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Mba 544

The document outlines key concepts in database management, including the differences between logical and physical data independence, the hierarchical data model, and the functions of DDL and DML commands. It also explains the purpose of a data dictionary, the nature of distributed databases, and the role of a DBMS. Additionally, it covers uncommitted modifications, the pros and cons of indexed sequential files, various types of keys in DBMS, and the concept of range in queries.

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mohammed waliullah siddiqui
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3 views3 pages

Mba 544

The document outlines key concepts in database management, including the differences between logical and physical data independence, the hierarchical data model, and the functions of DDL and DML commands. It also explains the purpose of a data dictionary, the nature of distributed databases, and the role of a DBMS. Additionally, it covers uncommitted modifications, the pros and cons of indexed sequential files, various types of keys in DBMS, and the concept of range in queries.

Uploaded by

mohammed waliullah siddiqui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q1: Difference between Logical Data Independence and Physical Data

Independence

Aspect Logical Data Independence Physical Data Independence


Ability to change the logical schema
Ability to change the physical storage
Definition without changing the application
without affecting the logical schema.
programs.
Concerned Structure of the database (tables, views, Storage structure, indexing, and access
With relationships) methods
Moving database to a different storage
Example Adding a new column to a table
device

Q2: What is Hierarchical Data Model?

A Hierarchical Data Model is a database model that organizes data in a tree-like structure. Each
record (called a node) has a single parent and can have multiple children. It resembles a file
system and is used in early mainframe DBMSs.

Example:

• Parent: Department
• Children: Employees

Q3: DDL and DML Commands

• DDL (Data Definition Language): Deals with the structure of the database.
o Commands: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE
• DML (Data Manipulation Language): Deals with data manipulation.
o Commands: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Q4: What is a Data Dictionary?

A Data Dictionary is a centralized repository of information about data such as meaning,


relationships, origin, usage, and format. It is used by database administrators to manage and
maintain data.
Q5: What is a Distributed Database?

A Distributed Database is a type of database that is stored across multiple physical locations,
which may be spread across different computers or networks. Each site can process data
independently but is coordinated via a central DBMS.

Q6: What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?

A DBMS is software that allows users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the
database. It manages data efficiently and allows for multiple users and applications to interact
with data concurrently.

Example DBMSs: Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server

Q7: What is Uncommitted Modification?

Uncommitted modification refers to a scenario where a transaction updates data but has not yet
committed (i.e., made permanent) the changes. If the system crashes before the commit, these
modifications can be lost or cause inconsistencies.

Q8: Advantages and Disadvantages of Indexed Sequential File

Advantages:

• Faster search using index


• Allows both sequential and direct access
• Efficient for large datasets

Disadvantages:

• Index maintenance is complex


• Extra storage is required for indexing
• Slower updates and deletions

Q9: Various Keys in DBMS

• Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each record (e.g., Student ID)


• Candidate Key: Possible choices for primary key
• Foreign Key: References the primary key of another table
• Composite Key: Made of two or more columns to uniquely identify a record
• Unique Key: Ensures all values in a column are different

Q10: Short Note on Range

In databases, Range refers to a span of values. It is often used in queries to retrieve records that
fall between two values.

Example SQL:

SELECT * FROM Products WHERE Price BETWEEN 100 AND 500;

This retrieves products priced between 100 and 500.

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