Lecture 2

Rectilinear Motion
A particle moving along a straight line is said to be in rectilinear motion

Position
The straight-line path of a particle will be defined using a
single coordinate axis s
s is positive when the coordinate axis is positive to the
right of the origin
s is negative when the coordinate axis is negative to the
left of the origin
Displacement
The displacement of the particle is defined as the
change in its position

∆𝑠 = 𝑠 − 𝑠
Rectilinear Motion
Velocity
If the particle moves through a displacement s during the time interval ∆𝑡, the velocity of the
particle during this time interval is
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
The magnitude of velocity is known as speed, m/s or ft/s .

Average Speed
The average speed is always a positive scalar
and is defined as the total distance traveled by a
particle, 𝑠 , divided by the elapsed time ∆𝑡

𝑠
𝑣 =
∆𝑡
Rectilinear Motion
Acceleration
Provided the velocity of the particle is known at two points, the average acceleration of the particle
during the time interval ∆𝑡 is defined as

𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡

Using velocity and acceleration formula

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑣= 𝑎=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡 = = 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑣 𝑎
R E C T I L I N E A R T R A N S L AT I O N
1. Uniform Motion (Constant Speed) 3. Constant Acceleration
𝐸𝑞. 2

2. Variable Acceleration

𝐸𝑞. 5
𝐸𝑞. 2 𝐸𝑞. 3
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑬𝒒. 𝟑

𝐸𝑞. 4

𝐸𝑞. 6
R E C T I L I N E A R T R A N S L AT I O N
1. Uniform Motion (Constant Speed) 3. Constant Acceleration
𝐸𝑞. 5

2. Variable Acceleration
𝐸𝑞. 6

𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑬𝒒. 𝟒
𝐸𝑞. 2 𝐸𝑞. 3

𝐸𝑞. 4

𝐸𝑞. 7
R E C T I L I N E A R T R A N S L AT I O N
1. Uniform Motion (Constant Speed) 3. Constant Acceleration
𝐸𝑞. 5

2. Variable Acceleration
𝐸𝑞. 6

𝐸𝑞. 7
𝐸𝑞. 2 𝐸𝑞. 3
4. Free Falling Body
𝐸𝑞. 8

𝐸𝑞. 9
𝐸𝑞. 4
𝐸𝑞. 10
 Problem 1
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation 𝑥 = 6𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 12𝑡 + 3𝑡 + 3. Where x and t are
expressed in meters and seconds, respectively. Determine position of the particle when acceleration
a =0
Solution:
𝑥 = 6𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 12𝑡 + 3𝑡 + 3 from acceleration time equation @ 𝑎 = 0
0 = 72𝑡 − 12𝑡 − 24
𝑑𝑥 = 24𝑡 − 6𝑡 − 24𝑡 + 3 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑣 = 24𝑡 − 6𝑡 − 24𝑡 + 3 𝑡= 𝑠
3
1
𝑑𝑣 = 72𝑡 − 12𝑡 − 24 𝑑𝑡 𝑡=− 𝑠
2
2
𝑎 = 72𝑡 − 12𝑡 − 24 from position − time equation @ 𝑡 = 𝑠
3
2 2 2 2
𝑥=6 −2 − 12 +3 +3
3 3 3 3

𝑥 = 0.259 m
 Problem 2
The Acceleration of the particle is defined by the relation, 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑡 .
Knowing that v = - 8 m/s when t = 0 and that v = +8 m/s when t = 2s
also x =0 when t =2s. Determine the position of the particle at t = 5 s
Solution:
𝑑𝑣 = 6𝑡 𝑑𝑡
required 𝑥 − 𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = −8 → 𝑡 =0
𝑣 = −8 → 𝑡=0 𝑣= 𝑣 → 𝑡=𝑡
𝑣 = +8 → 𝑡=2 → 𝑥=0 8 𝑡 2
𝑣| =𝑘
−8 3 0 𝑑𝑣 = 6𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑘𝑡
2
𝑑𝑣 8+8=𝑘 −0 𝑣 𝑡 𝑡
= 𝑘𝑡 3 𝑣| =6
𝑑𝑡 −8 3 0
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣 + 8 = 2(𝑡 − 0)
𝑘=6
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣 = 2𝑡 − 8 (𝑣 − 𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝)
 Problem 2
The Acceleration of the particle is defined by the relation, 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑡 .
Knowing that v = - 8 m/s when t = 0 and that v = +8 m/s when t = 2s
also x =0 when t =2s. Determine the position of the particle at t = 5 s
Solution: 𝑥 =0 → 𝑡 =2
@𝑡 =5
required 𝑥 − 𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑥=𝑥 → 𝑡=𝑡

𝑣 = −8 → 𝑡=0 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 8 𝑑𝑡 5
𝑥=2 − 4(5) + 4
4
𝑣 = +8 → 𝑡=2 → 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑡 − 4 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 = 280.5 𝑚
𝑣 = 2𝑡 − 8
𝑥 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑥| =2 − 4𝑡
= 2𝑡 − 8 0 4 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 (2)
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 8 𝑑𝑡 𝑥=2 − 4𝑡 − − 4(2)
4 4

𝑡 𝑥 −𝑡
𝑥=2 − 4𝑡 + 4
4 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝
 Problem 3
The motorist is traveling at 54 km/h when she observes that a traffic light 240 m ahead of her turns
red. The traffic light is timed to stay red for 24 s. If the motorist wishes to pass the light without
stopping just as it turns green again, determine the required uniform deceleration of the car.
Solution:
𝑣 = 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑣=0

240 m
 Problem 3
The motorist is traveling at 54 km/h when she observes that a traffic light 240 m ahead of her turns
red. The traffic light is timed to stay red for 24 s. If the motorist wishes to pass the light without
stopping just as it turns green again, determine the required uniform deceleration of the car.
Solution:
𝑣 = 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑣=0

240 m
 Problem 4
A train starts from rest at station A accelerates at 0.5m/𝑠 for 60s. Afterwards it travels with a constant
velocity for 15 minutes. It then decelerates at 1 m/𝑠 until it is brought to rest at station B. Determine
the distance between the stations. (a) constant velocity, (b) determine the distance between the
stations, and the (c) total time travelled.
Solution: 𝑏) 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
𝑎) 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐 + 𝑺𝟑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 "𝑆 " 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 "𝑆 "
𝑠
𝑣 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 "𝑆 " 𝑣= 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑡
1 0 = 30 + 2 −1 𝑆
𝑣 =𝑣 𝑆 − 𝑆 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑆
2 30 =
𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡 1 𝑡 𝑆 = 450 𝑚
𝑆 − 0 = 0 60 + 0.5 60
𝑣 = 0 + 0.5(60) 2 𝑆 = 27,000 𝑚
𝒗𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 𝑆 = 900 𝑚 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟖, 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝒎

𝑐) 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒕𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕𝟑 = 𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒔 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑡 = 60 𝑠 0 = 30 + −1 𝑡
𝑡 = 900 𝑠 𝑡 = 30 𝑠
𝑆 450
 Problem 5
Bea throw a ball straight up at 10 m/s and release it at 2m above the ground.
a) What maximum height above the ground does the ball reach?
b) How long after you release it does the ball hits the ground?
c) What is the magnitude of its velocity just before it hits the ground?
Solution: 1
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑏) 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 ℎ = 𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒕𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 1
𝑉 = 𝑉 − 2𝑔(𝑦 − 𝑦 ) −7.097 = 0 𝑡 − (9.81)(𝑡 )
0 = 10 − 2(9.81)(ℎ − 2) 𝑣 = 𝑣 − 𝑔𝑡 2
0 = 10 − 9.81𝑡 𝑡 = 1.203 𝑠
𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝑡 = 1.019 𝑠 𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒔

𝑐) 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒐 − 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝑣 = 0 − (9.81)(1.203)
𝒗𝒇 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
 Problem 6
A stone is projected vertically upward from the top of a 120-m high tower at a velocity of 36 m/s.
a. How high will it go reckoned from the ground? d. How long will it reach the ground?
b. How long will it take it to reach the top? e. With what velocity will it hit the ground?
c. How high will it be above the ground after 9 seconds?
Solution:
a. 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 2𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑦 1
d. 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
0 = 36 +2 −9.81 (𝑦 − 120)
1
0 = 120 +36𝑡 + 2
−9.81 𝑡
𝑦 = 186.06 m
𝑡 = −2.49 sec
b. 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡
0 = 36 +(−9.81) 𝑡 𝑡 = 9.83 sec
120 m
𝑡 = 3.67 sec e. 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡
1 𝑣 = 36 + −9.81 (9.83)
c. 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 1 𝑣 = −60.42 m/s
𝑦 = 120 +36 (9)+ (−9.81) 9
2
𝑦 = 46.70 m
+5 QUIZ #1
A freight train travels at where t is the elapsed time in seconds.
Determine the distance traveled in three seconds, and the acceleration at this time?
+5 QUIZ #1
A ball A is thrown vertically upward from the top of 30m high building with an initial
velocity of 5 m/s. At the same instant another ball is thrown upward from the ground
with an initial velocity of 20 m/s. Determine the height from the ground and the time
at which they pass.
SEATWORK #1
 SEATWORK NUMBER 1 (Yellow paper, copy and answer)
1. The acceleration of a rocket traveling upward is given by a = (6 + 0.02s) m/𝑠 , where s is in meters.
Determine the time needed for the rocket to reach an altitude of s = 100 m. Initially, v = 0 and s = 0
when t = 0.

2. A ball is tossed with a velocity of 10 m/s directed vertically upward from a window located 20 m
above the ground. Knowing that the acceleration of the ball is constant and equal to 9.81 m/s2
downward, determine: (a) the velocity v and elevation y of the ball above the ground at any time t, (b)
the highest elevation reached by the ball and the corresponding value of t, (c) the time when the ball
will hit the ground and the corresponding velocity.

3. Two cars A and B have a constant velocity of 25 m/s. In the same direction, car A is 73.5m behind B
when the brakes are applied to car , causing it to decelerate at a constant rate of 3m/𝑠 (a) In what time
will car A overtake car B? (b) How far will car A travel? (c) How far will car B travel?

4. A car is travelling at the speed 𝑣 on a straight level road. After the brakes are applied at t=0, the
motion can be approximated by 𝑥 = − 𝑡 + 17𝑡 where x is the distance travelled in meters t is in
seconds (a) which of the following gives the value of 𝑣 , (b) which of the following gives the distance
required for the car to stop, (c) which of the following gives the maximum acceleration during braking.
 SW 1 - 1
The acceleration of a rocket traveling upward is given by a = (6 + 0.02s)
m/s2, where s is in meters. Determine the time needed for the rocket to
reach an altitude of s = 100 m. Initially, v = 0 and s = 0 when t = 0.
Solution:
required 𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = (6 + 0.02 𝑠)𝑑𝑠

𝑎 = 6 + 0.02 𝑠
𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 0.02𝑠 𝑠
= (6𝑠 +
2 0 2 0
𝑣𝑑𝑣
= 6 + 0.02 𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑣 0.02𝑠
( = 6𝑠 + ) (2)
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 6 + 0.02 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2 2

𝑣 = 12𝑠 + 0.02𝑠
𝑣 =0 → 𝑠 =0
𝑣=𝑣 → 𝑠=𝑠 𝑣= 12𝑠 + 0.02𝑠
 SW 1 - 1
The acceleration of a rocket traveling upward is given by a = (6 + 0.02s)
m/s2, where s is in meters. Determine the time needed for the rocket to
reach an altitude of s = 100 m. Initially, v = 0 and s = 0 when t = 0.
Solution:
𝑑𝑠
required 𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 𝑑𝑡
12𝑠 + 0.02𝑠
𝑣= 12𝑠 + 0.02𝑠

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
= 12𝑠 + 0.02𝑠 =𝑡
𝑑𝑡 12𝑠 + 0.02𝑠
𝑑𝑠
= 𝑑𝑡
12𝑠 + 0.02𝑠
𝑡 = 5.622𝑠
𝑠 =0 → 𝑡 =0

𝑠 = 100 → 𝑡 = 𝑡
SW 1-2
A ball is tossed with a velocity of 10 m/s directed vertically upward from a window located 20 m
above the ground. Knowing that the acceleration of the ball is constant and equal to 9.81 m/s2
downward, determine (a) the velocity v and elevation y of the ball above the ground at any time t,
(b) the highest elevation reached by the ball and the corresponding value of t, (c) the time when the
ball will hit the ground and the corresponding velocity.
SW 1-2
A ball is tossed with a velocity of 10 m/s directed vertically upward from a window located 20 m
above the ground. Knowing that the acceleration of the ball is constant and equal to 9.81 m/s2
downward, determine (a) the velocity v and elevation y of the ball above the ground at any time t,
(b) the highest elevation reached by the ball and the corresponding value of t, (c) the time when the
ball will hit the ground and the corresponding velocity.
SW 1-2
A ball is tossed with a velocity of 10 m/s directed vertically upward from a window located 20 m
above the ground. Knowing that the acceleration of the ball is constant and equal to 9.81 m/s2
downward, determine (a) the velocity v and elevation y of the ball above the ground at any time t,
(b) the highest elevation reached by the ball and the corresponding value of t, (c) the time when the
ball will hit the ground and the corresponding velocity.
SW 1-3