CHAPTER WISE

TOPIC WISE
LESSON

2025-26
PLANS
Class XII CHEMISTRY

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 LESSON PLAN
CLASS XIIth
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER-1 SOLUTIONS
TOPICS - 1.1 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Learning Objectives
• Classify different types of solutions based on their physical state and solubility.
• Analyze the factors affecting solubility, including temperature, pressure, and
intermolecular forces.
• Evaluate real-world applications of different types of solutions.
• Create a solution of a specific concentration in a practical demonstration.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Periodic table chart
• Solubility chart
• Beakers, flasks, stirring rods, volumetric flasks
• Solutes like sugar, salt, different salts
• Solvents like water, ethanol (ensure safety precautions)
• Safety goggles, gloves, lab coats for practical demonstrations
Lesson Outline
Engaging with Solutions (5 minutes)
• Begin by asking students to identify common solutions they encounter daily, like
beverages, medicines, or household cleaners.
• Initiate a discussion on what constitutes a solution and its components - solute and
solvent.
Types of Solutions (15 minutes)
• Introduce the classification of solutions based on the physical state of solute and
solvent - solid, liquid, gas. Provide examples for each category (e.g., air, alloys,
saltwater).
• Discuss solubility - the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given
amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.
• Explain the terms saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions with
examples.
Factors Affecting Solubility (15 minutes)
• Explain how factors like temperature, pressure, and intermolecular forces affect
solubility.
• Discuss the concept of 'like dissolves like' with examples of polar and non-polar
solutes and solvents.
• Show a solubility curve graph and explain how to interpret it.
Solution Preparation and Applications (10 minutes)

• Demonstrate the preparation of a sugar or salt solution of a specific concentration,

emphasizing accurate measurement techniques.
• Discuss real-world applications of different types of solutions, such as in
pharmaceuticals, food industries, and environmental science.
Solution-Focused Thinking (5 minutes)

• Divide students into groups and present a real-world problem related to solutions
(e.g., finding ways to increase the solubility of a certain medicine).
• Encourage brainstorming and creative problem-solving based on the principles
learned.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during discussions.
• Evaluate their understanding through oral questioning about different solution types
and factors affecting solubility.
• Assess their ability to apply knowledge by analysing real-world examples.
• Observe their practical skills and precision during the solution preparation
demonstration.
Rubrics
Understanding Solution Types (30%)
Can the student accurately classify and describe different types of solutions?

Analyzing Solubility Factors (30%)

Can the student explain how temperature, pressure, and intermolecular forces affect
solubility?

Applying Solution Knowledge (25%)

Can the student analyse real-world applications of solutions and solve related problems?

Practical Demonstration (15%)

Can the student accurately prepare a solution of a specific concentration?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve deeper into the quantitative aspects of solutions, including
concentration units and colligative properties. We will also explore the concepts of solubility
product and common ion effect. Encourage students to review the concepts learned today
and come prepared for a deeper dive into the fascinating world of solutions.

Next Steps
• Assign homework problems related to calculating solution concentrations (molarity,
molality).
• Ask students to research and present on a specific type of solution and its
applications.
• Conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate the solubility of a substance at
different temperatures.
 Handout 1: Diving deep into solutions: types and
applications

What are Solutions?

Think of your favourite beverage – it’s likely a solution! In simple terms, a solution is a
special mixture where one substance (solute) dissolves evenly into another (solvent).
Imagine dissolving sugar in water; the sugar disappears, but its sweetness remains,
indicating a uniform mixture.
Types of Solutions: Beyond the Surface
Solutions exist in various forms depending on the physical states of the solute and solvent.
Let’s explore these types:
1. Solid-Liquid Solutions:
The most common type, like sugar in water or salt in water. Here, a solid solute dissolve into
a liquid solvent.
2. Liquid-Liquid Solutions:
Think of mixing vinegar (acetic acid in water) with water – both solute and solvent are
liquids.
3. Gas-Liquid Solutions:
Carbonated drinks are a perfect example! Carbon dioxide gas dissolves in the liquid drink.4.
Solid-Solid Solutions:
Alloys like brass (copper and zinc) are solid solutions where one metal is dissolved evenly
into another.
5. Gas-Gas Solutions:
The air we breathe is a natural solution of different gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon
dioxide.
Solubility: The Limit of Dissolving
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent
at a given temperature and pressure. Imagine adding salt to water; at some point, no more
salt dissolves, and it settles at the bottom – that’s the saturation point.
Saturated Solution:
Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature and pressure.
Adding more solute won’t dissolve.
Unsaturated Solution:
Can dissolve more solute at a given temperature and pressure.
Supersaturated Solution:
Contains more dissolved solute than normally possible at a given temperature and pressure.
It’s like a temporary state achieved by specific conditions.
Factors Affecting Solubility: A Tug of War
Several factors play a role in how much solute can dissolve in a solvent:
1. Temperature:
Generally, increasing temperature increases the solubility of solids in liquids (think of
dissolving more sugar in hot tea). However, for gases, solubility decreases with increasing
temperature.
2. Pressure:
Pressure mainly affects the solubility of gases in liquids. Higher pressure forces more gas to
dissolve (like in carbonated drinks).
3. Intermolecular Forces:
The golden rule is "like dissolves like." Polar solutes dissolve better in polar solvents (e.g.,
salt in water), while non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar solvents (e.g., oil in
gasoline).
Real-World Solutions: Beyond the Lab
Solutions are everywhere! Here are a few examples:
1. Pharmaceuticals
Medicines are often solutions, ensuring even distribution of active ingredients.
2. Food Industry:
From beverages to processed foods, solutions are used for flavouring, preservation, and
more.
3. Environmental Science:
Understanding solutions is crucial for water treatment, pollution control, and studying the
ocean.
Practice Problems
1. Classify the following as solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, solid-solid, or gas-gas
solutions: (a) Air, (b) Saltwater, (c) Brass, (d) Sugar in water, (e) Carbonated water.

2. Explain why sugar dissolves faster in hot tea than in cold tea.

3. Why is it dangerous to open a shaken bottle of a carbonated drink?

4. Imagine you are trying to dissolve a large amount of salt in a small amount of water. What
factors could you manipulate to increase the solubility of the salt?

Additional Notes
Remember: Solutions are fascinating mixtures with diverse applications. Keep exploring the
world around you and identify different types of solutions and the factors influencing their
formation.
For the next class, research and be ready to discuss a specific type of solution and its real-
world applications. Be creative and think outside the box!

Narration 1: Diving deep into solutions: types and

applications

Everyday Solutions (5 minutes)

• Alright everyone, let's get started! Today, we're diving into the world of solutions.
Can anyone tell me about a solution you've come across in your daily life? It could be
anything from the drinks you have to the medicines you take!
• Let's discuss what makes up a solution. We have two key players: the solute, which is
the substance that dissolves, and the solvent, which is the substance that does the
dissolving. Think of it like this: when you stir sugar into water, the sugar disappears,
right? That's because it's the solute, and it dissolves into the water, our solvent, to
create a solution.
Unveiling the Types of Solutions (15 minutes)
• Now, let's talk about the different types of solutions. Did you know that solutions
aren't limited to just liquids? We can have solid solutions, like alloys, where metals
are mixed together. And guess what? Even the air we breathe is a solution – a gas
solution, to be precise!
• A key concept here is solubility – how much of our solute can we dissolve in a certain
amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure. Imagine adding salt to a
 glass of water; at some point, no more salt will dissolve, and that's when we hit
saturation. We also have unsaturated solutions, where we can dissolve more solute,
and supersaturated solutions, which are a bit like magic – they hold more solute
than they normally should at that temperature!
Cracking the Solubility Code (15 minutes)
• Let's unravel the factors that influence solubility. Temperature plays a crucial role –
think about how much faster sugar dissolves in hot water compared to cold.
Pressure also matters, especially for gases. And then we have intermolecular forces –
the forces between molecules. A good rule of thumb is 'like dissolves like' – polar
solutes dissolve better in polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes prefer nonpolar
solvents. For example, water, a polar solvent, readily dissolves salt, a polar solute,
while oil, a nonpolar substance, doesn't mix well with water.
• To visualize this, let's examine a solubility curve graph. It shows us how much solute
can dissolve at different temperatures.
Solutions in Action (10 minutes)
• Time for a demonstration! Today, we'll be making a sugar solution. It's crucial to
measure accurately using our lab equipment. Safety first, everyone! Remember to
wear your safety goggles and gloves. As I prepare this solution, think about the many
way’s solutions are used in everyday life. From medicines to food preservation,
solutions are everywhere!
• Can anyone give me some examples of where specific types of solutions are used in
real-world applications?
Solution-Oriented Thinking (5 minutes)
• Let's put our thinking caps on! I'm going to divide you into groups and present a real-
world problem related to solutions. Your task is to brainstorm and apply the
principles we've learned to find creative solutions. For example, how can we
increase the solubility of a certain medicine to make it more effective?
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS XIIth
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER-1 SOLUTIONS
TOPICS - 1.2 EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
OF SOLUTIONS

Learning Objectives
• Accurately calculate and express solution concentration using various units like
molarity, molality, and mole fraction.
• Analyze and compare different methods of expressing concentration, understanding
their applications and limitations.
• Evaluate real-world scenarios to determine the most appropriate unit for expressing
concentration.
• Apply knowledge of concentration units to solve problems related to solution
preparation and dilution.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Calculators
• Periodic table chart
• Prepared worksheet with problems on concentration calculations
• Household items like sugar, salt, water for demonstration (optional)
Lesson Outline
Engaging with Concentration (5 minutes)
• Begin by asking students about their understanding of 'concentration' in daily life
(e.g., concentrated juice, strong tea).
• Connect these examples to the concept of solution concentration - the amount of
solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
• Initiate a brief brainstorming session where students share examples of solutions
they encounter regularly.
Unveiling Concentration Units (15 minutes)
• Introduce different units of concentration: molarity (M), molality (m), mole fraction
(χ), mass percentage (w/w), and volume percentage (v/v).
• Explain each unit with its formula, clearly defining solute, solvent, and solution.
Provide examples for each.
• Use the whiteboard or projector to visually represent the formulas and work through
sample calculations with the class.
Comparative Analysis of Units (10 minutes)
• Facilitate a discussion comparing the different concentration units.
• Guide students to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of each unit. For
example, when is it more practical to use molarity over molality?
• Encourage critical thinking by asking students to consider scenarios where specific
units would be preferred (e.g., for very dilute solutions, for solutions with significant
temperature changes).
Problem-Solving Practice (10 minutes)
• Distribute the prepared worksheet with a variety of problems involving different
concentration units and their applications.
• Encourage students to work in pairs or small groups, fostering collaborative learning
and peer teaching.
• Move around the classroom, providing guidance and clarification as needed. Select a
few problems to solve as a class, discussing different approaches and solutions.
Connecting to the Real World (5 minutes)
• Conclude the lesson by linking the concept of concentration to real-world
applications.
• Discuss examples like pharmaceutical preparations, environmental monitoring, and
food industries where precise concentration measurements are crucial.
• If time permits, demonstrate the preparation of a simple solution using household
items, emphasizing the importance of accurate measurements.
Assessment
• Active participation in class discussions and problem-solving activities.
• Observation of students' ability to apply concentration units in calculations.
• Review of completed worksheets for accuracy and understanding of concepts.
• Encourage self-assessment by having students explain their reasoning and problem-
solving strategies.
Rubrics
Understanding of Concentration Units (30%)
Can the student define and differentiate between various concentration units?

Calculation Proficiency (30%)

Can the student accurately calculate solution concentration using different units?

Analytical and Critical Thinking (20%)

Can the student analyse and compare different concentration units, understanding their
strengths and limitations?

Application and Problem-Solving (20%)

Can the student apply their knowledge of concentration to solve real-world problems and
make informed decisions?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve deeper into the concept of solubility and its factors. We will
also explore how solution concentration affects colligative properties like boiling point
elevation and freezing point depression. Encourage students to review the different
concentration units and practice solving more complex problems.

Next Steps
• Introduce the concept of solubility and its relationship with solution concentration.
• Explore colligative properties of solutions and their dependence on concentration.
• Conduct a laboratory experiment where students prepare solutions of specific
concentrations and investigate their properties.
 Handout 1: Expressing concentration of solutions: a deep
dive
What is Concentration?
In our daily lives, we often come across terms like "concentrated juice" or "strong tea."
These terms qualitatively describe the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of
solvent. In chemistry, we express this concept quantitatively using the term
"concentration."

Concentration refers to the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution or

solvent. It is a crucial concept in chemistry as it directly affects the properties and behaviour
of solutions.

Different Ways to Express Concentration

Molarity (M)

Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. It is
expressed in moles per liter (mol/L). For example, a 1 M solution of glucose contains 1 mole
of glucose dissolved in 1 liter of solution.

Molality (m)

Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent. It
is expressed in moles per kilogram (mol/kg). For example, a 1 m solution of glucose contains
1 mole of glucose dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent.

Mole Fraction (χ)

Mole fraction (χ) represents the ratio of the number of moles of a particular component to
the total number of moles of all components in a solution. It is a dimensionless quantity. For
example, in a solution containing 1 mole of glucose and 9 moles of water, the mole fraction
of glucose is 1/ (1+9) = 0.1.

Mass Percentage (w/w)

Mass percentage (w/w) expresses the mass of solute present per 100 grams of solution. It is
expressed as a percentage. For example, a 10% (w/w) solution of glucose contains 10 grams
of glucose dissolved in 90 grams of water, making a total of 100 grams of solution.

Volume Percentage (v/v)

Volume percentage (v/v) is used for liquid-liquid solutions and represents the volume of
solute present per 100 milliliters of solution. It is expressed as a percentage. For example, a
20% (v/v) solution of ethanol contains 20 millilitres of ethanol mixed with 80 milliliters of
water, making a total of 100 milliliters of solution.

Choosing the Right Unit

The choice of concentration unit depends on the specific application and the nature of the
solution being studied. For instance, molarity is commonly used for reactions in solution,
while molality is preferred when studying colligative properties. Mole fraction is useful for
expressing the composition of mixtures with multiple components.

Practice Problems
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 5 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl)
in enough water to make 250 mL of solution.

What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 10 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) in

500 grams of water?

A solution is prepared by mixing 25 mL of ethanol (C2H5OH) with 100 mL of water. Calculate

the volume percentage of ethanol in the solution.

A solution contains 2 moles of glucose and 5 moles of water. Determine the mole fraction of
glucose in the solution.

Additional Notes
• Remember to pay attention to the units while performing calculations and always
double-check your answers.
• Understanding concentration is fundamental to various chemical processes. Practice
different types of problems to strengthen your understanding and don’t hesitate to
ask for clarification when needed!
• Think about the concentrations of solutions you encounter in your daily life, like fruit
juices, cleaning solutions, or medicines. Can you estimate their concentrations?

Narration 1: Expressing concentration of solutions: a deep

dive

Concentration in Our Daily Lives (5 minutes)

• Good morning, everyone! Today, we're diving into the fascinating world of solutions,
specifically how we measure and express the concentration of these solutions. But
first, let's start with something familiar. Can anyone tell me what comes to mind
when you hear the word 'concentrated'? Maybe you think of a concentrated juice
that's super flavourful or a strong cup of tea. What's common in these examples?
• That's right! It's about the amount of something mixed into another. In chemistry,
we call this 'solution concentration' - how much solute (like sugar or tea leaves) is
dissolved in a certain amount of solvent (like water). Think about solutions you
encounter daily - maybe it's saltwater, sugar syrup, or even the air we breathe! Let's
take a few minutes to share some examples.
Decoding Concentration Units (15 minutes)
• Now that we've connected concentration to our everyday lives, let's explore the
specific units we use to measure it. Just like we use meters for length or grams for
mass, we have special units for concentration. Today, we'll learn about Molarity (M),
 Molality (m), Mole Fraction (χ), Mass Percentage (w/w), and Volume Percentage
(v/v). Each unit tells us the concentration in a slightly different way, using formulas.
• Let's break down each unit one by one. We'll write the formula for each, clearly
defining what we mean by 'solute,' 'solvent,' and 'solution.' For example, Molarity
(M) is the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. So, if we dissolve
one mole of sugar in enough water to make a one-liter solution, we have a 1 M sugar
solution. We'll work through examples for each unit to see how these calculations
work.
When to Use Which Unit? (10 minutes)
• Having learned about these different units, you might be wondering - which one
should I use and when? That's an excellent question! Each concentration unit has its
own advantages and disadvantages, making it suitable for specific situations. For
instance, Molarity is convenient for many lab experiments, but Molality is preferred
when temperature changes are involved. Can anyone think why this might be the
case?
• Let's discuss and compare these units, thinking about their strengths and limitations.
For example, if we're dealing with very dilute solutions, like pollutants in a lake,
which unit might be most practical? What about solutions with significant
temperature changes, like antifreeze in a car? By analysing these scenarios, we can
determine the most appropriate unit for each case.
Putting Concentration into Practice (10 minutes)
• It's time to put our knowledge into action! I'm handing out worksheets with various
problems involving different concentration units. Don't hesitate to work in pairs or
small groups - collaboration and discussion can be very helpful in understanding
these concepts. I'll be moving around to provide guidance and clarification. Later,
we'll solve a few problems together on the board, exploring different approaches
and solutions.

Concentration Beyond the Classroom (5 minutes)

• As we wrap up today's session, let's remember that concentration isn't just a
concept confined to textbooks. It has immense real-world significance. Think about
the pharmaceutical industry, where precise drug concentrations are crucial for
effective treatment. Or consider environmental monitoring, where we track
pollutant concentrations to ensure safety. Even in the food industry, controlling
sugar or salt concentrations is essential for taste and preservation. If time allows,
we'll demonstrate how to prepare a simple solution using everyday ingredients,
emphasizing the importance of accurate measurements.

Looking Ahead (Optional)

• For the next class, revise the different concentration units and try solving more
complex problems. We'll be exploring the concept of 'solubility' and how it relates to
solution concentration. We'll also delve into 'colligative properties' of solutions, like
how concentration affects their boiling and freezing points. Stay curious and keep
those questions coming!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS XIIth
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER-1 SOLUTIONS
TOPICS -1.3 SOLUBILITY

Learning Objectives
• Evaluate the factors influencing the solubility of solids and gases in liquids.
• Design an experiment to investigate the solubility of a given solute in a solvent.
• Analyze solubility curves and interpret the relationship between temperature and
solubility.
• Understand the concept of saturation and its application in real-world scenarios.
• Apply Henry's Law to calculate the solubility of gases in liquids.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Solubility curves chart
• Periodic table
• Chemistry textbooks
• Laboratory equipment for solubility experiments (beakers, flasks, stirring rods,
graduated cylinders, thermometers, solutes like sugar, salt, etc., solvents like water,
ethanol, etc.)
Lesson Outline
Engaging with Solubility (10 minutes)

• Begin by showcasing a video or image of a phenomenon related to solubility, like the

formation of crystals or the dissolving of sugar in tea.
• Initiate a discussion by asking students: 'What factors do you think affect how much
of something can dissolve in a liquid?'
• Encourage brainstorming and note down their initial ideas on the board.
Solubility of Solids in Liquids (15 minutes)

• Introduce the concept of solubility, defining key terms like solute, solvent, solution,
saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions.
• Discuss factors affecting solubility of solids in liquids, including: - Nature of solute
and solvent (polarity)
- Temperature (generally increases solubility of solids)
- Pressure (negligible effect on solids)
• Illustrate these concepts with real-life examples, like making a supersaturated sugar
solution for rock candy.
Solubility of Gases in Liquids (15 minutes)

• Shift focus to the solubility of gases in liquids, highlighting its inverse relationship
with temperature (generally decreases with increasing temperature).
 • Introduce Henry's Law, explaining the relationship between pressure and gas
solubility.
• Engage students with examples like the effect of temperature on dissolved oxygen in
water bodies and its implications for aquatic life.
Experiment and Analysis (10 minutes)

• Divide the class into groups and guide them to design a simple experiment to
investigate the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent.
• Factors to investigate could include temperature or different solvents.
• Groups will plan their experiment, make predictions, conduct the experiment, record
observations, and analyse the results to draw conclusions about the factors affecting
solubility.
Reflection and Application (5 minutes)

• Conclude the lesson by revisiting the initial ideas discussed and analyzing how the
lesson helped refine their understanding.
• Encourage students to think about real-world applications of solubility, like in the
pharmaceutical industry, environmental science, or even cooking.
Wrap Up (5 minutes)

• Summarize key takeaways from the lesson, emphasizing the factors influencing
solubility and their applications.
• Assign homework, such as researching and presenting on a specific application of
solubility or solving numerical problems related to Henry's Law.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during discussions and group
activities.
• Evaluate their understanding through their responses to questions and their ability
to explain concepts.
• Assess their experimental design, data analysis, and conclusions drawn from the
experiment.
• Review homework assignments for comprehension and application of knowledge.
Rubrics
Conceptual Understanding (30%)

Demonstrates a clear understanding of solubility, factors affecting it, and related

terminology.

Application and Analysis (40%)

Applies knowledge to analyse solubility curves, solve problems, and design experiments.

Critical Thinking and Creativity (30%)

Evaluates information, thinks critically about real-world applications, and demonstrates

creativity in experimental design.

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve into the concept of solubility product (Ksp) and its
significance in understanding the solubility of sparingly soluble salts. We will also explore
the common ion effect and its influence on solubility equilibrium. To prepare, students can
review their notes on equilibrium and chemical kinetics.

Next Steps
• Introduce the concept of solubility product (KS) and its application in understanding
the solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
• Explore colligative properties, which are directly related to the concentration of
solute particles in a solution.
• Connect solubility to chemical kinetics and equilibrium, discussing how these
concepts intertwine.

Handout 1: Diving deep into solubility

1.3 Solubility: Dissolving into the Science

In our daily lives, we encounter solutions everywhere – from the air we breathe to the
beverages we drink. Solubility is the key to understanding how these solutions form and
how much of one substance can dissolve in another.

1.3.1 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid

What is Solubility?
Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can dissolve in a given
amount of another substance (solvent) at a specific temperature to form a homogeneous
mixture (solution).

Factors Affecting Solubility

* **Nature of Solute and Solvent: ** “Like dissolves like" – polar solutes dissolve better in
polar solvents (e.g., salt in water), while non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar
solvents (e.g., oil in gasoline).
* **Temperature: ** Generally, increasing temperature increases the solubility of solids in
liquids. Think about adding sugar to your tea – it dissolves better in hot tea.
* **Pressure: ** Pressure has a negligible effect on the solubility of solids in liquids.

1.3.2 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid

Think about carbonated drinks – they fizz because carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in the
liquid. The solubility of gases in liquids is a bit different from solids.

Factors Affecting Gas Solubility

* **Temperature: ** Unlike solids, increasing temperature generally *decreases* the
solubility of gases in liquids. Warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen, which is why fish
may struggle in warmer waters.
* **Pressure: ** Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. This is why sealed soda
bottles, under high pressure, have more fizz.

Key Concepts and Examples

Saturated Solution
A solution where no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature. It's like a sponge that
can't hold any more water.

Unsaturated Solution
A solution where more solute can still dissolve at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solution
An unstable solution containing more dissolved solute than it normally would at a given
temperature. Think about making rock candy – you create a supersaturated sugar solution.

Let's Apply What We've Learned

Experiment Time!
Working in groups, design an experiment to investigate how temperature affects the
solubility of sugar in water. Think about:
* What will be your independent and dependent variables?
* How will you control other variables?
* What data will you collect and how will you analyse it?

Real-World Connections
* **Environmental Science: ** The solubility of oxygen in water is crucial for aquatic life.
Pollution can affect this solubility, impacting ecosystems.
* **Pharmaceuticals: ** Solubility plays a vital role in drug design and delivery.
Medications need to dissolve properly to be effective.

Narration 1: Diving deep into solubility

Engaging with Solubility (10 minutes)

• Alright everyone, let's dive into a fascinating aspect of chemistry that plays a critical
role in our everyday lives: solubility!
• To start off, I'm going to show you a short video of a sugar crystal being formed.
What do you observe happening in the video? How do you think this relates to what
we know about solutions?
• (After playing the video and allowing for student responses) Those are some great
observations! Today, we're going to explore what makes some substances readily
dissolve in others, while some barely mix at all. We'll be focusing on the factors that
influence solubility.
Unpacking Solubility: Solids in Liquids (15 minutes)
• Let's break down the term 'solubility.' Imagine adding sugar to a glass of water. The
sugar is the 'solute,' the water is the 'solvent,' and the mixture we get is the
'solution.' Solubility tells us how much of that solute we can dissolve in a certain
amount of solvent at a given temperature.
• Now, think back to the video. What happens when we keep adding sugar to the
water? At some point, no more sugar dissolves and it settles at the bottom. That's
 when we reach 'saturation,' and the solution becomes a 'saturated solution.'
Anything less than that is an 'unsaturated solution.'
• But here's the interesting part: sometimes, we can dissolve more solute than what a
saturated solution should theoretically hold! That's called a 'supersaturated
solution,' and it's often temporarily stable, like in the rock candy example we'll
discuss. The excess solute crystallizes out, giving us those beautiful crystal
formations.
• Now, let's think about why some solids dissolve easily in certain liquids while others
don't. What factors do you think influence this? (Encourage students to think about
their experiences with dissolving substances). One crucial factor is the nature of the
solute and solvent. 'Like dissolves like' is a good rule of thumb. Polar substances tend
to dissolve well in polar solvents, and the same goes for non-polar substances.
Solubility of Gases in Liquids (15 minutes)
• Now, let's switch gears and talk about gases dissolving in liquids. Unlike solids, gases
usually become less soluble as temperature increases. Think about an ice-cold soda
versus a warm one. Which one holds its fizz better? That's right, the cold one! That's
because gases are more soluble at lower temperatures.
• Another crucial factor affecting gas solubility is pressure. Higher pressure forces
more gas to dissolve in the liquid. This is what's happening when you open a soda
bottle. The sudden pressure release causes the dissolved carbon dioxide to come out
of the solution, creating those satisfying bubbles.
• This relationship between pressure and gas solubility is described by Henry's Law.
We'll delve into the mathematical formula a bit later, but for now, just remember
the general principle: higher pressure, higher solubility of gas in a liquid.
Designing Your Solubility Experiment (10 minutes)
• Time to put our knowledge into action! Today, we'll be designing a simple
experiment to investigate the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. I'm going
to divide you into groups and provide each group with some materials. You can
choose to investigate how temperature affects solubility or compare the solubility of
a solute in different solvents.
• Remember to plan your experiment carefully, making a clear hypothesis and
outlining your steps. What are you changing? What are you keeping constant? What
will you measure, and how? Once you have your plan, you can start your
experiment, making sure to record your observations and data accurately. We'll
discuss our findings as a class afterward.
Reflecting and Applying Our Knowledge (5 minutes)
• Great work, everyone! Let's come back together and reflect on what we've learned
today. Think about our initial discussion. How has your understanding of solubility
evolved? Can you think of any real-world examples where solubility plays a
significant role?
• (Allow time for student responses and guide the discussion towards applications like
drug delivery, environmental pollution, and cooking). As you can see, understanding
solubility is crucial in many different fields. It helps us predict how substances will
interact, design products, and understand natural phenomena.
Wrapping Up and Looking Ahead (5 minutes)
• Before we finish, let's recap the key points we covered today. We learned about
solubility, the factors influencing it, and how it applies to both solids and gases
dissolving in liquids. We also designed and conducted our own experiments, which is
fantastic!
• For your homework, I want you to research and prepare a short presentation on a
specific application of solubility that interests you. Be ready to share your findings in
our next class. This could be anything from how solubility is used in the
pharmaceutical industry to its role in ocean acidification. Be creative and explore!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS XIIth
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER-1 SOLUTIONS
TOPICS -1.4 VAPOU PRESSURE OF LIQUID
SOLUTION

Learning Objectives
• Understand the concept of vapor pressure and factors affecting it.
• Apply Raoul’s Law to calculate vapor pressure of ideal solutions.
• Analyze the relationship between Henry's Law and Raoult's Law.
• Evaluate the vapor pressure of solutions containing non-volatile solutes.
• Create solutions with desired vapor pressure.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Textbook (Chemistry for Class 12, 2024-25)
• Handouts with practice problems
• Graph paper
• Calculator
Lesson Outline
Introduction and Recap (10 minutes)
• Begin by reviewing the concept of vapor pressure and factors influencing it
(temperature, intermolecular forces).
• Recap the properties of liquid state and liquid-vapor equilibrium.
• Introduce the topic of vapor pressure of solutions and its significance.

Vapor Pressure of Solutions (15 minutes)

• Define ideal and non-ideal solutions.
• Introduce Raoult's Law: Partial pressure of a component in a solution is proportional
to its mole fraction and vapor pressure in pure state.
• Explain the application of Raoult's Law in calculating vapor pressure of ideal
solutions.
• Provide examples and solve numerical problems related to Raoult's Law.

Raoult's Law as a Special Case of Henry's Law (10 minutes)

• Recall Henry's Law: Solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas above the liquid.
• Explain how Raoult's Law can be considered as a special case of Henry's Law when
applied to volatile solutes.
• Discuss the limitations of both laws and their applicability to real solutions.
Vapor Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids (10 minutes)
• Explain that non-volatile solutes lower the vapor pressure of the solvent.
• Discuss the reasons behind this phenomenon - solute particles occupy surface area,
reducing the escaping tendency of solvent molecules.
• Explain the colligative properties and their dependence on the number of solute
particles.
Application and Problem Solving (5 minutes)
• Divide the class into groups and provide handouts with practice problems on vapor
pressure of solutions.
• Encourage students to apply Raoult's Law, Henry's Law, and the concept of non-
volatile solutes to solve the problems.
• Facilitate group discussions and provide guidance as needed.
Assessment
• Active participation in class discussions and problem-solving activities.
• Individual assessment through assignments or quizzes based on Raoult's Law and
related concepts.
• Group presentations on assigned problems, encouraging peer learning and
evaluation.
Rubrics
Understanding of Concepts (30%)
Demonstrates clear understanding of vapor pressure, Raoult's Law, and Henry's Law.

Problem-Solving Skills (40%)

Applies the concepts to solve numerical problems related to vapor pressure of solutions.

Critical Thinking and Analysis (30%)

Analyzes the relationship between different laws and concepts, and evaluates their
limitations.

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve deeper into colligative properties, including boiling point
elevation and freezing point depression. We will also discuss their applications in various
fields. Students are encouraged to revise the concepts learned today and come prepared for
further exploration.

Next Steps
• Introduce the concept of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression as
consequences of vapor pressure lowering.
• Discuss the applications of colligative properties in daily life and industries.
• Conduct experiments to demonstrate the principles learned in this lesson.
 Handout 1: Vapor pressure of liquid solutions and raoult's
law

Introduction to Vapor Pressure

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its condensed phases
(solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. It is a measure of the tendency of
molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid.

Factors affecting vapor pressure:

1. **Temperature:** As temperature increases, vapor pressure increases. This is because at
higher temperatures, more molecules have enough kinetic energy to escape from the liquid
phase into the vapor phase.
2. **Intermolecular Forces:** Stronger intermolecular forces lead to lower vapor pressure.
If the molecules in a liquid are strongly attracted to each other, it is more difficult for them
to escape into the vapor phase, resulting in a lower vapor pressure.
3. **Surface Area:** A larger surface area of the liquid leads to higher vapor pressure. This
is because more molecules are present at the surface, where they can escape into the vapor
phase.

Vapor Pressure of Solutions

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in
the larger amount is called the solvent, and the substance dissolved in the solvent is called
the solute.

When a non-volatile solute (a solute that does not evaporate easily) is dissolved in a solvent,
the vapor pressure of the solution is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. This
is because the solute molecules occupy some of the surface area of the solution, reducing
the number of solvent molecules that can escape into the vapor phase.

Raoult's Law
Raoult's law states that the partial vapor pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of
liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction
in the mixture.

Mathematically, Raoult’s law is expressed as:

**Solution = X_solvent * P°_solvent**
where,
* P_solution is the vapor pressure of the solution
* X_solvent is the mole fraction of the solvent
* P°_solvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent

**Ideal Solutions: ** An ideal solution is a solution that obeys Raoult’s law over the entire
range of concentrations. In an ideal solution, the interactions between the solute-solute and
solvent-solvent molecules are similar to the solute-solvent interactions.
**Non-Ideal Solutions: ** A non-ideal solution is a solution that does not obey Raoult’s law
over the entire range of concentrations. In a non-ideal solution, the interactions between
the solute-solute and solvent-solvent molecules are different from the solute-solvent
interactions.

Raoult's Law as a Special Case of Henry's Law

Henry's law states that at a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves
in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that
gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

Raoult's law can be considered a special case of Henry's law in which the solute is assumed
to be non-volatile. In this case, the vapor pressure of the solution is solely determined by
the solvent, and Raoult's law can be used to calculate the vapor pressure lowering caused
by the presence of the solute.

Practice Problems
1. What is the vapor pressure of a solution containing 100 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 500 g
of water at 25°C? The vapor pressure of pure water at 25°C is 23.8 mmHg. (Molar mass of
glucose = 180 g/mol, molar mass of water = 18 g/mol)

2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 20 g of a non-volatile solute in 100 g of water. The

vapor pressure of the solution is found to be 17.5 mmHg at 25°C. What is the molar mass of
the solute? (The vapor pressure of pure water at 25°C is 23.8 mmHg.)

Additional Notes
• **Remember: ** * Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium
with its liquid. * Raoult’s law states that the partial vapor pressure of each
component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure
component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture. * Solutions that obey
Raoult’s law are called ideal solutions. * Solutions that do not obey Raoult’s law are
called non-ideal solutions.
• **Keep Exploring! ** * Research on the applications of Raoult’s law in different
fields, such as in the pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery and in the food
industry for preservation.
 Narration 1: Vapor pressure of liquid solutions and Raoul’s
law

Introduction - What Makes Liquids Evaporate? (10 minutes) (10

minutes)
• Let's start with a simple question: What happens when you leave a glass of water out
in the open? Yes, it slowly disappears, right? But where does it go?
• Today, we'll delve into the fascinating world of vapor pressure to understand this
phenomenon. We'll explore how some liquid molecules escape into the air and what
factors influence this escape.
• Remember, we've talked about phase transitions before. Today, we'll focus on the
liquid-gas equilibrium. Imagine a container with some liquid. What's happening at
the surface of the liquid?
Vapor Pressure - A Balancing Act at the Surface (10 minutes) (10
minutes)
• Now, imagine a closed container with liquid. Some energetic molecules at the
surface escape and become vapor. But, they can also return to the liquid phase.
• This constant escape and return create a pressure by the vapor above the liquid –
that’s vapor pressure! It's like a constant push and pull between the liquid and gas
phases.
• Let's think about what might affect this vapor pressure. What if we increase the
temperature? What about the types of molecules in the liquid?
Solutions and Their Vapor Pressure - A Collaborative Act (10
minutes) (10 minutes)
• Now, let's introduce a guest into our container of liquid – a solute! Remember, a
solution is a special mixture where a solute dissolve into a solvent.
• Think about adding sugar to water. How do you think the presence of sugar
molecules affects the water molecules' ability to escape into the vapor phase?
• Exactly! Adding a solute change, the vapor pressure of the solution compared to the
pure solvent. Today, we'll learn how to predict these changes.
Raoult's Law - Predicting Vapor Pressure of Solutions (10 minutes)
(10 minutes)
• Introducing Raoult's Law - a powerful tool to predict the vapor pressure of ideal
solutions! This law tells us that each component in a solution contributes to the total
vapor pressure.
• The key is the mole fraction – it represents the fraction of each component in the
solution. Think of it like sharing a pizza; the mole fraction tells you what portion of
the pizza each ingredient represents.
• Raoult's Law beautifully connects mole fraction and vapor pressure. We'll work
through the equation and solve problems to see how it works in action!
Beyond Ideal Solutions and Real-World Applications (5 minutes) (5
minutes)
• Raoult's Law works like a charm for ideal solutions, where the molecules are similar
in size and interactions. But what about real-world solutions?
• In reality, interactions between different molecules can cause deviations from
Raoult's Law. We'll briefly touch upon these deviations – positive and negative – to
understand their impact.
• Finally, let's explore how vapor pressure and Raoult's Law are relevant in everyday
life. From fractional distillation to understanding biological processes – vapor
pressure plays a crucial role!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS XIIth
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER-1 SOLUTIONS
TOPICS - 1.5 IDEAL AND NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS

Learning Objectives
• Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solutions based on their properties.
• Recall Raoult's Law and its application to ideal solutions.
• Analyze the deviations from Raoult's Law exhibited by non-ideal solutions.
• Create graphical representations of ideal and non-ideal solution behavior.
• Evaluate the factors responsible for deviations from ideal behavior in solutions.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Graph paper
• Calculators (optional)
• Chemistry textbook (refer to the 2024-25 CBSE curriculum)
• Prepared examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions (e.g., salt and water, ethanol and
water)
Lesson Outline
Engaging with Prior Knowledge (5 minutes)

• Initiate the class by revisiting the concept of solutions and their types.
• Prompt students to recall the definition of a solution and provide examples.
• Guide the discussion towards the concept of solute-solvent interactions.
Introducing Ideal Solutions (15 minutes)

• Define ideal solutions as those that obey Raoult's Law over the entire range of
concentrations.
• Explain Raoult's Law mathematically and conceptually, emphasizing the relationship
between vapor pressure and mole fraction.
• Illustrate the properties of ideal solutions, such as zero enthalpy change on mixing
and no volume change.
• Provide examples of ideal solutions and explain why they exhibit ideal behavior (e.g.,
benzene and toluene, hexane and heptane).
Exploring Non-Ideal Solutions (15 minutes)
• Introduce non-ideal solutions as those that deviate from Raoult's Law.
• Explain the two types of deviations: positive and negative deviations.
• Discuss the reasons behind these deviations, focusing on the role of intermolecular
forces between solute and solvent molecules.
• Provide examples of non-ideal solutions exhibiting both types of deviations (e.g.,
acetone and chloroform (negative deviation), ethanol and water (positive
deviation)).
Graphical Representation and Analysis (10 minutes)
• Guide students to plot graphs of vapor pressure versus mole fraction for both ideal
and non-ideal solutions.
• Explain the significance of the deviations from linearity in the graphs of non-ideal
solutions.
• Engage students in analyzing the graphs to identify the type of deviation and infer
the nature of intermolecular forces.
Evaluation and Application (5 minutes)
• Present students with scenarios involving different solutions and ask them to predict
whether the solution will behave ideally or non-ideally.
• Encourage students to justify their predictions based on the concepts learned.
• Conclude the lesson by summarizing the key differences between ideal and non-ideal
solutions and their significance in chemistry.
• Creative Thinking (Optional)

• As an extension activity, challenge students to design an experiment to determine

whether a given solution is ideal or non-ideal.
Assessment
• Observe student participation during discussions and their ability to recall definitions
and concepts.
• Evaluate student understanding through their responses to questions and their
analysis of graphical representations.
• Assess their ability to apply the concepts to predict the behavior of different
solutions.
• Review the creative solutions proposed by students for the optional activity.
Rubrics
Knowledge and Understanding (30%)
Demonstrates accurate knowledge of ideal and non-ideal solutions, Raoult's Law, and
deviations from ideal behavior.
Analysis and Interpretation (30%)
Effectively analyzes graphical representations of solutions and interprets deviations from
Raoult's Law.
Application and Problem Solving (30%)
Applies knowledge to predict the behavior of solutions and solve related problems.
Creativity and Innovation (10%)
Demonstrates creative thinking in designing an experiment (optional activity).
Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve into colligative properties, focusing on how they are
affected by the ideality or non-ideality of solutions. We will also discuss real-world
applications of these concepts. Before moving on, encourage students to review the chapter
on solutions from their textbook and practice solving numerical problems related to Raoult's
Law and deviations from ideal behavior.
Next Steps
• Introduce the concept of colligative properties and their relationship to ideal and
non-ideal solutions.
• Explore the applications of ideal and non-ideal solutions in various fields like
pharmaceuticals, chemical engineering, and environmental science.
 Handout 1: Ideal and non-ideal solutions

Introduction to Solutions
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components, where the components
are uniformly distributed at a molecular level. Solutions can be formed between different
states of matter, like solid in liquid (salt in water), liquid in liquid (alcohol in water), or gas in
liquid (oxygen in water).

Solute-solvent interactions play a crucial role in the formation and properties of solutions.
These interactions can be attractive or repulsive and influence how well the solute dissolves
in the solvent.

Ideal Solutions
An ideal solution is a solution that obeys Raoult's Law over the entire range of
concentrations. Raoult's Law states that the partial vapor pressure of each component of an
ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by
its mole fraction in the mixture.

Raoult's Law

Mathematically, Raoult's Law can be expressed as: P_A = X_A * P_A^0, where P_A is the
partial vapor pressure of component A in the solution, X_A is the mole fraction of
component A, and P_A^0 is the vapor pressure of pure component A.

Ideal solutions exhibit specific characteristics: They have zero enthalpy change on mixing,
meaning no heat is released or absorbed during the formation of the solution. They also
show no volume change upon mixing, indicating that the volume of the solution is the sum
of the volumes of the individual components.

Examples of ideal solutions include mixtures of benzene and toluene, hexane and heptane.
These mixtures exhibit ideal behavior because the intermolecular forces between the
components are very similar, leading to minimal energy changes upon mixing.

Non-Ideal Solutions
Non-ideal solutions are solutions that deviate from Raoult's Law. These deviations arise due
to differences in the intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent molecules.

There are two types of deviations from Raoult's Law: Positive deviations occur when the
vapor pressure of the solution is higher than predicted by Raoult's Law. This happens when
the intermolecular forces between unlike molecules are weaker than those between like
molecules, making it easier for molecules to escape into the vapor phase. Examples include
mixtures of acetone and chloroform, ethanol and water.

Negative deviations occur when the vapor pressure of the solution is lower than predicted
by Raoult's Law. This happens when the intermolecular forces between unlike molecules are
stronger than those between like molecules, making it more difficult for molecules to
escape into the vapor phase. Examples include mixtures of hydrochloric acid and water,
nitric acid and water.

Graphical Representation of Solutions

Graphs of vapor pressure versus mole fraction can be used to distinguish between ideal and
non-ideal solutions. For an ideal solution, the graph is a straight line. For non-ideal solutions,
the graph will deviate from linearity, either curving upwards for positive deviations or
downwards for negative deviations.

By analyzing the shape of these graphs, we can identify the type of deviation from Raoult's
Law and infer the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces between the components
of the solution.

Additional Notes
• Remember that ideal solutions are a theoretical concept, and most real solutions
exhibit some degree of non-ideality. Understanding the factors that contribute to
non-ideal behavior is crucial in many chemical and industrial processes.
• For a deeper understanding, review the chapter on solutions from your textbook,
focusing on Raoult's Law and the different types of deviations from ideal behavior.
Practice solving numerical problems related to these concepts.
• In the next lesson, we will explore colligative properties, which are properties of
solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on their
identity. We will also discuss how the ideality or non-ideality of a solution affects
these properties.

Narration 1: Ideal and non-ideal solutions

Recap and Refresh: Solutions and Their Interactions (5 minutes)

• Let's begin today's chemistry session by revisiting a familiar concept: solutions! Can
anyone remind us what a solution is, and perhaps share some examples we
encounter in our daily lives?
• Excellent! As we've recalled, a solution is a special blend of two or more substances,
where one dissolves evenly into the other. Now, let's delve a bit deeper and consider
the interactions between the components of a solution – the solute and the solvent.
Ideal Solutions: A Match Made in Chemistry (15 minutes)
• Today, we're diving into a fascinating aspect of solutions - the concept of ideal and
non-ideal solutions. Imagine a perfect blend where the components mix effortlessly,
following a predictable pattern – that's the essence of an ideal solution.
• In chemistry, we have a special rulebook known as Raoult's Law that governs the
behavior of ideal solutions. Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a solvent
above a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at the same
temperature scaled by its mole fraction in the solution.
• To understand this better, let's consider a classic example: a mixture of benzene and
toluene. These two liquids are quite similar in their molecular structure and
interactions, making them behave almost ideally.
• When we mix benzene and toluene, the resulting solution closely follows Raoult's
Law, indicating that the vapor pressure above the solution is directly proportional to
the amount of each component present. This ideal behavior arises because the
 interactions between benzene and toluene molecules are very similar to the
interactions within the pure liquids themselves.
Non-Ideal Solutions: When Chemistry Gets a Little Messy (15
minutes)
• Now, let's step into the world of non-ideal solutions, where things get a bit more
complex and unpredictable.
• Unlike ideal solutions, non-ideal solutions don't always play by Raoult's Law. Their
behavior deviates from the expected, leading to intriguing variations in vapor
pressure.
• Imagine mixing acetone and chloroform – this combination exhibits what we call a
negative deviation from Raoult's Law. The resulting solution has a lower vapor
pressure than predicted. This happens because the acetone and chloroform
molecules are quite fond of each other and tend to stick together, reducing their
tendency to escape as vapor.
• On the other hand, if we mix ethanol and water, we observe a positive deviation
from Raoult's Law. This time, the solution has a higher vapor pressure than
expected. The ethanol and water molecules aren't as compatible, and their
interactions are less favorable than in the pure liquids. This leads to a greater
tendency for them to escape into the vapor phase.
Visualizing Solutions: Graphs Tell the Tale (10 minutes)
• To better understand the behavior of ideal and non-ideal solutions, let's turn to the
power of graphs. By plotting vapor pressure against mole fraction, we can visually
represent their behavior.
• For an ideal solution, the graph will be a straight line. This linearity reflects the
proportional relationship between vapor pressure and mole fraction, as dictated by
Raoult's Law.
• However, for non-ideal solutions, the graphs deviate from this straight-line behavior.
A dip in the graph indicates a negative deviation, while a bulge signifies a positive
deviation. These deviations provide valuable clues about the intermolecular forces at
play.
Challenge Your Understanding: Predicting Solution Behavior (5
minutes)
Now, it's time to put our knowledge to the test! I'll present you with scenarios involving
different solutions. Your task is to predict whether each solution will behave ideally or non-
ideally, and most importantly, explain your reasoning based on what we've learned today.
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS XIITH
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER-1 SOLUTIONS
TOPICS - 1.6 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES AND
DETERMINATION OF MOLAR MASS

Learning Objectives
• Define colligative properties and their dependence on solute concentration.
• Explain the phenomenon of relative lowering of vapor pressure using Raoult's Law.
• Analyze the relationship between elevation of boiling point and molar mass of the
solute.
• Understand the concept of osmosis and its application in determining osmotic
pressure.
• Apply colligative properties to real-world scenarios, such as desalination and
antifreeze solutions.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Textbook and reference materials
• Handouts with practice problems
• Laboratory equipment for demonstrations (optional): beakers, salt, sugar, water,
thermometer
Lesson Outline
Engaging with the Puzzle: Introduction to Colligative Properties (10 minutes)
• Begin by asking students to recall the concept of solutions and their components.
• Introduce colligative properties as unique characteristics of solutions that depend
solely on the number of solute particles, not their identity.
• Present examples like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression, sparking
curiosity about the underlying reasons.
Unveiling the Mystery: Relative Lowering of Vapor Pressure (15 minutes)
• Explain Raoult's Law and its significance in understanding vapor pressure lowering.
• Illustrate how the presence of solute molecules at the liquid surface hinders solvent
evaporation, reducing vapor pressure.
• Solve numerical problems to calculate the relative lowering of vapor pressure using
Raoult's Law.
Boiling Point Elevation: Connecting the Dots (10 minutes)
• Explain how the decrease in vapor pressure leads to an increase in the boiling point
of the solution.
• Derive the equation relating the elevation in boiling point to the molality of the
solute and the boiling point elevation constant.
• Demonstrate how this principle helps determine the molar mass of an unknown
solute.
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure: The Flow of Solutions (10 minutes)
 • Introduce osmosis as the movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable
membrane from a region of higher solvent concentration to a lower one.
• Explain the concept of osmotic pressure as the pressure required to prevent
osmosis.
• Discuss the applications of osmosis in various fields, such as water purification and
biological systems.

Creative Thinking: Applying Colligative Properties (5 minutes)

• Divide students into groups and present real-world scenarios related to colligative
properties.
• Examples include the use of salt to melt ice on roads, the addition of ethylene glycol
to car radiators as antifreeze, and the process of desalination.
• Encourage students to analyze these scenarios and explain the role of colligative
properties.
Assessment
• Active participation in class discussions and problem-solving activities.
• Assessment of students' understanding through quizzes or short assignments.
• Evaluation of their ability to apply colligative properties to real-world situations.
• Encourage students to create presentations or projects that showcase their
understanding of the topic.
Rubrics
Understanding of Concepts (30%)
Demonstrates a clear understanding of colligative properties, Raoult's Law, and related
concepts.

Problem-Solving Skills (30%)

Applies formulas and concepts to solve numerical problems related to colligative properties
accurately.

Critical Thinking and Application (30%)

Analyzes real-world scenarios and explains the role of colligative properties effectively.

Creativity and Communication (10%)

Demonstrates creativity in presentations or projects and communicates ideas clearly and
concisely.

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve into the fascinating world of colloids and suspensions,
exploring their properties and applications. We will also discuss the differences between
true solutions, colloids, and suspensions, further enriching our understanding of mixtures.

Next Steps
• Further exploration of advanced concepts like van't Hoff factor and its impact on
colligative properties.
• Conducting laboratory experiments to measure colligative properties and verify
theoretical concepts.
• Researching and presenting on the applications of colligative properties in various
industries.
 Handout 1: Exploring colligative properties: unveiling the
secrets of solutions

Introduction to Colligative Properties

Imagine adding a pinch of salt to a pot of water. The salt dissolves, but did you know this
simple act changes the water's properties, like its boiling point and freezing point? These
changes are driven by the number of dissolved salt particles, not their identity. These are
called **colligative properties**.

Colligative properties depend solely on the concentration of solute particles in a solution,

not on the nature of the solute particles.

Examples of colligative properties include:

- Relative lowering of vapor pressure

- Elevation of boiling point

- Depression of freezing point

- Osmotic pressure

Relative Lowering of Vapor Pressure

**Vapor pressure** is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid form.
Adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent lowers the vapor pressure of the solution
compared to the pure solvent. This is because solute particles occupy some space on the
liquid surface, reducing the number of solvent molecules that can escape into the vapor
phase.

**Raoult's Law** quantifies this relationship:

P_solution = X_solvent * P°_solvent

Where:

- P_solution is the vapor pressure of the solution

- X_solvent is the mole fraction of the solvent

- P°_solvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent

Elevation of Boiling Point

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the
surrounding atmospheric pressure. Since the addition of a non-volatile solute lowers the
vapor pressure of the solution, a higher temperature is required to reach the atmospheric
pressure, resulting in an elevation of the boiling point.

The elevation in boiling point (ΔT_b) is directly proportional to the molality (m) of the
solute:

ΔT_b = K_b * m

Where K_b is the boiling point elevation constant, a property of the solvent.

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

**Osmosis** is the spontaneous movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable
membrane from a region of higher solvent concentration to a region of lower solvent
concentration. This occurs to equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane.

**Osmotic pressure (π)** is the pressure that needs to be applied to the solution side to
prevent the inward flow of solvent across the semipermeable membrane. It's the pressure
required to stop osmosis.

Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the molarity (M) of the solute:

Π = MRT

Where R is the ideal gas constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Applications of Colligative Properties

**Desalination:** Removing salt from seawater to obtain fresh water using reverse
osmosis.

**Antifreeze:** Adding ethylene glycol to car radiators to lower the freezing point of the
coolant and prevent freezing in cold temperatures.

**Food preservation:** Using salt or sugar to preserve food by creating a high osmotic
pressure that inhibits the growth of microorganisms.

**Medical applications:** Intravenous solutions are prepared at specific concentrations to

maintain osmotic balance with blood cells.

Practice Problems
A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 200 g of water. Calculate
the boiling point elevation of the solution. (Kb for water = 0.52 °C/m)

What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (C12H22O11) at 25 °C? (R =

0.0821 L atm/mol K)

Additional Notes
• Colligative properties are essential in understanding the behavior of solutions and
have numerous applications in various fields.
 • Remember to consider the number of particles the solute dissociates into when
calculating colligative properties for ionic compounds.
• Keep exploring the fascinating world of chemistry and its impact on our daily lives!

Narration 1: Exploring colligative properties: unveiling the

secrets of solutions

Engaging with the Puzzle: Introduction to Colligative Properties (10

minutes)
• Alright, everyone, let's dive into a fascinating aspect of solutions today! Can anyone
quickly recap what we know about solutions and their components?
• Excellent! Now, imagine adding a pinch of salt to a pot of water. What changes?
Today, we'll explore 'Colligative Properties' - these depend solely on the AMOUNT of
solute, not its type. Think boiling point, freezing point - they shift based on solute
concentration, regardless of whether it's salt or sugar!
• Intrigued? Let's unravel this mystery! Think about everyday examples: Why do we
add salt to melt ice? Why does adding salt to water make it boil at a higher
temperature? Hold onto those thoughts as we delve deeper!
Unveiling the Mystery: Relative Lowering of Vapor Pressure (15
minutes)
• Let's talk about 'Raoult's Law' - it's our key to understanding how solute affects
vapor pressure. Imagine a container of water. Some water molecules escape as
vapor, creating pressure. Now, add solute. The solute particles take up space on the
surface, making it harder for water to escape, lowering vapor pressure.
• This lowering is directly proportional to the solute's concentration – more solute,
lower vapor pressure! We'll use Raoult's Law to calculate this. Let's work through
some problems together to solidify our grasp on this concept.
Boiling Point Elevation: Connecting the Dots (10 minutes)
• Remember how adding salt increases the boiling point of water? Now we can
connect it to vapor pressure! Lower vapor pressure means more heat is needed to
reach atmospheric pressure, hence a higher boiling point.
• This relationship is neatly summarized in an equation we'll be using. It connects
boiling point elevation to molality (amount of solute) and a constant specific to the
solvent. The beauty? We can use this to find the molar mass of an unknown solute!
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure: The Flow of Solutions (10 minutes)
• Shifting gears to 'Osmosis' - imagine a semipermeable membrane separating
solutions of different concentrations. Solvent flows from the less concentrated side
to the more concentrated one, trying to equalize them. This flow is osmosis!
• The pressure needed to stop this flow? That's 'Osmotic Pressure.' Think about its
importance: purifying water, maintaining cell shape - osmosis is everywhere! We'll
explore these applications to see its real-world impact.
Creative Thinking: Applying Colligative Properties (5 minutes)
• Time to put on our thinking caps! Let's divide into groups. I'll present real-world
scenarios, and you analyze how colligative properties come into play.
• Think about: salt on icy roads, antifreeze in cars, desalination plants – each involves
these properties! Discuss in your groups, be ready to share your insights!
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