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Fortran, developed in 1957, is a compiled programming language optimized for numerical and scientific computing, but it struggles with modern object-oriented programming, limiting its use in general-purpose applications. COBOL, created in 1959 for business data processing, excels in handling large volumes of data but suffers from legacy code issues and lacks modern programming paradigms, making it less relevant today. Both languages highlight the challenges of adapting to evolving software development needs.

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3 views1 page

FFF

Fortran, developed in 1957, is a compiled programming language optimized for numerical and scientific computing, but it struggles with modern object-oriented programming, limiting its use in general-purpose applications. COBOL, created in 1959 for business data processing, excels in handling large volumes of data but suffers from legacy code issues and lacks modern programming paradigms, making it less relevant today. Both languages highlight the challenges of adapting to evolving software development needs.

Uploaded by

musawerbangash109
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1)FORTRAN (1957)

overview:Fortran (formerly FORTRAN) is a third generation, compiled, imperative


programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and
scientific computing.Fortran was originally developed by IBM.[3] It first compiled
correctly in 1958.[4] Fortran computer programs have been written to support
scientific and engineering applications, such as numerical weather prediction,
finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, plasma physics, geophysics,
computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular
language for high-performance computing[5] and is used for programs that benchmark
and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.
year of invention: 1957
advantage: Fortran is highly optimized for numerical calculations, often
outperforming other languages like C and C++ in specific tasks, particularly in
scientific applications.
disadvantage: Fortran is primarily used in scientific, engineering, and high-
performance computing applications. It is less common in general-purpose
programming, web development, or mobile app development, which can limit job
opportunities for developers.
reason for failure:Fortran's support for object-oriented programming (OOP) came
late. Languages like C++ and Java emerged in the 1980s and 1990s with strong OOP
features, which became essential for building complex, maintainable software
systems. Fortran's OOP capabilities were added much later (Fortran 90 and later),
but by then, other languages had already established dominance in areas like
application and system programming.

2) COBOL(1959)
OVERVIEW:COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is one of the earliest high-
level programming languages, developed in the late 1950s for business, finance, and
administrative systems. It was designed to address the need for a standardized,
easily understandable language that could be used across different computers and
business applications
year of invention: 1959
advantage: COBOL was created with the specific goal of handling business data
processing. It excels in tasks like payroll processing, accounting, inventory
management, and banking systems. These are domains where COBOL continues to be
deeply entrenched, thanks to its built-in capabilities for handling large volumes
of data and complex business logic.
DISADVANTAGES: Many COBOL applications are built on legacy code, which can be
difficult to maintain and update. This often requires specialized knowledge of
older coding practices, making it challenging for new developers to work with
existing systems.
reason for failure:COBOL was not designed with modern programming paradigms like
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), Functional Programming, or concurrent
programming in mind. Although there have been updates to COBOL (such as object-
oriented features in COBOL 2002), it still lags behind in adopting modern features
found in languages like Java, Python, and C#. This made COBOL unsuitable for the
needs of modern software development as programming practices evolved.

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