthogonally, i.e., the required angle is equal to

r
- 1 ]x - x g 2.
y - y1 = 1
2 - 5x12
9. x = 2 ln cot t + 1, y = tan t + cot t
If it passes through the origin, then
Slope of the tangent,
- 1 ]0 - x g
0 - y1 = 1
2 - 5x12 sec2 t - cosec2 t
c m r =f p =0
dy
2
-x dx t = 4 - cot t cosec2 t r
or y1 = (1) t= 4
2 - 5x12
dy
Since ^ x1, y1 h lies on the given curve, 10. y = e x + e -x or dx = e x - e -x = tan i,

where i is the angle of the tangent with the x-axis

3y1 = 6x1 - 5x13 (2)
For i = 60° , we have tan 60° = e x - e -x
Solving equations (1) and (2),
3! 7
we obtain x1 = 1 and y1 = 1/3. or e2x - 3 e x - 1 = 0 or e x = 2

or x = log e c
Hence, the required point is (1,1/3). 3+ 7m
2
12.26 Mathematics
14. y = x + sin x
2,1 Q
11. dy
If dx = 1 + cos x = 0, then cos x =- 1 or
Eliminating t gives y2 ]x - 1g = 1.
x = ! r, ! 3r... Also, y = ! r, ! 3r...
Equation of the tangent at P ^2, 1 h is x + 2y = 4.
But for the given constraint on x and y no such y
solving with curve we get Q / ^5, - 1/2h or
exists. Hence, no such tangent exists.
3 5
PQ = 2 15. Differentiating y3 - x2 y + 5y - 2x = 0 w.r.t. x, we
a b get 3y2 y' - 2xy - x2 y' + 5y' - 2 = 0
12. + = 1 or ay2 + bx2 = x2 y2 (1)
x2 y2
2a 2b dy dy ay3 2xy + 2 2
- - = 0 or =- or y' = or y^' 0, 0h = 5
x3 y3 dx dx bx3 3y 2 - x 2 + 5

Equation of the tangent at ^h, kh is Differentiating x 4 - x3 y2 + 5x + 2y = 0 w.r.t. x, we

ak3 ]x - hg get 4x3 - 3x2 y2 - 2x3 yy' + 5 + 2y' = 0

y - k =- . For x-intercept, put y = 0 .
bh3
3x 2 y 2 - 4x 3 - 5 5
Then or y' = or y^' 0, 0h =- 2 .
2 - 2x3 y
x = 2 + h = h; E = h ; h k2 E = xa
bh3 bh2 + ak2 2 2 3

ak ak 2
ak Thus, both the curves intersect at right angle.
Therefore, x-intercept is proportional to the cube of 16. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, for some
abscissa. c ! ^1, 6h
f ]6 g - f ]1 g f ]6 g + 2
f' ] c g = 5 = 5 $ 4.2
y=f x or f ]6 g + 2 $ 21 or f ]6 g $ 19

x,y 17. f ]0g =- 1; f ]1 g = 7. So, f ]0g and f ]1 g have

opposite signs.

f ]xg vanishes at points where sin x = 0, i.e.,

13. Q r
18.
Given curve is 2x2 y2 - x 4 = c (1)
r 1
x = kr, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... Hence, x = k .
Sub-normal at P ^ x, yh = y dx (2)
dy
Also, f' ]xg = sin x - x cos x if x ! 0 . Since
r r r

From (1), we get 2 c x2 2y 2m

dy
- 4x3 = 0
dx + 2xy the function has a derivative at any interior point
dy x ^ x2 - y2 i of the interval (0,1), it is continuous in [0,1], and
or dx = (3)
x2 y
f ]0g = f ]1 g, Rolle’s theorem is applicable to any
Now, x ^ x - yy' h = x2 - xy dx
dy

one of the intervals : 2 , 1D, : 3 , 2 D =, ..., : k + 1 , k D.

1 1 1 1 1
= x - ^ x - y i
2 2 2
[From (3)]
Hence, there exists at least one c in each of these
= y2
intervals where f' ]c g = 0. Therefore, there are
` Mean proportion = x ^ x - yy' h = y
infinite points.
 Application of Derivatives 12.27
19. Applying Rolle’s theorem to F ]xg = f ]xg - 2g ]xg,

we get F ]0g = 0

F ]1 g = f ]1 g - 2g ]1 g or 0 = 6 - 2g ]1 g or g ]1 g = 3 Q

20. Let f ]xg = 4 + 3 + 2 + dx,

ax 4 bx3 cx2

which is continuous and differentiable. f ]0g = 0 1

f ]- 1g = 4 - 3 + 2 - d = 4 ]a + 2cg - 3 ]b + 3dg = 0 24. Let CD be the position of man at any time t. Let
a b c 1 1

So, according to Rolle’s theorem, there exists at least BD = x. Then EC = x. Let +ACE = i.

one root of f' ]xg = 0 in ^- 1, 0 h .

21. Let g ]xg = f ]xg - x2 . We have g ]1 g = 0, g ]2 g = 0,

g ]3 g = 0 6a f ]1 g = 1, f ]2 g = 4, f ]3 g = 9@.

From Rolle’s theorem on g ]xg, g' ]xg = 0 for at least

x ! ^1, 2h . Let g' ]c1g = 0 where c1 ! ^1, 2h .

dx
Given AB = 41.6 m, CD = 1.6 m, and dt = 2m/s.
Similarly, g ]xg = 0 for at least one x ! ^2, 3 h . Let
g' ]c2g = 0 where c2 ! ^2, 3 h . AE = AB - EB = AB - CD = 41.6 - 1.6 = 40 m.
Therefore, g' ]c1g = g' ]c2g = 0
di
By Rolle’s theorem, at least one x ! ^c1, c2 h such We have to find dt when x = 30 m.

that g" ]xg = 0 or f" ]xg = 2 for some x ! ^1, 3h .

AE 40
From DAEC, tan i = EC = x (1)

f b 6 l = logsin b 6 l = logsin 6 = log 2 =- log 2

5r 5r r 1 di - 40 dx
22. Differentiating w.r.t to t, sec2 i dt = 2 dt
x

f b 6 l = logsin 6 =- log 2
r r di - 40
or sec2 i dt = 2 # 2
x

f' ]c g = sin x cos x = cot x

1 di - 80 80 x2
or dt = 2 cos2 i =- 2 2
x x x + 402
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
<a cos i = F
x
x2 + 402
f ^5r/6h - f ^r/6h
80
^5r/6h - ^r/6h
= cot c =- (2)
x2 + 402
r
or cot c = 0 or c = 2 di 80 4
When x = 30 , dt =- 2 =- 125 rad/s
30 + 402
Thus, c = 2 ! ^r/6, 5r/6h
r
25. Any point on the parabola y2 = 8x ]4a = 8 or a = 2g

is ^at2, 2at h or ^2t2, 4t h Its minimum distance

23. Let BP = x. From similar triangle property, we get

AO l2 l1 l2 d ] AOg - l1 l2 dx
l1 = x or AO = x or dt = x2 dt from the circle means its distance from the center,

l d ] AOg - 2l ^0, - 6h, of the circle.Let D be the distance. Then

When x = 21 , dt = 5 2 m/s.
12.28 Mathematics
z = D2 = ^2t2h2 + ]4t + 6g2 = 4 ^t 4 + 4t2 + 12t + 9h 28. Consider a function g ]xg = xf ]xg .

` dt = 4 ^4t3 + 8t + 12h = 0
dz Since f ]xg is continuous, g ]xg is also continuous in

or 16 ^t3 + 2t + 3h = 0 or 16 ]t + 1g^t2 - t + 3h = 0 [0,1] and differentiable in (0,1)

or t =- 1 As f ]1 g = 0

g ]0g = 0 = g ]1 g
= 16 ^3t2 + 2h =+ ve.
d2 z
dt2
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is applicable for g ]xg .
Hence, minimum. Therefore, point is ^2, - 4 h .
Therefore, there exists at least one c ! ^0, 1h such
26. y = xn
that g' ] c g = 0
dy n-1 n-1
dx = nx = na
or xf' ]xg + f ]xg = 0
1
Slope of the normal =- n - 1
na or cf' ]c g + f ]c g = 0

29. We know that there exists at least one x in (0,1) for

0,b
a,a n f ]1 g - f ]0g f' ] x g
y = xn which ] g ] g = ] g
g 1 -g 0 g' x
2 - 10 f' ] x g
or 4 - 2 = ] g
g' x
y' or f' ]xg =- 4g' ]xg = 0
Equation of the normal is y - a n =- n - 1 ]x - ag
1
na for at least one x in (0,1).

30. Let g ]xg = f ]xg + Ax3 and choose A such that

Put x = 0 to get y-intercept

1 1
y = an +
na n - 2
; Hence, b = a n + n - 2
na g ]ag = g ]b g .

- f ]b g + f ]ag
Z] 0 if n < 2
]] -4
]1 Therefore, A = = 3
lim b = [] 2 , if n = 2 b3 - a3 b - a3
a$0 ]]
Since g ]xg satisfies condition of Rolle’s theorem,
]3, if n > 2
\
27. Applying LMVT in [0,1] to the function y = f ]xg,
g' ] c g = 0 for some c ! ^a, bh
f ]1 g - f ]0g
we get f' ]c g = ^0, 1h
1 - 0 , for some c ! = f' ] c g - 12
c2
=0
b - a3
3

f ]1 g - f ]0g
or e c = or ^b3 - a3h f' ] c g = 12c2
2

1
or f ]1 g - 10 = e c for some c ! ^0, 1h Multiple Options Correct
2

f ] xg =
x
But 1 < e c < e in (0,1)
2
31.
1 - x2

or 1 < f ]1 g - 10 < e or 11 < f ]1 g < 10 + e ` f' ] x g =

1 + x2
= 1, i.e., x = 0, - 3 , 3
^1 - x2h2

Therefore, the points are (0,0), c! 3 , "

or A = 11, B = 10 + e or A - B = 1 - e 3m
.
2
 Application of Derivatives 12.29
32. We have y = ce x/a Slope of curve (2) = 2x + a

dy c 1 y At (1,0), 2 + a = m1 (say)
` dx = a e x/a = a y or = a = constant
dy/dx
Curves are touching at (1,0). Therefore m1 = m2
or Sub-tangent = constant
2
dy y y
or Length of the sub-normal = y dx = y a = a or 2 + a = c - 2 (3)

\ (square of the ordinate) Also, (1,0) lies on both the curves. Therefore,

Equation of the tangent at ^ x1, y1 h is 0 = c - 1 and 0 = 1 + a + b (4)

y - y1 = a ]x - x1g .
y1 Solving (3) and (4), we get a =- 3, b = 2, c = 1

This meets the x-axis at a point given by 35. a. y2 = 4ax

- y1 = a ]x - x1g or x = x1 - a
y1 2a
or m1 = y' = y

The curve meets the y-axis at (0,c). Therefore, y = e -x /2a

1 1
c m = c So, the equation of the normal at ^0, ch
dy or m2 = y' =- 2a e -x/2a =- 2a y
dx ^0,ch a
1 ] x - 0g m1 m2 =- 1. Hence, orthogonal.
is y - c =- or ax + cy = c2
c/a
4a 2a
33. Clearly, f ]0g = 0. So, f ]xg = 0 has two real roots b. y2 = 4ax or y' = 2y = y1 , [Not defined at
1

0, a 0 ]> 0g .
2x x
(0,0)] x2 = 4ay or y' = 4a1 = 2a1 = 0 at (0,0)

Therefore, f' ]xg = 0 has a real root a1 Therefore, the two curves are orthogonal at (0,0)

lying between 0 and a 0 . So, 0 < a1 < a 0 . c. xy = a2, x2 - y2 = b2

Again, f' ]xg = 0 is a fourth-degree equation. As a2 a2

m1 m2 =- x1 y1 =- 2 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal
a
imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs, f' ]xg = 0 d. y = ax & y' = a

will have another real roots a2 . Therefore, f" ]xg = 0 x

x2 + y2 = c2 & y' =- y11
will have a real root lying between a1 and a2 . As ax y1
m1 m2 =- y11 =- y1 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal.
f ]xg = 0 is an equation of the fifth degree, it will
36. Since the intercepts are equal in magnitude but
have at least three real roots and, so, f' ]xg will have
dy
opposite in sign, =1
dx p
at least two real roots.
dy
Now, dx = x2 - 5x + 7 = 1
34. y = x ]c - xg (1)
or x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
y = x2 + ax + b (2)
i.e., x = 2 or 3
Slope of curve (1) = c - 2x

At (1,0), c - 2 = m1, (say)

12.30 Mathematics
37. xy = ]a + xg2 dy
40. y = x2 or dx = 2x = 2 at (1,1)
or y + xy' = 2 ]a + xg
x = y2 or y = x
Now, y' = ! 1 or y ! x = 2 ]a + xg dy 1 1
` dx = = 2 at (1,1)
]a + xg2
2 x
x ! x = 2 ]a + xg 1 3
2- 2 2 =3
]a + xg2
or tan i = = 1+
or ! x = 2 ]a + xg - 1 + 2b+ 2 l
1 1 4
x
or ! x2 = ]a + xg]x - ag or ! x2 = x2 - a2 3 4 3
or i = tan -1 4 = cos -1 5 = sin -1 5

41. Let P ^ x, yh be a point on the curve

a
or 2x2 = a2 or x = !
2

y = x2 + 4x - 17 or dx = 2 ]x + 2g or c m 5 = 9 ln ^ x2 + y2 i = c tan -1 x .
dy dy y
38.
dx x = 2
or tan i = 9 where i is the angle with positive Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

direction of x-axis Therefore, angle with y-axis is 2x + 2yy' c ^ xy' - y h

or y' = cx - 2y = m1 ^say h
2x + cy
^x + y i ^x + y i
2 2 = 2 2
r r -1
2 ! i = 2 ! tan 9. y
Slope of OP = x = m2 (say) (where O is origin)
39. x3 - y2 = 0 (1)
Let the angle between the tangents at P and OP be i
dy
or 2y # dx = 3x2
2x + cy y
dy 2 m -m cx - 2y - x 2
Slope of the tangent at P = = 32xy = 3m Then, tan i = 1 +1 m m2 = = c
dx ^4m2, 8m3 h
1 2 2xy + cy2
P 1+ 2
cx - 2xy
Therefore, equation of the tangent at P is
or i = tan -1 b c l Which is independent of x and y.
2
y - 8m = 3m ^ x - 4m h or y = 3mx - 4m ...(2)
3 2 3

1
42. f is not differentiable at x = 2
It cuts the curve again at point Q. Solving (1) and

(2), we get x = 4m2, m2 . g is not continuous in [0,1] at x = 1

Put x = m2 in equation (2). h is not continuous in [0,1] at x = 1

Then y = 3m ^m2h - 4m3 =- m3

k ]xg = ]x + 3gln 5 = ]x + 3gP, where 2 < p < 3,
2

` Q / ^ m 2, - m 3 h
Slope of the tangent at which is continuous and differentiable

dy 3 ^m 4h -3 43. a. Let f ]xg = e x cos x - 1

2 # ^- m 3 h
Q= = = 2 m
dx ^m , - m h
2 3

1 2 ` f' ]xg = e x ]cos x - sin xg = 0

Slope of the normal at Q =
^- 3/2h m
= 3m .
` tan x = 1, which has a root between two roots of
2
Since tangent at P is normal at Q, 3m = 3m or
f ] xg = 0
9m2 = 2.
 Application of Derivatives 12.31
b. Let f ]xg = e sin x - 1
x
46. (a) f ] xg is not derivable at x = 0

` f' ]xg = e x ]sin x + cos xg = 0 (b) f ] xg is not continuous at x = 0

` tan x =- 1, which has roots between two roots of (c) f ] xg is not continuous at x = 0

f ] xg = 0 (d) f ] xg = x - sin x

c. Let f ]xg = e -x - cos x ` f' ]xg =- e -x + sin x = 0 For 0 < x < h

` e -x = sin x, which has a root between two roots of f ] xg = x - sin x

f ] xg = 0 f ' ] xg = 1 - cos x & f ' ^0 +h = 0

44. a. y2 = 4ax and y = e -x/2a For - h < x < 0

f ] xg =- x + sin x
2a 1 1
y' = y and y' =- 2a e -x/2a =- 2a y

Let the intersection point be ^ x1, y1 h . Then, f ' ] xg =- 1 + cos x & f ' ^0 -h = 0

& f ] xg is continuous and differentiable in

2a 1
y' = y1 and y' =- 2a y1

m1 m2 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal. x ! 6- 1, 1@
b. y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay 1 1

4a 2a 47. We have f ]xg = x + x # f ] t gdt - x2 # tf] t gdt

y' = 2y = y1 , not defined at x = 0 -1 -1

f ]xg = ]1 + Ag x - Bx2
1
.........(1)
2x x
= 4a1 = 2a1 0 at x = 0
1 1

Therefore, the two curves are orthogonal at (0,0) Now A = # f ] t g dt = # ((1 + A) t - Bt2) dt
-1 -1
1
c. xy = a and x - y = b
2 2 2 2
# t2 dt
& A =- 2B
2 2
a a 0
m1 m2 =- x1 y1 =- 2 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal. - 2B
a ` A = 3 ...........(2)
d. y = ax and x2 + y2 = c2
1 1
x
y' = a and y' =- y11 Similarly, B = # tf ] t g dt = # t ((1 + A) t - Bt2) dt
-1 -1
ax y1 1
m1 m2 =- y11 =- x1 =- 1 Hence, orthogonal. & B = 2 ] A + 1g # t2 dt
0
1 ^y + xy' h
45. xy = a + x or ` B = 3 ] A + 1g .........(3)
=1 2
2 xy
Since tangents cuts off equal intercepts from the -4 6
On solving (2) & (3), we get A = 13 , B = 13
axes, y' =- 1 or y - x = 2 xy = 2 ]a + xg
` from equation (1), we get
or y = 2a + 3x or x ]2a + 3xg = ]a + xg 2

f ]xg = 13 x - 13 x2
9 6
or 2ax + 3x2 = a2 + x2 + 2ax
& f' ]xg = 13 - 13 x
9 12
a
or 2x2 = a2 or x = !
2
` f' b - 3 l = 13 - 13 b - 3 l = 13 + 13 = 13 = 1.
1 9 12 1 9 4 13
12.32 Mathematics
48. Now, verify alternatives. The intersection of (1) and y = x3 is

 f 0 +f 2 
x3 - t13 = 3t12 ]x - t1g
 1, 
2,f 2

or ]x - t1g^ x2 + xt1 + t12h - 3t12 ]x - t1g = 0

 2 

or ]x - t1g2 ]x + 2t1g = 0
0,f 0
1,f 1

If P2 ^t2, t23 i, then ]t2 - t1g2 ]t2 + 2t1g = 0

eg: Let f ]xg = x2 - 2x, x ! 60, 2@ ` t2 =- 2t1 ^t2 ! t1h

Similarly, the tangent at P2 will meet the curve at the

0,0 2,0 point P3 ^t3, t33 i when t3 =- 2t2 = 4t1 and so on.

The abscissae of P1, P2,..., Pn are

Here f ]0g = 0 = f ]2 g
t1 - 2t1, 4t1, ..., ]- 2gn - 1 t1
f ]0g + f ]2 g
& f ]c g = = 0, c = 0, 2
2 These are in G.P. Therefore,
dx dy
49. = ai cos i, = ai sin i t2 t3 t4
di di t1 = t2 = t3 = ... =- 2 (rsay)
dy
` t2 = t1 r, t3 = t2 r, and t4 = t3 r
dx = tan i Equation of normal
y - a ]sin i - i cos ig =- cot i (x - a ]cos i + sin ig If x1 = 1, then x2 =- 2, t3 = 4, ... then,
n
& cos ix - sin iy = a distance from origin = a lim /
1
= sum of infinite G.P. with common ratio
n $ 3r = 1 xn

distance from ^sin i, cos ih = a

^- 1/2h with first term 1 = 1
=
2
50. C = x2 + xy + 4 = 0 b
1- -2
1l 3
n
1
52. Then lim / yn = sum of infinite G.P. with common
n $ 3r = 1

ratio ^- 1/8h with first term 1 =

1 8
=9
1 - b- 8 l
1

t2 t23 1 rt1 r3 t13 1

1 1
53. ` Area of DP2 P3 P4 = 2 t3 t3 1 = 2 rt2 r3 t23 1
3

t4 t 43 1 rt3 r3 t33 1

Comprehension Type = r 4 (Area of ]DP1 P2 P3g

Passage – 1 (Questions 51 – 53) Area of ]DP1 P2 P3g 1 1 1

Area of ]DP2 P3 P4g r 4 ]- 2g4 16
` = = =
51. Let P1 ^t1, t13 h be a point on the curve y = x3 .

dy
Therefore = 3t12
dx _t1, t13 i

Tangent at P1 is y - t13 = 3t12 ]x - t1g

 Application of Derivatives 12.33
Passage – 2 (Questions 54 – 56) Therefore, increase of S in

54.
dy 1 - 9t2 1 # b 12 l = 5cm2
dx = - 6t = tan i 2 min = 10
If r1 is the radius of the balloon after (1/2) min, then
or 9t2 - 6 tan i.t - 1 = 0
4rr12 = 4r ]8 g2 + 5
or 3t = tan i ! sec i
5
or r12 - 82 = 4r = 0.397 nearly
or tan i + sec i = 3t
or r12 = 64.397 or r1 = 8.025 nearly.
P / ^- 2, 2 h or t =- 1 or
dy -4
55. = 3
dx t =- 1
` Required increase in the radius
Equation of the tangent is y - 2 =- 3 ]x + 2g.
4
= r1 - 8 = 8.025 - 8 = 0.025 cm

Therefore, t - 3t3 - 2 =- 3 ^1 - 3t2 + 2h

4 Passage – 4 (Questions 59 – 62)
1

g ]xg = x - k, where k = f ] t g dt
or 9t3 + 12t2 - 3t - 6 = 0
59. #
0
or 3t3 + 4t2 - t - 2 = 0 x

f ] xg = 3 + 1 - x
x3 # ]t - kgdt = x3 ; x - kxE =
2
+ 1 - x
or ^3t2 + t - 2h]t + 1g = 0
2 2
0
1

or ]3t - 2g]t + 1g2 = 0 1 + kx2 & k = # ^1 + kt2hdt = 1 + 3k

0

or t = 3 or Q / b - 3 , - 3 l
2 1 2 f x g x
P x1 ,y1
0,1
dy 3
56. = 4 m po mQ =- 1 or angle = 90°
dx t = 2/3
3 
 ,0 
Passage – 3 (Questions 57 – 58) 2 
 −3 
 0, 
 2 
Let V be the volume and r the radius of the balloon

& k = 2 which lies in the interval b 3 , 3 l .

3 4 2
at any time. Then, V = b 3 l rr3
4

Hence f ]xg = 1 + 2 x2; g ]xg = x - 2

3 3
` dt = b 3 l^3rr2h dt
dV 4 dr

dr 60. Now, minimum vertical distance between f ]xg and

= 4rr2 dt = 40 (Given)
g ]xg is f ]xg - g ]xg min = ;b 32x + 1 l - b x - 2 lE
2
3
dr 10
` dt = (1)
rr 2
= 2 b x2 - 3 + 3 l = 2 ;b x + 3 l + 14 E
3 2x 5 3 1 2
9
Now, let S be the surface area of the balloon when its
Hence, f ]xg - g ]xg min = 2 # 9 = 3 .
3 14 7
dS dr
radius is r. Then S = 4rr2 ` dt = 8rr dt (2)
61. Since, perpendicular distance is the minimum
distance. Hence, distance of the point P ^ x1, y1 h on
dS 10 80
From (1) and (2), dt = 8rr 2 = r
rr
When r = 8, the rate of increase of the curve y = f ]xg from the curve y = g ]xg is least
3
when tangent line at P is parallel to y = x - 2 .
80
S = 8 = 10 cm2 / min . dy 1
` = 1 & 3x1 = 1 & x1 = 3
dx p
12.34 Mathematics
-y
62. Equation of line to passes through b a, 2 l is
a-3 y + xy' = 0 or y' = x

y - b a - 2 l = m ] x - ag
3 y
LST = = x
y/x
3 or LST = 2
` y = mx + a - 2 - am ......(1)

Solve with y = f ]xg or k = ! 2.

3x2 5 c. y = 2e2x intersects y-axis at (0,2)

` 2 - mx + am - a + 2 = 0
dy
Since line is tangent to y = f ]xg .
2x dy
dx = 4e ` dx at x = 0
=4

D=0 ` Angle of intersection with y-axis

r
m2 = 4 # 2 b am - a + 2 l = 2 - tan -1 4 = cot -1 4
3 5

m2 = 6am + 6a - 15 = 0 ` n = 2 or - 1

dy
(Roots m1, m2) & m1 m2 =- 1 d. dx = e siny cos y

14 7
6a - 15 =- 1 & 6a = 14 & a = 6 = 3 Slope of the normal at ^1, 0h =- 1

Equation of the normal is x + y = 1.

Matching Column Type
a b C 1
63. a. Given sin A = sin B = sin C = 2R (say) Area = 2 .

` da = 2R cos A dA ` t = 1, - 2.

db = 2R cos B dB 64. a. r = 6 cm dr = 0.06

dc = 2R cos C dC A = rr 2

or dA = 2rrdr = 2r ]6 g]0.06g = 0.72r

` cos A + cos b + cos C = 2R ]dA + dB + dC g (1)
da db dc

b. V = x3, dV = 3x2 dx
Also, A + B + C = r
dV # dx
So, dA + dB + dC = 0 (2) V 100 = 3 x # 100 = 3 # 2 = 6

c. ]x - 2g dt = 3 dt
From equation (1) and (2), we get dx dx

da db dc or x = 5
cos A + cos B + cos C + 1 = 1
or m = ! 1 3
d. A = 4 x2
b. x2 y2 = 16 or xy = ! 4 (1)
or dt = 2 b x dt l = 2 # 30 # 10 = 2
dA 3 dx 3 1 3 3

y
LST =
dy/dx
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get
 Application of Derivatives 12.35
65. a. y = 4x and x = 4y intersect at points (0,0) and
2 2 c. The two curves are

(4,4) xy = a2 (1)

C1: y2 = 4x C2: x2 = 4y x2 + y2 = 2a2 (2)

dy 2 dy x Solving (1) and (2), the points of intersection are

dx = y dx = 2
(a,a) and ^- a, - a h
dy dy
= 3 =0
dx 0, 0 dx 0, 0 Differentiating (1), dy/dx =- y/x = m1 (say)
°
Hence, tan i = 90 at point (0,0).
Differentiating (2), dy/dx =- x/y = m2 (say)
dy 1 dy
= 2 =2 At both points, m1 =- 1 = m2 .
dx ^ 4, 4 h dx ^ 4, 4 h

1 Hence, the two curves touch each other.

2- 2 3
tan i = 1 =4
1+2# 2 d. y2 = x, x3 + y3 = 3xy

b. Solving I: 2y2 = x3 and II: y2 = 32x, we get dy dy 1

For the first curve, 2y dx = 1 or = 2y
dx p 1

^0, 0h, ^8, 16 h, and ^8, - 16 h .

dy y1 - x12
Again for the second curve, =
dx y12 - x1
At ^0, 0h,
P
dy
= 0 for I
dx ^0, 0 h Solving y2 = x and x3 + y3 = 3xy,

At ^0, 0h,
dy
= 3 for II y6 + y3 = 3y3 or y3 + 1 = 3 or y3 = 2
dx ^0, 0 h

Hence, angle = 90° ` y1 = 21/3 and x1 = 22/3

dy 3x2 3 64 1 4
Now, = 4y = 4 16 = 3 for I 1 1 23 - 23
dx ^8, 16h Now, m1 = 1 = 4 ; m2 = 2 2 $ 3
2 # 23 23 23 - 23
dy 32 16
= 2y = 16 = 1 for II m
dx ^8, 16 h m -m 1 - m12 1 4 1
tan i = 1 +2 m m1 = 1 = m = 2 3 = 16 3
3-1 2 1 1 2 1
` tan i = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2 m2 + m1
Therefore, angle between the two curves at the origin ` i = tan -1 _16 3 i
1

is 90° .
12.36 Mathematics

Numerical Type 2. f m (x) = m (x - 1)

1. Given that f (x) is a polynomial of degree 6 in x, in
which the coefficient of x6 is unity and it has extrema (x - 1) 2

& f l (x) = m - 2m
at x =- 1 and x = 1. 2
Let f ^ x h = x6 + ax5 + bx 4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f ....(i) m (x - 1) 3

` f (x) = - 2mx + n
also given that 6
f (1) =- 6 & - 2m + n =- 6
f (x)
lim
=1
x3
x"0 2m
f (- 1) = 10 & + n = 10
From (i), we have 3

` m = 6 and n = 6
x6 ax5 + bx 4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f
lim
=1 f l (x) = 0 & x =- 1 or x = 3
x"0 x3
as this limit exists & is finite, so
x ` = 3 has a local minima
d=e=f=0

Single Options Correct
x6 + ax5 + bx 4 + cx3 3. Method I:
& lim

x"0 x3
If we sketch the graph of f (x), then we can clearly
& lim (x3 + ax2 + bx + c) = 1
observe the interval in which f (x), is increasing
x"0
y = 55x
&c=1

Now put c = 1 & d = e = f = 0 in (i), we get

f ^ x h = x6 + ax5 + bx 4 + x3 5 4 3 2 1   
Differentiate w.r.t. x
& fl ^ x h = 6x5 + 5ax 4 + 4bx3 + 3x2

Also given that Thus from the graph ,it is evident that f ^ x h is

fl ^1 h = 0 increasing in
& 6 + 5a + 4b + 3 = 0
x ! (- 5, - 4) , (4, 3)

& 5a + 4b =- 9
.....(ii) Method II:
]Z]- 55x
& f' ^- 1h = 0 ]]
if x < - 5
Given f (x) = [] 2x3 - 3x2 - 120x, if - 5 # x # 4
& - 6 + 5a - 4b + 3 = 0
]] 3
] 2x - 3x2 - 36x - 336, if x > 4
& 5a - 4b = 3
.....(iii) \
On solving (ii) & (iii) we get,
Now to find the interval of increase , we must
differentiate f (x)
3 3
a =- 5 & b =- 2
]Z] - 55 if x < - 5
]]
3 3 Hence f' ^ x h = []6 (x2 - x - 20), if - 5 < x < 4

& f (x) = x6 - 5 x5 - 2 x 4 + x3
]]
] 6 ( x 2 - x - 6) if x > 4
Z] \
So the required value is ]] - 55 if x < - 5
f' ^ x h = []6 (x - 5) (x + 4), if - 5 < x < 4
]

5f (2) = 5 :64 - 5 $ 32 - 5 $ 16 + 8D
3 3 ]]
] 6 (x - 3) (x + 2) if x > 4
\
& 5f (2) = 320 - 96 - 120 + 40
Now for increasing function f' ^ x h > 0

& 5f ^2 h = 144 Case 1: if x < - 5
We have f ^ x h =- 55 which is always negative and

hence decreasing in this interval
 Application of Derivatives 12.37

Case 2: if - 5 < x < 4 5. Lets use LMVT for x e [a, c]
We have f' ^ x h = 6 ^ x - 5h^ x + 4h
f (c) - f (a)
c - a = f l (a), a e (a, c)
On solving fl ^ x h 2 0

i.e. 6 ^ x - 5h^ x + 4h > 0

also use LMVT for x e [c, b]

we get x < - 4 or x > 5 ..(i) f (b) - f (c)
= f l (b), be (c, b)

But we have - 5 < x < 4 ..(ii) b-c

Taking the intersection of (i) and(ii) , we get
a f m (x) 1 0 & f l (x) is decreasing
x ! ^- 5, - 4h , ^4, 5h
f l (a) 2 f l (b)
f (c) - f (a) f (b) - f (c)

Case 3: if x > 4 c - a 2

We have f' (x) = 6 (x - 3) (x + 2) b-c
f (c) - f (a) c-a

Thus f' (x) > 0 2 ( a f (x) is increasing)
f (b) - f (c) b-c
& 6 ^ x - 3h^ x + 2h > 0, if x > 4


On Solving the above inequality using wavey curve 6. The given equation of curves are
method we get
y = 10 – x2 ...(i) and y = 2 + x2 ...(ii)

x < 2 or x > 3
Point of intersection of above curves are A(2, 6) and

Also given that x > 4
B(–2, 6). Now, slope of (i) is given by

Hence on taking the intersection of the above
m1 = ; E
dy
= -2x = -4
intervals , we get dx A^2, 6h

x ! (4, 3)
Also, slope of (ii) is given by

m2 = ; E
dy

Therefore taking union of all the above cases, the = 2x = 4
dx A^2, 6h
interval of increase is m -m -4 - 4 8

Hence, |tan q| = 1 +1 m m2 = 1 - 16 = 15

x ! (- 5, - 4) , (4, 5) , (4, 3) 1 2

x ! (- 5, - 4) , (4, 3) r h
7. We have 3 = sin i, 3 = cos i
4. f (x) = x (r - cos -1 (sin ; x ;))

⇒ r = 3 sinq, h = 3 cosq,
= xe r - d - sin -1 (sin ; x ;) no = x d + ; x ; n
r r

l = 3 (given)
2 2
Z] r 1
]] d
]] x 2 + x n x $ 0
Now, volume (V) = 3 πr2h
f (x) = ][ r
]] x d - x n x 1 0
]] r
= 3 (9sin2q) (3cos q)
2 dV
\
⇒ = 9p (–sin q + 3sin q cos2q)
Z] r di
]]d
] 2 + 2x n x $ 0
= 9p sin q [2 – 3sin2q]
]
f l (x) = []
]]d - 2x n x 1 0
]] r dV 2

If, = 0 ⇒ sin q = 0 or sin2q = 3
2 di
\
2
f l (x) is increasing in d 0, n and
r sin
& i= 3

2
Now, ; 2 E
d2 V 1 #
decreasing in d ,0n
-r =- 9r 4,
di i = sin 23 -1
3
2

which is negative
2

⇒Volume is maximum, when sin q = 3
2 1

Hence, Vmax = 9r 3 # = 2 3 r cu.m.
3
12.38 Mathematics
8. y 2 = 6x y= ]
x+6
x - 2g]x - 3g
10.
m1 =- ; 2y E = y
-6 3
= 9x 2 + by 2 = 16
Point of intersection with y-axis (0,1)
m2 =- ; 2by E
18x
^ x2 - 5x + 6h]1 g - ]x + 6g]2x - 5g
^ x2 - 5x + 6h2
y' =
m1 m2 =- 1
c 3 m . c - 18x m =- 1 y' = 1 at point (0,1)
y 2by ` Slope of normal is - 1
27x
=1
by 2 Hence equation of normal is x + y = 1

ca y = 6 m
2

` b 2 , 2 l satisfy it.
1 1
x
27 # 1 27 9 x x
b 6 =1 &b= 6 &b= 2 -1 1 + sin x -1
cos 2 + sin 2
tan 1 - sin x = tan cos x - sin x
f ] xg = x 2 + 2 & g ] xg = x - x
1 1 11.
9. 2 2
x
f ] xg x
h ] xg = ] g = tan -1
1 + tan 2
g x x
1 - tan 2
bx - 1 l + 2
2

h ] xg =
x
= tan -1 tan b 4 + 2 l = 4 + 2
1 r x r x
x- x

h ] xg = b x - 1x l + y = f ] xg = 4 + 2 .
2 π x
bx - 1 l
x 1
y' = 2 & Slope of normal =- 2
Passes through b 6 , 3 l
r r
Now x - 1x = t &
y - 3 =- 2 b x - 6 l
r r
& t ! R - !0 +
h ] t g = t + t h' ] t g = 1 - 2 = 0
2 2 2π
t 2x + y = 3

12. Slope of the tangent to y = e x at ^c, e c h is given by

t2 = 2

m1 = c m = e c
t =! 2 dy
dx ^c, e h c

Also, slope of the line joining the points

h" ] t g =+ 4/t3
^c - 1, e c - 1 h and ^c + 1, e c + 1 h is
& at t = 2 h ] t g attain local minimum & its
ec + 1 - ec - 1 ec + 1 - ec - 1
c + 1g - ]c - 1g
2 m2 = ] = 2
value is 2 + =2 2
2
= e c b e -2e l We observe m2 > m1
-1
 Application of Derivatives 12.39
Thus, tangent to the curve y = e will intersect the 13. Let the polynomial be P ]xg = ax + bx + c.
x 2

given line to the left of the line x = c as shown in

Given P ]0g = 0 and P ]1 g = 1. Then
the figure.
c = 0 and a + b = 1 or a = 1 - b
c + 1,ec +1 ` P ]xg = ]1 - bgx2 + bx

y = ex
or P' ]xg = 2 ]1 - bgx + b
c − 1,ec −1

Given P' ]xg > 06x ! ^0, 1h

or 2 ]1 - bgx + b > 0 6x ! ^0, 1h

y'

Now, when x = 0, b > 0, and when x = 1, b < 2.

Thus, 0 < b < 2 ` S = #]1 - agx2 + ax, a ! ^0, 2 h-

14. lim xα log x = 0
x$0

Only True for α = 1

2

Single Option Correct 2. 2 sin2x

1. f (x) is a non-periodic, continuous and odd function

- x 2 + x sin x, x < 0 (4 + , 2cos 2 )
f ] xg = * 2
x - x sin x, x $ 0  

f ]- 3g = Lt ]- x 2gb1 - sinx l =- 3
 
x 0
4 2
x "-3

f ]3g = Lt x 2 b1 - sinx l = 3
x
Perimeter = 2 ]2a + 2 cos 2ag

x"3
P = 4 ]a + cos 2ag

& Range of f (x) = R


& f (x) is an onto function …(1)

dP ]1 - 2 sin 2ag = 0
- 2x + sin x + x cos x, x < 0 da = 4
f ] xg = )
'
1
sin 2a = 2
2x - sin x - x cos x, x $ 0
For ^0, 3h

r 5r
2a = 6 , 6
f ] xg = ] x - sin xg + x ]1 - cos xg
' d2 P
2 =- 4 cos 2a

always +ve always +ve da
r
or 0 or 0
for maximum a = 12

& f ' ] xg > 0

Area = ]2ag]2 cos 2ag

& f ' ] xg $ 0, 6 x ! ^- 3, 3h equality at x = 0

r 3
= 6 #2# 2 =
r
2 3
& f ] xg is one-one function
...(2)

From (1) & (2), f (x) is both one-one & onto.
12.40 Mathematics
rx
Appling LMVT of f ] xg in : 2 , 1D
1 But for ∀ x : 2 = tanpx, f’(x) changes sign. Hence
3.
there is a local minima (at yn’s) or local maxima
f ]1 g - f b 2 l
1
f ' ]c g = = 1 for some c ! : 2 , 1D
1 (at xn’s) at these points.
1
1- 2
Where yn ∈ (2n –1, 2n – ½) ∀ n = 1, 2, 3, ....
As f " ] xg > 0 and xn ∈ (2n, 2n + ½) ∀ n = 1, 2, 3, ....
& f ' ] xg is always increasing
xn+1 – yn+1 > 1 and yn+1 – xn > 1 ⇒ xn+1 – xn > 2.

& f ' ]1 g > f ' ]c g

& f ' ]1 g > 1

Multiple Options Correct

x 2 - 3x - 6
4. f (x) =
x 2 + 2x + 4
5x (x + 4)
& f l (x) = 2 x
(x + 2x + 4) 2
& f (x) has local maxima at x =- 4 and minima at
6. F ]xg = # f] t gdt
0
x=0
F’(x) = f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 5)

⇒ x = 1, 5 is point of local minima for x > 0
x = 2 is point of local maxima for x > 0
1 2

F ]2g =
# f] t gdt < 0 & F]xg < 06x ! (0, 5)
0

-4 0
7. Range will
contain set
Z] 5
]] x + 5x + 10x + 10x + 3x + 1
4 3 2
x<0 " ^- 3, 1h
3 11
Range of f(x) is <- , F
]]
0 # x < 1 " : 4 , 1D
]] 3
x2 - x + 1
2 6 ]]
f ]xg = ][
5. f ]xg = 1 # x < 3 " ;3 , 1l
sin r x 2 3 8 1
3 x - 4x + 7x - 3
]] 2

x2 ]]
]]
]]]x - 2g ,n ]x - 2g - x + 10 " ;3 , 3l
1
& f' ]xg =
rx2 cos rx - 2x sin rx 3 x$3
\
x4 Z] ] 4 + 3 + 2 + + g -
]]5 x 4x 6x 4x 1 2 x < 0
2 cos rx b 2 - tan rx l
rx
]]
2x - 1 0#x<1
f' ]xg = []
= ]
x3 ]] 2x - 8x + 7
2
1#x<3
rx ]]
f ‘(x) = 0 ⇒ cospx = 0 or 2 = tanpx ] ,n ]x - 2g x$3
r rx \
⇒ px = (2n +1) 2 or 2 = tanpx (a) f ‘(1)> f ‘(1+) & f ‘(1) > f (1-) so f ‘(x) has local
]2n + 1g
, n ! I or 2 = tan ]rxg
rx max. at x = 1

&x= 2

(b) L.H.D. = 2 and R.H.D. = – 2, f’ is not differentiable
2n + 1
from graph, we can see that 6x = 2 , at x = 1
f’(x) doesn’t change sign so these points are neither

(c) f is containing (–∞, ∞), so f is onto
local maxima nor local minimum.
(d) f’(x) = 5 (x + 1)4 – 2 is changing sign in (–∞, 0),
so f is not increasing
 Application of Derivatives 12.41
f 2 ]0 g + ^ f ' ]0 gh = 85 f: R $ 6- 2, 2@ 9. f ' (x) = e g' (x) : f(1) = g(2) = 1
2 f(x)-g(x)
8.

(a) This is true of every continuous function e-f(x) = e-g(x) + c

f ]- 4g - f ]0 g
(b) f ' (c) = -4 - 0 e-f(x). f ' (x) = e-g(x). g' (x)
f (- 4) - f (0)
f ' (c) =
4 # d (e -f (x)) = # d (e-g(x))
-2 < f (- 4) < 2 e-f(x) = e-g(x) + c
-2 < f(0) < 2
-4 < f (- 4) - f(0) < 4 1
x = 1 e = e -g (1) + c
This | f ' (c)| < 1 1
x = 2 e -f (2) = e + c
(c) lim f (x) = 1
x"3
\ g (1) > 1 - ln 2
Note f(x) should have a bound 3 which can be
concluded by considering e-f(2) = 2e-1 - e-g(1)
e-f(2) = 2e-1 - e-g(1)
f (x) = 2 sin c
85 x m
2 f (2) > 1 - ln 2
f ' (x) = 85 cos c
85 x m e-1 - e-f(2) = e-g(1) - e-1 ⇒ e-g(1)­ + e-f(2) = 2e-1
2 e-g(1) < 2e-1
f 2(0) + ( f ' (0)2) = 85 and lim f (x) does not exist -g(1) < ln2 - 1
x"3
10. Using L Hospitals rule
(D) Consider H(x) = f (x) + ( f ' (x)2 f ] xg cos t - f ' ] t g sin x
2

lim 1 = sin 2 x
H(0) = 85
t$x

By (B) choice there exists some x0 such that ( f ' & f ] xg cos x - f ' ] xg sin x = sin 2 x
(x0))2 < 1 for some x0 in (- 4, 0) f ] xg
& sin x =- x + c
hence H(x0) = f (x0) + ( f ' (x0)) < 4 + 1
2 2

H(x0) < 5
& f ] xg =- x sin x + c sin x

Hence let p ! (- 4, 0) for which H(p) = 5

f b 6 l =- 12 =- 6 . 2 + c. 2
r r r 1 1
(note that we have considered p as largest such
negative number) Sinilarly let q be smallest positive & c = 0 & f ] xg =- x sin x
number ! (0, 4) such that H(q) = 5
Hence By rolle’s theorem is (p, q)
H ' (c) = 0 for some c ! (- 4, 4) and since H(x) is
greater than 5 as we move from x = p to x = q and
f 2(x) < 4

⇒ ( f ' (x))2 > 1 in (p, q)

This H ' (c) = 0 ⇒ f ' f + f 'f " = 0

so f + f '' = 0 and f ' ! 0

12.42 Mathematics
π/2
13. f ' ] xg > 2f ] xg
11. (a) f ] xg + # f ] t g sin t > 0 6 x ! ^0, 1h
0 dy
& dx - 2y > 0
(b) g ] xg = x9 - f ] xg
dy
e -2x dx - 2e -2x y > 0
g ]0 g = 0 - f ]0 g < 0
d _ -2x i
g ]1 g = 1 - f ]1 g > 0 dx e y > 0

& g ] xg = 0 for some x ! ^0, 1h & f ] xg .e -2x is increasing

& f ] xg e -2x > f ]0 g

π
2 -x

(c) g ] xg = x - # f ] t g cos t dt
0 & f ] x g > e 2x > 0
π/2

g ]0 g =- # f ] t g cos t dt < 0 & f ' ] xg > 0 and f ] xg is increasing

0

14. As f: R $ ^0, 3h & f ]2g > 0

π/2 - 1

g ]1 g = 1 - # f ] t g cos t dt > 0
0
f ] xg g ] xg
& g ] xg = 0 for some x ! ^0, 1h lim ] g ] g = 1
x$2 f x g x

f ' ] x g $ g ] x g + g' ] x g $ f ] x g
x

(d) g ] xg = e x - # f ] t g sin t dt
f " $ g' ] x g + g" ] x g $ f ' ] x g
lim =1
x$2
0

g ]0 g = 1
As f ' ]2g = g ]2g = 0
0 < f] t g < 1
g' ]2g f ]2g
0 < f ] t g sin t < 1 &
f " ]2g g' ]2g
=1

g' ] xg = e x - f ] xg sin x > 0 & f ]2g = f " ]2g > 0

& g ] xg is increasing & a.d

15. Let h ]xg = f ]xg - 3g ]xg
& g ] xg > 1
h ]- 1g = f ]- 1g - 3g ]- 1g = 3 - 0 = 3
12. f ] xg = 2 cos 2 2x + cos 2x - 1
h ]0 g = f ]0g - 3g ]0 g = 6 - 3 = 3
cos 2x = t
h ]2 g = f ]2 g - 3g ]2 g = 0 - ]- 3g = 3
2
= 2t + t - 1
Thus, h' ]xg = 0 has at least one root in ^- 1, 0 h and
f ] xg = 2 :t + 4 D - 8
1 2 5
at least one root in (0,2). But since h" ]xg = 0 has
= 2 b cos 2x + 4 l - 8
1 2 5
no root in ^- 1, 0 h and (0,2) therefore h' ]xg = 0 has
& Max when x = 0 & ]ag
exactly 1 root in (0,2).
f ' ] xg = 0
& sin ]2xg51 + 4 cos 2x? = 0
sin 2x = 0 and cos 2x =- 1/4
& 3 solutions
& 2 solutions
& d Ans: ad
 Application of Derivatives 12.43
Comprehension Type 19. 6m2 + 4n2 + 8m2 n2

16. For k = 0, line y = x meets y = 0, i.e., the x-axis, 6 = #1+4#0+8#1#0 = 6

Numerical Type
only at one point. For k < 0, y = ke x meets y = x
20. f (x) = (x2 – 1)2 h(x); h(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3
only once as shown in the figure.
Now, f (1) = f (–1) = 0
& f ' ]ag = 0, a ! ^- 1, 1h [Rolle’s Theorem]

Also, f ' ]1 g = f ' ]- 1g = 0 & f ' ] xg = 0 has atleast


3 root, –1, a ,1 with –1 < a < 1
& f " ] xg = 0 will have at least 2 root, say b, c


such that - 1 < b < a < c < 1 [Rolle’s Theorem]
17. Let f ]xg = ke x - x. Now, for f ]xg = 0 to have only
So, min _m f " i = 2 and we find _m f ' + m f " i = 5 for

f ] xg = ] x 2 - 1g2 . Thus, Ans. 5
one root means the line y = x must be tangential to
the curve y = ke x . Let it be so at ^ x1, y1 h . Then 21. f ]ig = ]sin i + cos ig2 + ]sin i - cos ig4
f ]ig = sin 2 2i - sin 2i + 2
c m = ke x = 1 or e x = 1 Also, y1 = ke x and
dy
f ]ig = 2 ]sin 2ig . ]2 cos 2ig - 2 cos 2i
1 1 1

dx x 1
k '
y1 = x1 ` x1 = 1 or 1 = ke or k = 1/e = 2 cos 2i ]2 sin 2i - 1g


critical points
Comprehension Numerical Type

Solution for 18 and 19

21
    
f1' x) =
( % (x - j) j
| | | | | |
j=1 0     
f1' (x) = (x - 1) (x - 2) 2 (x - 3) 3 .... (x - 20) 20 (x - 21) 21 12 4 12 4

Checking the sign scheme of f (x) at '
r 5r
1
so, minimum at i = 12 , 12
x = 1, 2, 3, ...., 21, we get f1 (x) has local minima
at x = 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 and local maxima at 1 5 6 1

m1 + m 2 = 12 + 12 = 12 = 2
x = 3, 7, 11, 15, 19
22. f(x + y) = f(x) . f ' (y) + f ' (x) . f(y)

& m1 = 6, n1 = 5
substituting x = y = 0, we get
f2 x) = 98 (x - 1) 50 - 600 (x - 1) 49 + 2450
(
1
f(0) = 2 f ' (0)
⇒ f ' (0) = 2
f 2' x) = 98 # 50 (x - 1) 49 - 600 # 49 # (x - 1) 48
(
Now substituting y = 0
= 98 # 50 # (x - 1) 48 (x - 7)

f(x) = f(x) . f ' (0) + f ' (x) . f(0)
(
f2 x) has local minimum at x = 7 and no local
f ] xg
maximum. ⇒ f ' (x) = 2

& m2 = 1, n2 = 0 ⇒ f(x) = λex/2 ⇒ f(x) = ex/2 (as f(0) = 1)
x
18. 2m1 + 3n1 + m1 n1 Now ln(f(x)) = 2 ⇒ ln (f(4)) = 2
2
= #6+3#5+6#5
57
=
12.44 Mathematics