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Fourier Series and Gibbs Phenomenon Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) and Its Inverse

Module 3 covers Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals, focusing on Fourier Series and the Continuous-time Fourier Transform (CTFT). It explains how to represent periodic and non-periodic signals in terms of their frequency content, including the derivation of Fourier series coefficients through examples. The module also includes practical examples to illustrate the application of Fourier analysis techniques.

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23 views7 pages

Fourier Series and Gibbs Phenomenon Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) and Its Inverse

Module 3 covers Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals, focusing on Fourier Series and the Continuous-time Fourier Transform (CTFT). It explains how to represent periodic and non-periodic signals in terms of their frequency content, including the derivation of Fourier series coefficients through examples. The module also includes practical examples to illustrate the application of Fourier analysis techniques.

Uploaded by

Kaviraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Topics to be covered in Module-3

Fourier Series and Gibbs Phenomenon


Continuous-time Fourier Transform (CTFT) and its Inverse

School of Electronics Engineering VIT-Chennai - SENSE Fall 2019-20 Semester 4 / 32


Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Fourier Analysis: A way to represent or analyze a given signal (be it


periodic or non-periodic) to reveal its frequency content.
It has two cases

Fourier Series (FS) - representing a periodic signal x(t) by


decomposing it into a dc term and an ac term, which comprises an
infinite number of harmonic sinusoids. All these terms are linearly
combined.
Fourier Transform (FT) - representing an arbitrary (non-periodic or
periodic) signal.

School of Electronics Engineering VIT-Chennai - SENSE Fall 2019-20 Semester 5 / 32


Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Fourier Series: For a periodic signal x(t), the trigonometric form of FS is


as follows:
∞ 
X 
x(t) = a0 + an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t) Synthesis Equation
n=1
where
Z
1
a0 = x(t)dt Analysis Equations
T0 T0
Z
2
an = x(t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z
2
bn = x(t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0

Note: f0 is the fundamental frequency of x(t) in Hertz and ω0 = 2πf0 is


the fundamental frequency of x(t) in radian (i.e. angular frequency).
School of Electronics Engineering VIT-Chennai - SENSE Fall 2019-20 Semester 6 / 32
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.1: Determine the Fourier series coefficients of the signal


x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

The fundamental angular frequency of x(t) is ω0 . The DC component of


x(t) is 2. The AC component of x(t) is sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).
On expanding x(t) using the sin(A + B) and cos(A + B) formulas,

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4)


= 2 + sin(ω0 t) cos(π/3) + cos(ω0 t) sin(π/3)
+ cos(2ω0 t) cos(π/4) − sin(2ω0 t) sin(π/4)
√
1 3 1 1
= 2 + sin(ω0 t) + cos(ω0 t) + √ cos(2ω0 t) − √ sin(2ω0 t)
2 2 2 2

School of Electronics Engineering VIT-Chennai - SENSE Fall 2019-20 Semester 7 / 32


Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

By comparing the expression of x(t) with the standard trigonometric


Fourier Series expansion,

x(t) = a0 + a1 cos(ω0 t) + b1 sin(ω0 t) + a2 cos(2ω0 t) + b2 sin(2ω0 t) + ...,

the Fourier series coefficients are obtained as follows:

a0 = 2
√
3 1
a1 = & b1 =
2 2
1 1
a2 = √ & b2 = − √
2 2
an = bn = 0, for n > 2.

School of Electronics Engineering VIT-Chennai - SENSE Fall 2019-20 Semester 8 / 32


Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.2: Determine the Fourier series of the rectangular pulse train
waveform shown below, using trigonometric form.

Figure 1: Waveform f (t) in Example 3.2

School of Electronics Engineering VIT-Chennai - SENSE Fall 2019-20 Semester 9 / 32


Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,


2π
Period: T0 = 2. Therefore, Fundamental angular frequency: ω0 = = π.
T0
Z
1
Coefficient: a0 = f (t)dt
T0 T0
1 2
Z
= f (t)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
1
= 1 dt + 0 dt
2 0
 1
1
= (1 − 0) + 0
2
1
a0 = .
2
School of Electronics Engineering VIT-Chennai - SENSE Fall 2019-20 Semester 10 / 32

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