ESE 360

ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS

 3

ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Residential Sector
*Solar Energy for Buildings

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SOLAR ENERGY FOR BUILDINGS

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 SUN :

THE SUN T

&
=

=
5747k
1 . 429m

9 =
3 8226h.

1. 9113W
global energy

What to the surface

gets
of the earth - 1353
2

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THE SUN

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THE SUN ↓ how it interacts w/ a solar collector

incident solar radiation

INSOLATION

1- Sun insolation >

- solar intensity on surface

normal to
incoming rays
& ↑ - in mid-afternoon on a

-
OI -
-
clear
day (n/kW/m2)
↓
-
#Y

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THE SUN

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THE SUN A

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
~ not externally aided ut fans , etc
pumps ,

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING:

• Direct gain >
- solar rad is absorbed in the space where the heating is needed
• Indirect gain colar radiation is absorbed thermal mass (separate & heated
>
-
by a

• Isolated gain space) has time

+
delayed response
b to be used to heat
solar radiation absorbed by one
space
another space at another time

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain
enters home
sun
through windows

success is dependent placement size,

quantity quality
on , ,

optimal >
- south
facing windows allow son in

during winter monthsa not summer months

b
rule of thumly

Windows should be
vol in 30
%
of true

south t unblocked
fl 9 am to 3 pm

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain
thermal mass >
-
material that

collects+ stores

energy well

check the material's

volumetric heat capacity

to see if it would be a

good themal mass

pCpG ability
to store

energy Photo: Sunpower Design

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain
:
compare
Tile
p 5000kg/m3
: =

Cp
1k5/gk
=

J( 5000
=

Photo: Sunpower Design

M3K

HzO :
p =
1000kg /m3
2 4 18
k
=
.

j(
=
41801
M3K

https://www.thenaturalhome.com/heatstorage/

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain

#re
Ein -Eait +
Eg = Er

Visolar-Blosses =

p
m

VA (Tin-Tort)

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain
rules of thumb
:

capacity per sa ft of solar

gain are
30
BU storage

4 of
use 150 1bs of gallons
or
for every sqft of
glass ,
masonry

He0

& 6 in thick

distribute tneral mass rather than concentrate

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 ESE 360: Energy Consumption Analysis
Energy Systems Engineering

In Class Assignment

We learned some rules of thumb for sizing a thermal mass

• 30 BTU/⁰F for every square foot of solar gain

• 150 lbs of masonry for every square foot of glass
• 4 gallons of water for every square foot of glass

If your home has 50 ft x 8 ft of southern facing glass, determine the surface area of the thermal mass
required using each of these rules of thumb if the mass is 6 in thick. The volumetric capacity of concrete
is 28 BTU/ft3⁰F and the density is 150 lb/ft3. Assume the masonry is concrete.

T (400) 12
000
=
,

Taft
glass

13000D/F)
s
= 420 57 f .

SA(112 Ft) =
428 .
57 ft3

SA =
85% 1 . FT?

lbs (troft 60 00l s

=
,

(1)
3
60 ,
000 Ins = 400 f+

Sa (l(2 f+) = 400 f+3

2

SA
= 800ft

#gallons (400 ft) 1600

gaon
s
=

glass
1600
gallons (0
.

1368ft) =
fu
213 9 .

SA = 427 8 .
ft
 DIRECT GAIN - example
Given the situation shown, determine how fast the indoor temperature
falls (ignore the thermal mass of the walls) if the floor of the room can be
-

considered a thermal mass. Perform the analysis if the floor is wood and
-

two inches thick and then again if the floor is a 6 in thick slab of concrete.
UAwall = 148 W/K = q wY -

mc =
VA(AT)

of floor [

Avolume 7
VA
:
CONCRETE
Tout = -4⁰C Tin = 23⁰C WOOD :
0003
= 2 024,
pq
,

780, 0003
p(
=

m3K

= 1423
4)k :

dT 148(23 4)k -

- 202400 (2 4384ms]
=

I
.

4 80 , 000 (0
M3k
.
87m3] M3K

= 22 51
.
- 3
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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain
• Indirect gain

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain
• Indirect gain G solar rad absorbed by a thenual mass (separate f heated space)
↓ has a time
delayed release

https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/trombe-wall-and-attached-sunspace
↓ example
Trombe wall

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• Direct gain
• Isolated gain

https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buil
dings/trombe-wall-and-attached-sunspace
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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR PERFORMANCE -
how much heat
do we
get ff our solar

① find building load coefficient (BLO)

hear loss of nonsolar

patious of building
per day per degree ↓ hr/day
BLC =
[VATox-UcAp] 24
of
Ap >
-
projected area

South facing Windows (f+ >

Uc =
U-factor of that south facing glass
(BTU / froF)
(SSF)
⑧ determine solar
Saving fraction

providedbea
=head
as

SSF =

to look up JSF
0 calculate LCR-LCR =
*
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② vIeLOR 19
to look up SSF in table
SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR PERFORMANCE
. Find
3 auxiliary heating energy needed
-

heating load not supplied

by solar
Paux =
(1-SSF)(BLC)(HDD)

QTOT =
POLAR + Qaux
↑

furnance

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING
PASSIVE SOLAR PERFORMANCE

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TROMBE WALL - example
BTU
A home with a UATotal of 225 and 200 ft 2 of south facing, vertical solar glazing
hr℉
up
BTU
with a U factor of 0.2 ft2hr℉ has a trombe wall (TWD1). What is the building load

coefficient? How much energy does their furnace have to supply if they are
-
located in Bend? Qaux

BLC =
CAToT-UwAp]

BLC-(225-UT 200F]
BLC
=
4440 I
OF

Qaux = (1-SSF) (BLC HDD)

SSF - L

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 ==
4
LCR =
22 .

2
↓
TWDI +
Lep 22 .
2 >
- SSF =
0 . 4

Qaux =
(1-SSF) (BLC ·

HDD)

Qaux = (1-0 4)
.

14440 booly as ,

15
SB
Qaux =
.
SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING

https://medium.com/airbnbmag/live-off-the-grid-in-a-taos-earthship-192a370ff120

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SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING

By Amzi Smith - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17930366

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 SOLAR ENERGY – SPACE HEATING

Convection concepts within an Earthship by Amzi Smith

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SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
TRADITIONAL WATER HEATING

https://www.thespruce.com/anatomy-of-a-gas-water-heater-1824894

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 SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
TRADITIONAL WATER HEATING
thermal loss
hot
always kept
so
loss H20
standby :

to
energy escapes
room
Went loss

efficiency :

referred to as
energy factor
(EF) based on amt of hot
unit fuel
water produced per
consumed

recovery
>
-
efficiency
of transfer of heat to H20

stand
by
loss
cycling https://www.thespruce.com/anatomy-of-a-gas-water-heater-1824894

(nat heater
typical EF is
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0. 6
gas
2015
420
29
 how do we use EF ?

operation Ho
energy putstore
(unit)
=
annual cost of

EF

Mos
d
:
ex · annual cost
SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
What is the annual energy cost of water tank installed in a home in Bend
with four occupants (two adults, two children)?
↑ occupants >
- 65
gallon tank

Bend & NG

- temp

annual
energy cost =
energy used ienergy) (EE)
~ look up
mCpAT ↓ ground H20

L -(57 -
14)
65 gallons *
typical set pt -

density H20
of

use/goa
annual
energy
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SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING
• Passive
• Active

By Jwhferguson (talk) - I (Jwhferguson (talk)) created this work entirely by myself., Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26066986

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SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING
• Passive
• Active
• Open loop
• Closed loop

https://energy.gov/energysaver/solar-water-heaters

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SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING – Collector types

http://www.apricus.com/flat-plate-solar-collectors-3/#.WQQJHMa1u70

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http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter15.html
SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING – Collector types

https://www.homepower.com/articles/solar-water-heating/equipment-products/flat-plate-
evacuated-tube-solar-thermal-collectors

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https://solaradvice.co.za/evacuated-tube-solar-heating-system/
SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING – Collector types

http://www.apricus.com/solar-water-heaters-1/#.XMduc6R7lhE
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SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING – Collector characterization
efficiency
Ni = vequlenera
collecter area (irradiance)
-
- in fi the sun

what is the useful

energy coming
energy XXW/m2
Qu solar in-losses
energy
:

-fine-
G

~
~ absorbed

are a

transmissivity
~

Asolar
=
<Y G Ramos, F. et al, 2010, Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal Collectors: A Review

↑ ↑
irradiance
absorptivity
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SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING – Collector characterization
Qu = <
4G)
-

Uz(Tp-To]
> ambient
-
temp

L
Uc(Ti To))
Fr(a + G A
-

Qu +
-

↑
use a correction factor
can use in lett outlet
so
you plate temp
temps rather thas

Tplate

Qu = AcFr(KeaG + (ta) -

VITi-Tol)
↑ Ramos, F. et al, 2010, Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal Collectors: A Review

correction factor for of sun

changing angle
Mi =

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ArLeG(ed)-VnITi-lo 2015 37
SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING – Collector characterization

permetto-Ti) >
Usef

insolation
energy
by fivid
carrie a is

a
collector area

Ramos, F. et al, 2010, Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal Collectors: A Review

rwebb 2015 38
SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
SOLAR WATER HEATING – Rules of thumb for sizing
• GOAL: 90 – 100% hot water needs in summer
• Collector area: 20ft" for 1st a family members
for ea additional person (Norther US
16- 14 fr .

off for ea additional person (sunbelt)

.

• Storage volume:
2 people
-
50-60gal
3 4-

>
-

80ga/
4- 6 -
120 gal Activity Hot Water Used (Gal)

Shower 10

Shaving 2

Hand dishwashing 4

Automatic dishwashing 6

Clothes washing 7

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SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
EXAMPLE 3
person hacehold in Bend in August
of Humb
find area of solar collector rang +
again Wies

Mi =

Got a
rearrange
fur
S
=
To T
Al Ac

K
galos is
m
q p
= =

↓am
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role
of
thumbEz40
SOLAR ENERGY – WATER HEATING
EXAMPLE

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