Translationes, Vol 15 /2023, Issue 2/2023 TRANSLATIONES

Vol 15/2023, Pages 85-96 Issue 2/2023

10.2478/tran-2023-0005

The importance of terminological knowledge

in specialized translation

Liana MUTHU

Babeș-Bolyai University
Romania
[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8489-240X

Abstract: This paper focuses upon the translatorꞌs role as a language mediator
in professional communication. During the translation process, terminological
knowledge is essential since the information conveyed by a scientific and
technical writing is encoded in terms which give access to more elaborate
knowledge structures. Additionally, the translator faces situations in which a
term is borrowed either from the general language or from a field of knowledge
and utilized in another field. Therefore, the main challenges encountered by a
translator are: identifying the terms, understanding the termsꞌ meaning, finding
the suitable termsꞌ correspondents in the target language.

Keywords: concept, scientific and technical writing, specialized translation,

term, terminology documentation.

Résumé: Cet article se concentre sur le rôle du traducteur en tant que médiateur
linguistique dans la communication professionnelle. Dans le processus de
traduction, les connaissances terminologiques sont essentielles, car les
informations transmises par un texte technico-scientifique sont codées dans des
termes qui permettent d'accéder à des structures plus élaborées de la
connaissance. De plus, le traducteur est confronté à des situations où un terme
est emprunté soit au langage général, soit à un domaine de connaissance et
utilisé dans un autre domaine. De ce fait, les principaux défis rencontrés par le
traducteur sont: identifier les termes, comprendre la signification des termes,
trouver les termes correspondants dans la langue cible.

Mots-clés: concept, texte technico-scientifique, traduction spécialisée, terme,

documentation terminologique.

Introduction

The translator has always played a significant role in the contact

between different peoples and different cultures and this role becomes
more important in our globalized world. This professional is not just a
simple sender of the source-text message to a target language but a text
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producer in a target culture who embraces an authorꞌs intention “to
produce a communicative instrument for the target culture” (Nord 2005,
13). A translator is not just a linguist who knows more than one language
but a specialist in the source culture and in the target culture as well. In
fact, s/he is a language mediator whose task is to analyze a source text
and to recreate it as another one that exists independently in a target
language. This process implies the decoding of a message from the source
language and its rewording in the target language while maintaining the
same impact on the target audience. For this reason, the translator is
perceived as a “bilingual mediating agent between monolingual
communication participants in two different language communities”
(House quoted by Bell, 1993: 14).
The translation of scientific and technical texts requires
substantial knowledge not only about the morphosyntactic structures but
also about the topic of the text to be translated. Being a subdomain of
translation studies, specialized translation deals with non-literary texts
produced within or referring to a specialized field of knowledge: scientific
descriptions, articles in academic journals, maintenance and operating
manuals, brochures, newspaper articles related to a particular topic, etc.
Any non-literary text depicts an objective reality where the authorꞌs main
purpose is to convey information, to teach or/and to express an
argument. This fact should give birth just to one interpretation and
should leave no room for equivocality, as it happens in case of literary
texts. For this reason, three criteria should be taken into account:
concision that “reduces the possibility of distortions in the information”
(Cabre, 1998: 47); precision due to ”the nature of scientific and technical
topics and the functional relations among specialists” (Idem: 47);
appropriateness to the communicative situation in which the text in
question is produced so that “every text is adapted to the characteristics
of the interlocutors and their level of knowledge about the topic” (Idem:
47). In fact, concision, precision and appropriateness are not only
important stylistic goals in scientific and technical writings but also in
their translation.
The primary focus of this paper is on the contextual analysis of a
few terms that may pose difficulties during the translation process.
Nowadays, due to the “increasing interdisciplinarity, the demarcation
lines between subject fields are becoming blurred; there is often
considerable overlap between subject fields” (Pearson, 1998: 16). Many
terms are no longer monosemous, fact that makes them semantically
ambiguous. Therefore, the translatorʼs task implies documentation and
research. As a language mediator this professional ensures the correct
perception of the termsʼ meaning and implicitly of the source-text
message for its proper rendering into the target language.

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 The importance of specialized knowledge acquisition

A good translator firstly requires linguistic competences both in

the native language and in the foreign language as regards the aspects of
vocabulary and grammar, register and style, language varieties, text-type
conventions. Nowadays, when we confront with the information
overload, some additional skills are demanded: attention to detail as long
as a small error (e.g. the misunderstanding of a term meaning) has
serious consequences; excellent writing capabilities since a skillful
translator is a skillful author as well. Moreover, the translator must know
how to search for a concept designated by a term in the source language if
the correspondent in the target language is not obvious.
Communicative competences are connected to linguistic ones
since a translator must perceive what is formally possible in a language,
i.e. when a sentence conforms to the grammar rules. In other words, a
good translator must know “what is feasible” (Cook, 2008: 43). Grammar
rules allow us to extend the content of a noun phrase: for instance, “the
competition” can be detailed by adding a compound adjective, “the ever-
stronger competition” that shortens the relative clause “the competition
that becomes stronger”. Since every language has a different set of rules 1,
a word-for-word translation is not possible in most situations. For this
reason, the translator has to “mould what is said in one language to the
conventions of another” (Cook, 2008: 55). If the text segment in question
is rendered into Romanian, another morphosyntactic structure emerges,
namely “concurența din ce în ce mai puternică”. The message found in
English is kept in Romanian since both the adverb ever and the locution
din ce în ce mai are used for emphasis.
This general knowledge is not enough when it comes to
specialized translation. In this subdomain, a translator must be proficient
in the use of specialized languages. In order to reach this skillfulness, the
translator must know how to access different terminological resources
and then s/he must be able to interpret the terminology of the source text
to be translated. This fact that requires specific competences:
(1) terminological competences: these do not imply just the
simple acquisition of a list of terms but rather the ability “to acquire the
knowledge represented by these terms” (Montero Martinez & Faber
Benitez, 2009: 92). This task could be difficult enough since a single
term, in one language, may have several correspondents in another
language. For this reason, it is advisable that the translator should check

1 Ionescu (2000, 47) brought into discussion a similar idea: “languages are not
isomorphic, that is, there is no one-t0-one correspondence between them as
regards lexical elements (words, idioms) or linguistic structures associated with
rules of grammar”.

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the terminological phrases where the term in question is present or even
larger contexts such as sentences or paragraphs.
(2) documentary competences: these are related to the search for
the suitable resources to acquire information about terms and then to
find their correspondents in the target text. In this context, knowledge of
computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, based on translation
memories (TM), is useful in specialized translations only if they comprise
predominantly short sentences and the terms are monosemous.
Translation memories provide previously translated text segments
(phrases, sentences) and may improve and speed up the translatorꞌs
work. However, even if the benefit of reusing previous human
translations has been largely accepted the translator should utilize these
databases with caution. The professional should think over the choice of
the text segments suitable in other contexts as long as a translation
memory may create “a sentence salad effect when sentences are drawn
(without adequate contextual information) from various translation
memories created by different translators with different styles” (Oꞌ
Hagan, 2011: 50; our emphasis).
The translatorꞌs level of understanding required to interpret the
meaning of highly specialized terms and to find their suitable
correspondents in a target language cannot be every time compared to
the knowledge possessed by a domain expert. In these circumstances, the
translator should get in touch with the author of the source text and with
the domain experts; they are the ones who may provide the necessary
information for understanding the termsꞌ meaning correctly. This
collaboration, determined by the specific nature of the specialized
translation, is not integral part of the translation process but of the pre-
translation stage. In this preliminary stage the information regarding the
termsꞌ meaning and their correspondents can be acquired from written
documents as well. This supposes the search for terminological
information from a wide range of sources: academic journals
recommended by domain experts, textbooks, printed and electronic
general language dictionaries and glossaries, terminological databases,
other specialized sites on the Internet.
All professions that deal with specialized knowledge need
glossaries and terminological databases. These specialized vocabularies
are found in the study area of terminology, a subject field that lies at the
basis of scientific and technical writings and of their translation. Since
terminology deals with systems of terms and, through extension, with
specialized fields of knowledge “terms refer to the discrete conceptual
entities, properties, activities or relations that constitute knowledge in a
particular domain” (Bowker, 2011: 286). Consequently, terms are

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linguistic units 1 that help us to conceptualize processes, states,
phenomena described and analyzed in distinct domains. They have a key
role in understanding, acquiring and conveying information and
specialized knowledge.

The term-concept relationship in professional

communication

Concepts are units of thought that help us to organize our

knowledge and perceptions upon the world. They are the products of ”a
mental process whereby objects and phenomena in the real world are
first of all perceived or postulated. Once this has occurred such objects
and phenomena take on an existence in the realm of our thoughts. This
existence is an abstract one” (Pearson, 1998: 11). These concepts need
labels to be communicated. These labels are given by the linguistic units,
called words in general language and terms in specialized languages
because “they may belong to different cognitive structures or frames”
(Montero Martinez & Faber Benitez, 2009: 95). Both words and terms
are considered part of the same linguistic reality: the close connection
between the common vocabulary and the specialized ones makes possible
the migration of these linguistic units from one register to another.
We are at a point when terms with roots in plain English label
specific concepts in distinct domains. Most linguists and terminologists
agree that words acquire terminological status or “have protected status”
(Pearson, 1998: 7) when they are utilized in fields of knowledge. For
instance, the word performance is frequently encountered in general
language. The meaning that we all know today began to take shape in the
early XVIIth century, namely the ”action of performing a play” 2.
However, a few people know that British lawyers and other members of
the legal community make use of the noun performance in legal
documents. So, there are situations where, in a source language, one
linguistic unit labels at least two distinct concepts, but these concepts are
expressed differently in another language:

a) general language
En: After the music performance I went to see her in the dressing room.
Ro: După spectacolul muzical m-am dus să o văd la vestiar. (our translation)
• concept: the act of playing a piece of music in front of an audience
En: performance Ro: spectacol

1 In terminology a term is also considered a conventional symbol, being

represented by a word, a compound word or a multiword expression that in a
given context has a specific meaning.
2 https://www.etymonline.com (last visit 10.09.2023).

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 b) legal language
En: “The Security Interest shall secure the payment and performance of
Debtorʼs promissory note of even date herewith in the principal amount of
twenty thousand ($20,000) Dollars […]” (Excerpt from a security agreement
drawn up on the 11th of May 2011 and quoted in Krois-Lindner & TransLegal,
2011: 180).
Ro: Garanția reală mobiliară asigură remunerarea și executarea biletului la
ordin al Debitorului anexat la aceeași dată cu suma datorată de douăzeci de mii
($20,000) de dolari […]. (our translation)

• concept: the act of doing something stipulated in a contract

En: performance Ro: executare

Terminology documentation is fundamental when specialized

information from a source language is conveyed in a target language. As a
language mediator responsible for effective professional communication
the “translator wanders between languages, cultures, texts, bodies of
knowledge” (Cronin, 2013: 28) and implicitly s/he “wanders” between
the terminological concept systems trying to find the adequate terms and
to give an adequate message rendering. This process could become
confusing when, in a source language, a term 1 present in two distinct
subject fields labels two distinct concepts, but has different
correspondents in a target language. For instance, the roots of the term
clause should be searched in the early XIIIth century when it designated
“a sentence, a brief passage of a written composition” 2. Over time, clause
suffered semantic changes and received additional meanings; this fact
caused the loss of its original usage. Nowadays this English term labels
distinct concepts in two subject fields – legal language and grammar –
but in Romanian the same concepts are labelled differently:

a) legal language:
En: They added a clause in the contract which stipulates that the employer can
dismiss the employees for economic reasons.
Ro: Au adăugat o clauză la contract care stipulează faptul că angajatorul îi poate
concedia pe angajați din considerente economice. (our translation)
• concept: a particular section in a written legal document such as a
contract
En: clause Ro: clauză

1 In the literature, these kinds of linguistic units are perceived as words with
special reference utilized in more than one subject field. Many terminologists
consider that they occupy an intermediary position, being placed between highly
specialized terms and ordinary words; they belong to the “non-subject-specific
specialized vocabulary” (Hoffmann quoted by Pearson, 1998: 17).
2 https://www.etymonline.com (last visit 15.09.2023).

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 b) grammar:
En: A main clause can stand independently as a complete sentence.
Ro: O propoziție principală are înțeles de sine stătător. (our translation)
• concept: a sentence structure that mainly consists of a subject and its
predicate
En: clause Ro: propoziție

Unlike words that are used by all speakers to refer to any topic in
the quotidian life, terms label concepts in specialized contexts 1. One of
Eugen Wusterꞌs assertions related to the general terminology theory
offered an idealized vision of professional communication: ambiguity
should be avoided by using a single term that labels a single concept in a
particular subject field. According to this theory monosemic reference
should be a rule, i.e. a one-to-one correspondence between a term and a
concept. For instance, in linguistics ellipsis designates the omission of a
word or of a group of words from a context, considered unnecessary; or
in medicine smallpox designates a contagious virus disease marked by
fever and eruption. This theory is embraced by traditional terminologists
because this one-to-one correspondence between a term and a concept
really improves professional communication.
However, polysemy occurs even in the same subject field. This
phenomenon brings to “terminological variation” (Faber & Lopez-
Rodriguez, 2012: 14) and implicitly it may generate difficulties during the
translation process. There are some approaches to terminology that “seek
to reduce polysemy as much as possible using standardization methods”
(LꞌHomme, 2020: 415). This process involves close collaboration between
terminologists and domain experts; these professionals are able to define
a concept and then to assign a term to that concept. Nevertheless, this
target is hard to reach because concept systems and definitions are
subject to change. Even the terms receive connotations and associations
that enlarge their semantic content so that one linguistic unit may label
more than one concept in the same subject field. For instance, the term
interest is encountered in the finance domain and labels two concepts
related, their common denominator being “money”:

a) finance domain
En: Other accounts offer the possibility to create deposits for which banks offer
a higher interest for the current accounts.

1 Words and terms differ with respect to their users and the communicative
situations where they are found. If words are used in everyday speech to express
feelings, give orders, etc. the use of terms is usually limited to professional
circles where specialized topics are discussed.

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Ro: Alte conturi oferă posibilitatea de a crea depozite pentru care băncile oferă o
dobândă superioară pentru conturile curente. (our translation)
• concept: money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money
lent
En: interest Ro: dobândă

b) finance domain
En: He could not declare his interest due to the tabling of the parliamentary
questions.
Ro: Nu a putut declara suma investită în companie datorită amânării
întrebărilor parlamentare. (our translation)
• concept: the act of making known the money invested in a company
En: interest Ro: sumă investită (în companie)

For an accurate translation, the understanding of the termsꞌ

meaning is essential. Therefore, the translatorꞌs task is not easy since
s/he has to deal with denominative variations: one linguistic unit present
in one language may have at least two correspondents in another
language. That is why the professional has to pay attention to these
translation traps: the new discoveries and researches in a subject field
permanently favours the appearance of new concepts that have to be
named.

Challenges encountered in specialized translation

The translatorꞌs work becomes harder when s/he has to translate

highly specialized texts where many terms are not integral part of the
general terminology 1. These texts are characterized by high level of
abstraction. For this reason, terminology documentation is a little bit
difficult since many term correspondents are not found in dictionaries of
general interest. Most of them are monosemous: they label a single
concept, being confined to one particular subject field. However, the
translator faces situations when terms are polysemous, labelling two
related concepts in the same subject field.
These highly specialized texts are found in textbooks where
uncommon terms are mainly explained to small professional circles. They
are usually ”terminology-rich” (Faber & Lopez-Rodriguez, 2012: 25) due
to the numerous terms present in these writings that are typically short
and to the point. Since the main purpose of specialized texts is to convey
information and to be instructive, these are characterized by a greater
repetition than usual of terms and terminological phrases. This act of

1 These are terms encountered in professional communication but they are

known and used by non-specialists as well.

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repeating can help the reader to follow along and to keep the ideas tied
together.
Further on we shall focus upon a paragraph where the meaning of
the term capitalization is explained. This is taken from a textbook that
may arouse interest for economists, business people, professors who
teach and students who attend courses at the Faculty of Economic
Sciences and Business Administration.

Source text: “The term capitalisation refers to the act of providing capital for
a company through the issuance of various securities. Initially, company
capitalisation takes place through the issuance of shares as authorised in the
memorandum of association. The authorised share capital, the maximum
amount of share capital that a company can issue, is stated in the memorandum
of association, together with the division of the share capital into shares of a
certain amount (e.g. 100 shares of £1). The memorandum of association also
states the names of the subscribers. The minimum share capital for a public
limited company in Great Britain is £50,000. Issued share capital, as opposed
to authorised share capital, refers to shares actually held by shareholders.
Accordingly, this means that a company may authorise capital in excess of the
mandatory minimum share capital but refrain from issuing all of it until a later
date – or at all.” (Krois-Lindner & TransLegal, 2011: 34)

Target text: Termenul capitalizare se referă la actul de a furniza capital la o

companie prin emiterea mai multor titluri de valoare. Inițial, capitalizarea
companiei are loc prin emiterea de acțiuni în temeiul actului constitutiv.
Capitalul social autorizat, suma maximă a capitalului social ce poate fi emisă de
o companie, este menționat în actul constitutiv, împreună cu împărțirea
capitalului social în acțiuni având o anumită sumă (ex. 100 de acțiuni
cumpărate cu o liră sterlină). Actul constitutiv menționează și numele
semnatarilor. Capitalul social minim pentru o societate pe acțiuni în Marea
Britanie este de 50.000 de lire sterline. Capitatul social emis, în contrast cu
capitalul social autorizat, se referă la acțiunile deținute efectiv de acționari. În
consecință, acest lucru arată că o companie poate autoriza surplus de capital față
de capitalul social minim obligatoriu dar se poate abține să-l emită în întregime
până la o dată ulterioară – sau deloc. (our translation)

This brief paragraph is a proof that specialized languages evolve

continuously. The fields of economics and finance are not an exception to
the rule. Their concept systems become larger and, as a result, new terms
are created to label them. Many of these terms have as starting point the
already existing ones. For instance, share capital is at the bottom of other
term formation: authorized share capital, minimum share capital,
issued share capital. In the following, we shall analyse the terminological
issues and the repetitive structures utilized to outline the term
capitalization.
Terminological issues. It is noticeable that the paragraph abounds
in financial terms characterized by univocality, precision, clarity. Even if

93
they have a use restricted to the fields of economics and finance, some of
these terms are known not only by domain experts but also by a reduced
number of non-specialists 1. The latter category watch the news and/or
read the newspapers in order to be informed about the recent evolution
of capital markets: capital, share, shareholder, public limited company,
subscriber. As regards the explanation of the term capitalization this is
achieved with highly specialized terms utilized just in the business
environment. They are all related to the manner in which companies
raise capital in Great Britain and they are hardly heard or uttered in
everyday speech: securities, share capital, minimum share capital,
authorised share capital, issued share capital.
A term may belong to a subject field but is also used in other
subject fields, fact that indicates a constant, uninterrupted flow of terms
between domains. The term memorandum of association is not an
exception to the rule. Being part of the legal language terminology, it is
also used in a context that explains the mechanisms through which a
company is being run. In fact “the distinction between terms belonging to
a special subject field and terms used in a special subject field is generally
accepted” (Cabre, 1998: 80).
The presence of the terms share and securities indicate once
again that there is no boundary line between the general language and
the specialized ones. Words heard in everyday speech are borrowed in
specialized areas of studies where they acquire terminological status, due
to the extension of their semantic content.
Firstly, in general language “a share of something” denotes “a part
or an amount of something” alloted to someone. When it comes to the
finance domain, the translator has to pay attention to the polysemy of the
term share where it labels two related concepts: in “a share of the profits”
share indicates a percentage; then, in “a share in a company” share is
related to the finance equity and denotes one of the many equal parts into
which the ownership of a company can be divided. The common
denominator that connects these concepts is “portion”.
Secondly, security – used at the singular form – denotes the
condition of being safe, being known by the majority of people.
Nevertheless, a few people know that in the finance domain, securities –
used especially at the plural form – labels a specific concept, namely
stock certificates. Thus, there is a connection between “safety” expressed
in plain English and “investment, financial performance” found in the
finance domain.

1The perception of a text is closely connected to the individualsꞌ expectations.

These expectations are determined by different situations: the individualsꞌ social
background, their world knowledge, and/or their communicative needs.

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 Repetition. As we have already mentioned, the author of a
specialized text resorts to repetition to clarify the main ideas. In the
paragraph above memorandum of association is repeated three times to
underline the importance of such a corporate document: there are
explained the rules according to which a company provides capital
through the issuance of securities. Share is also repeated three times to
emphasize that the ownership of a company can be divided into equal
parts; moreover, these shares are accessible and can easily be bought by
people willing to invest in the company.Then, authorized share capital is
repeated twice to show the contrast with issued share capital, both terms
being related to distinct types of shares held by the shareholders.

Concluding remarks

Even if specialized languages and general language are

interrelated, specialized languages are different from the general one as
regards the usage and the information conveyed. Nevertheless, even if the
communication of specialized information takes place just within small
professional circles, in our globalized world, non-specialists could be
interested as well in acquiring this kind of information.
Any translated text finally stands for a “recreated product”
(Ionescu, 2000: 53) meant to communicate the same intention, meaning
and information found in the source text. In scientific and technical
writings details, explanations are important, and they must be properly
conveyed in translation. This is a process that requires responsibility
and constant learning. For this reason, the translator, as a language
mediator, always looks for better solutions to complex problems.
When it comes to translating scientific and technical texts, the
possession of a vast specialized vocabulary is an asset because
advanced language knowledge is needed. This professional needs special
skills and experience to perceive the translation traps: the difference
between a word meaning heard in general language and its meaning
when – borrowed in a field of knowledge – it acquires terminological
status. The same professional has to distinguish correctly the meanings of
the same term used differently in distinct fields or the polysemy found in
the same field, where a term may label two related concepts.
Additionally, the translator has to keep an eye on the evolution of
language and on the specialized vocabulariesʼ enrichment. Since new
concepts appear in distinct subject fields new terms must be assigned to
them. Moreover, already existing terms have their semantic content
enlarged and others are permanently created to label the new-appeared
concepts.

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