MAT 121 - MATRICES AND CALCULUS

Second Semester of Academic Year 2024-2025

Syllabus and Tutorial Problems

Prepared by
RAJAN M.P.

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
AND RESEARCH THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
January, 2025
MAT 121 - MATRICES AND CALCULUS 3-1-0-3

MATRICES: (Approximately 17 lectures)

1. Matrices and determinants, Row reduced canonical forms and rank - 4 hours

2. Solution of simultaneous linear equations - [3 hours]

3. Vectors in R2 and R3 , Rn as a vector space and its subspaces, basis and dimension - [3
hours]

4. Linear transformation and matrix representation of a linear transformation, Eigenvalues

and eigenvectors, applications - [7 hours]

CALCULUS: (Approximately 23 lectures)

1. The Natural Numbers,The Peano axioms; Real Numbers; Properties of Real Numbers;
Least upper bound and greatest lower bound properties:

2. Real-valued functions: examples of standard functions, periodic functions, inverse func-

tions, composition of functions, plotting of basic functions. [3 hours]

3. Real sequences, series, limit of sequences and series (intuitive definition and verification
through examples). Examples of some standard convergent and divergent series. [3 hours]

4. Limits and Continuity - Informal definition of limit, examples, Sandwich theorem, Conti-
nuity, Algebra of limits, intermediate value theorem (statement), applications. [3 hours]

5. Differentiation: Tangents and slopes, rate of change and derivative, differentiability and
continuity, rules of differentiation, implicit differentiation, tangents and normals lines.
Mean value theorem, Rolle’s theorem, and applications. Taylor’s theorem and Taylor’s
series, Maclaurin Series. [6 hours]

6. Applications of differentiation in curve sketching: critical points, finding the extremum

values using derivatives, second derivative test, monotone functions. convex and concave
functions, inflection points, limit at infinity. [3 hours]

7. Integration: Riemann integral as the limit of a sum, examples, properties of definite inte-
gral, Fundamental theorems 1 and 2 of Calculus, indefinite integral. [3 hours]

8. Application of Integration - Calculating Area and Volume. [2 hours]

Texts/References:

Texts:

ˆ E. Kreyszig: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Eighth Edition, Wiley India Pvt Ltd,
2010

ˆ Gilbert Strang, Linear Algebra and Its Applications, Brooks/Cole, 2006

ˆ K. Hoffman and R. Kunze, Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall, 1996.

ˆ James Stewart, Calculus: Early Transcendentals, Eighth Edition, Cengage Learning, 2014

ˆ T. M. Apostol, Calculus, vol 1, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2007.

ˆ R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, 4th ed., Wiley, 2011.
 PROBLEM SHEET

Linear Algebra

1. Find a 2 × 2 matrix A such that A2 is diagonal but not A.

2. Find an upper triangular matrix A such that

 
3 8 −57
A =
0 27
3. Find a, b, c, d where
     
a b a 6 4 a+b
3 = +
c d −1 2d c+d 3
4. Determine whether the following assertions true or false.

ˆ For any two matrices A and B of the same size, A + B = B + A.

ˆ If, for matrices A and B the product AB is defined, the the product BA is defined.

ˆ If C is a scalar matrix of order n, then for any matrix A of order n, CA = AC.

ˆ If A is a real matrix of order n, then A2 − 2A is also a real matrix of order n.

ˆ For a matrix A of order n such that A ̸= I, A2 can never be equal to In .

   
1 2 3 3 2 1
5. Given the matrices A = 4 5 6 ; B = 1 −5 2, verify that |AB| = |A|.|B|.
7 −8 9 1 7 1
 
1 1 1
6. Let A =  α β γ . Show that det(A) = (α − β)(β − γ)(γ − α).
α2 β 2 γ 2

cos(A − P ) cos(A − Q) cos(A − R)

7. Without evaluating the determinant, show that D = cos(B − P ) cos(B − Q) cos(B − R) =
cos(C − P ) cos(C − Q) cos(C − R)
0
a a 2 a3 − 1
8. If b b2 b3 − 1 = 0, where a ̸= b ̸= c. Show that abc = 1.
c c2 c3 − 1

1+a 1 1 1
1 1+b 1 1 1
9. Prove that = abcd(1 + a
+ 1b + 1c + d1 ); a, b, c ̸= 0.
1 1 1+c 1
1 1 1 1+d
10. Show that the system ax + by = r, cx + dy = s has a unique solution iff ad − bc ̸= 0. What
happens when ad − bc = 0?
11. Determine the values of a so that the system x1 + x2 − x3 = 1, 2x1 + 3x2 + ax3 = 3, x1 +
ax2 + 3x3 = 2 has (i) no solutions, (ii) a unique solution, and (iii) more than one solutions.

12. Does the system of linear equations x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + z = 3 has a solution with

z = 7? Find the general solution of this system.

13. Does the system of linear equations x + 2y = 1, 2x + z = 2, 3x + 2y + z − w = 4 has a

solution with w = −2? Obtain the general solution by Gauss elimination.

14. This system is not linear, in some sense, 2 sin α − cos β + 3 tan γ = 3, 4 sin α + 2 cos α −
2 tan γ = 10, 6 sin α − 3 cos β + tan γ = 9 and yet we can apply Gauss elimination method.
Do so? Does the system have a solution?

15. Find coefficients a, b, c such that the graph of f (x) = ax2 + bx + c passes through the points
(1, 2), (−1, 6), and (2, 3).

16. (a) Describe all functions f (x) = ax2 + bx + c such that f (1) = 2 and f (−1) = 6.
(b) Describe all functions f (x) = ax2 + bx + c such that f (1) = 2.

17. Determine which matrices are in reduced echelon form(row-reduced echelon form) and
which are only in echelon form
   
    1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 (ii) 0 1 1 0 (iii) 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 2
(i) 
0
 (iv)  
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4

18. Describe the possible echelon forms of a nonzero 2 × 2 matrix.

19. (a) List all the possible forms of echelon form of 3 × 3 matrices.
(b) List all the possible reduced echelon form of 3 × 3 matrices.

20. Suppose the following matrices represent the augmented matrices for a system of linear
equations. In each case, determine, consistency of the system. ■ denotes the leading entry
which may have any non-zero value and ∗ may be any value(including zero).
   
■ ∗ ∗ ∗ 0 ■ ∗ ∗ ∗
(i)  0 ■ ∗ ∗  (ii) 0 0 ■ ∗ ∗
0 0 ■ 0 0 0 0 0 ■

21. Investigate the consistency of the following system of equations and if possible find the
solution.
 4x − 2y + 6z = 8
x + y − 3z = −1
15x − 3y + 9z = 21

22. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Elimination Method.

(i) 2x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 4x4 = 4 (ii) 2x1 + 3x2 − 3x3 = 0

−6x1 − 8x2 + 6x3 − 2x4 = 1 x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
4x1 + 4x2 − 4x3 − x4 = −7 −4x1 + 6x3 = 2

23. Using Gauss-Jordan Method, find the inverse of

   
1 1 3 1 1 2
(i)  1 3 −3 (ii) 1 2 3
−2 −4 −4 2 3 1

24. Find all the solutions of the system given by their augmented matrices
 
2 4 1 7  
0 1 3 7  3 6 −1 1 5
(i)  −1 2 2 3 3 .
3 3 −1 9  (ii)

4 −8 −3 −2 1
1 2 3 11

25. Show that any two n × n nonsingular matrices are row-equivalent. Are any two singular
matrices row equivalent?

26. Show that the system Ax = b is consistent if and only if rank(A)= rank([A:b])

27. Let A be an m × n matrix. Suppose that A is reduced to an echelon form U. Prove that
rank(A) = Number of non-zero rows in U.( rank(A)= dimension of R(A)).

28. Let A be an n × n matrix, Prove that the following statements are equivalent.(i) A is
invertible. (ii) A is row-equivalent to the n × n identity matrix. (iii) A is a product of
elementary matrices.

29. Let A, B be symmetric matrices of the same size. Show that AB is symmetric iff AB = BA.
Can we have AB = BA, AB symmetric but A, B not symmetric?

30. Let A be an n × n matrix. Prove that (a) If A2 = 0 then A is singular. (b) If A2 = A, A ̸= I

then A is singular.

31. Show that every square matrix can be uniquely written as a sum of a Hermitian and a
skew-Hermitian matrix.
32. If A, B are square matrices of the same order, then prove that (a)T r(AB) = T r(BA)
(b)T r(ABA−1 ) = T r(B), when A is invertible.
S
33. Let W, U are subspaces of V. Show that W U is a subspace iff either W ⊆ U orU ⊆ W

34. Let A be row-equivalent to B. Then show that A and B have the same row spaces.

35. Let u1 , u2 , . . . um be independent vectors in V and u = α1 u1 + α2 u2 + . . . + um for some

fized αi ∈ F. Show that the above representation is unique, that is, we cannot find another
set βi such that u = m
P
i=1 βi ui .

36. (a) Let T : R3 → R2 be a linear map given by T e1 = 2f1 − f2 ; T e2 = f1 + 2f2 ; T e3 =

0f1 + 0f2 , where {e1 , e2 , e3 } and {f1 , f2 } are standardbasis of R3 and R2 respectively.

Find the matrix of T relative to the bases B1 = (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1) and
 
B2 = (1, 1), (1, −1) of R3 and R2 respectively.

1 1
Z
(b) Let V = P2 (R) and T : V → V be defined by (T p)(x) = (3t + 6x + 6xt + 3x2 )p(t)dt.
2 −1
Show that T is a linear
 map.  Find the matrix representation of T with respect to the
ordered basis B = 1, x, x2 . Determine whether T is one-one or onto. Find the null
space and range space of T.

37. Find the inverse of the linear transformation T : R3 → R3 defined by T e1 = e1 + e2 ; T e2 =

e1 − e2 + e3 ; T e3 = 3e1 + 4e3 .

38. Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following matrices.
   
  1 0 0 1 1 2
1 4
(i) (ii) 0 2 1 (iii) 0 5 −1
3 2
2 0 3 0 0 7

39. Let A and B be square matrices. Prove that AB and BA have the same eigenvalues.

40. If  
1 0 0
A = 1 0 1 ,
0 1 0
then show that An = An−2 + A2 − I for n ≥ 2 and hence find A50 .
 Calculus

41. Find the lub and glb, if they exist, of the following sets.

ˆ {1 − 1
n
: n ∈ N}
ˆ { 5n
1
: n ∈ Z, n ̸= 0}
ˆ { 3n+2
2n+1
: n ∈ N}

ˆ {x : −5 < x < 3}

ˆ {x : x = (−1)n }

42. Give an example of a bounded set

(a) which contains its lub but doesnot contain the glb

(b) which contains its glb but doesnot contain its lub

43. Find the supremum and infimum of the following set. Check whether they belong to the
set or not.
(a) {3, 4, 7} (b) {1, 1/2, . . .} (c) {. . . − 2, −3/2, . . . , −5/4, . . .} (d) (2, 3)

44. Let n ∈ N.

(i) Prove that n2 > n + 1 for n ≥ 2, and 2n2 > (n + 1)2 for n ≥ 3.
(ii) Prove that n! > n2 for n ≥ 4.
(iii) Decide for which n the inequality 2n > n2 is true.

(iv) For each n ∈ N, let Pn denote the assertion “ n2 + 5n + 1 is an even integer”. Prove
that Pn+1 is true whenever Pn is true. Is Pn true for all n ∈ N? What is the moral of
this exercise?

45. For xn given below, discuss the convergence of the sequence (xn ). In case of convergence
find the limit.
1 √ n n
(i) xn := ; (ii) x n := n; (iii) x n := (−1) ; (iv) x n := ;
n2 2n + 1
cos(nπ) nπ
(v) xn := √ ; (vi) xn := − sin( ); (vii) x1 := 1 and xn := 3x2n−1 ;
n 2
√ √
(viii) xn := n3/2 ( n + 1 − n).

46. Consider the sequence (xn ) where xn is given below.

 (i) xn := x1/n , where x > 0. Show that xn → 1 as n → ∞.
(ii) xn := n1/n . Show that xn → 1 as n → ∞.
(iii) xn := xn , where |x| < 1. Show that xn → 0 as n → ∞.

47. Consider the sequences (xn ) and (yn ). Prove or disprove the following.

(i) The sequence (xn yn ) converges if (xn ) converges.

(ii) The sequence (xn yn ) converges if (xn ) converges and (yn ) is bounded.
(iii) The sequence (xn yn ) converges if both (xn ) and (yn ) converge.

48. (Null sequence) Let xn be a sequence such that xn ̸= 0 for n ∈ N. Suppose that
xn+1
| | → L as n → ∞.
xn
(i) If L < 1 then show that xn → 0 as n → ∞.
(ii) If L > 1 then show that xn → ∞ as n → ∞.
(iii) Give an example of a convergent sequence (xn ) for which |xn+1 /xn | → 1 as n → ∞.
(iv) Give an example of a sequence (xn ) for which |xn+1 /xn | → 1 as n → ∞ but (xn ) does
not converge.

49. For xn given below, discuss the convergence of the sequence (xn ). In case of convergence
find the limit.

k n xn
(i) xn := n x , where k ∈ N and |x| < 1; (ii) xn := , where x ∈ R;
n!
n xn 23n
(iii) xn := n , where x > 1; (iv) xn := n , where x > 1; (v) xn := 2n ;
x 2 3
n
x
(vi) xn := n2 an , where 0 < a < 1; (vii) xn := 2 , where x > 1.
n
n
x n!
(viii) xn := , where x > 1; (ix) xn := n .
n! n
50. Find the limits of the following functions whenever they exist. [x] denotes the largest
integer ≤ x.
sin x |x − 1| + 1
(i) lim ; (ii) limx→3 ([x] − [2x − 1]); (iii) limx→2 ([x] − x2 ); (iv)lim .
x→0 |x| x→1 x + |x + 1|

x2 |4x−8|
51. (i) Let f : (1, 2) → R be such that −16 − sin2 (x − 2) < f (x) < x−2
, for x ∈ (1, 2).
Show that limx→2 f (x) exists and find the limit.
 (ii) Let f : R → R and c ∈ R. If limh→0+ [f (c + h) − f (c − h)] = 0, does limx→c f (x) exist?

(iii) Let f : (a, b) → R. Define |f | : (a, b) → R by |f |(x) := |f (x)| for x ∈ (a, b). Let
c ∈ (a, b). If limx→c f (x) exists and is equal to L then show that limx→c |f |(x) exists
and is equal to |L|. Is the converse true?
(iv) Let f : A → R and c ∈ R. Suppose that limx→c f (x) exists. Show that there exists
δ > 0 such that for all x ∈ A and 0 < |x − c| < δ, |f (x)| ≤ M for some M > 0.

52. (i) Give an example of a function f : [0, 1] → R such that f is discontinuous at each
x ∈ [0, 1] but |f | is continuous on [0, 1].
(ii) Let f, g : R → R be continuous at c ∈ R. Define H, K : R → R by H(x) :=
max(f (x), g(x)) and K(x) := min(f (x), g(x)) for x ∈ R. Discuss the continuity of H
and K at c.

2x, if x is rational,
(iii) Let f : R → R be such that f (x) :=
1 − x, if x is irrational.
Show that f is continuous only at c := 1/3.
(v) Let f, g : [0, 1] → R be continuous and f (x) = g(x) if x ∈ [0, 1] is rational. Prove or
disprove that f (x) = g(x) for all x ∈ [0, 1].

(vi) Let f : [a, b] → R be such that whenever a ≤ x1 < x2 ≤ b and λ lies between f (x1 )
and f (x2 ), then there is some c ∈ [x1 , x2 ] such that f (c) = λ. Must f be continuous?
(vii) Let n ∈ N and 0 < a ∈ R. Show that there is unique 0 < b ∈ R such that bn = a.

53. (i) Let f : [a, b] → [a, b] be continuous. Show that there exists p ∈ [a, b] such that
f (p) = p.
(ii) Show that the equation 17x7 −19x5 −1 = 0 has a solution p which satisfies −1 < p < 0.
(iii) Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous. Suppose that for every x ∈ [a, b] there exists
a y ∈ [a, b] such that f (y) ≤ f (x)/2. Show that there exists p ∈ [a, b] such that
f (p) = 0.

54. If a function f satisfies one of the following conditions, can f be continuous? Justify your
answer.

(i) f : [1, 10] → R such that f (1) = 0, f (10) = 11 and f ([1, 10]) ⊂ [−1, 0] ∪ [1, 11].
(ii) f : [0, 1] → R and f ([0, 1]) = (−1, 1).
(iii) f : [−1, 1] :→ R such that f ([−1, 1]) = [0, ∞).

55. Analyze the following functions for uniform continuity.

 √
(i) f (x) := x3 , x ∈ (2, 3); (ii) f (x) := sin(1/x), x ∈ (0, 1];

(iii) f (x) := 1/x2 , x ∈ (0, 1); (iv) f (x) := x3 , x ∈ R; (v) f (x) := 1/(1 + x2 ), x ∈ R.

56. Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous and one-to-one.

(i) If f (a) < f (b) then show that f is strictly increasing.

(ii) If f (a) > f (b) then show that f is strictly decreasing.

57. Let f : R → R be given by f (x) := x2 sin(x) if x ̸= 0 and f (0) := 0. Show that f is

differentiable on R. Is f ′ a continuous function?
f (c+h)−f (c−h)
58. If f : (a, b) → R is differentiable at c ∈ (a, b), then show that limh→0+ 2h
exists
and is equal to f ′ (c). Is the converse true?

59. Given g(x) := f ( 2x−1

x+1
) and f ′ (x) = sin(x2 ), compute g ′ (x).

60. Let f : [a, b] → R be differentiable. Show that f ′ has the Intermediate Value Property on
[a, b], that is, f ′ assumes all values between f ′ (a) and f ′ (b)

61. Let f ∈ C([a, b]) be differentiable on (a, b). If f (a)f (b) < 0 and f ′ (x) ̸= 0 for all x ∈ (a, b),
then show that there is a unique x0 ∈ (a, b) such that f (x0 ) = 0.

62. Let p and q be real and p > 0. Show that the cubic x3 + px + q has exactly one real root.

63. For p, q ∈ R, show that the cubic x3 + px + q has three distinct real roots if and only if
4p3 + 27q 2 < 0.
 √
√2x − x
2 0 ≤ x ≤ 21
64. Let f : [1/2, 1/2] → R be given by f (x) := Show that
−2x − x2 −12
≤ x ≤ 0.
f (−1/2) = f (1/2) but f ′ (x) ̸= 0 for all 0 < |x| < 1/2. Does this contradict Rolle’s
theorem?

65. Let f ∈ C([a, b]) be differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) < f (b) then show that f ′ (c) > 0 for
some c ∈ (a, b).

66. In each case, find a function f satisfying all the given conditions or else show that no such
function exists.

(i) f : R → R such that f ′′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R and f ′ (0) = 1 = f ′ (1).
(ii) f : R → R such that f ′′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R and f ′ (0) = 1, f ′ (1) = 2.

(iii) f : R → R such that f ′′ (x) ≥ 0 and f ′ (0) = 1, f (x) ≤ 1 for all x < 0.
67. Let f ∈ C([a, b]) be differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a and f (b) = b then show that there
exist distinct c1 , c2 ∈ (a, b) such that f ′ (c1 ) + f ′ (c2 ) = 2.

68. Use MVT to prove the following.

π
(i) 4
< tan( π4 ) < tan( π5 ) < π
4

(ii) | sin(a) − sin(b)| ≤ |a − b|

1
√ √
(iii) 2√n+1 < n + 1 − n < 2√1 n .

a0
69. Let n+1
+ an1 + ... + a−n−1
2
+ an = 0. Show that the function a0 xn + a1 xn−1 + ... + an vanishes
at least once in (0, 1).

70. If a function f is continuous in [0,1], show that

Z 1
nf (x) π
lim dx = f (0)
n→∞ 0 1 + n2 x2 2

71. Let f and g be bounded and integrable on [a,b]. Prove that

Z b 2 Z b Z b
2
f (x)g(x)dx ≤ [f (x)] dx [g(x)]2 dx
a a a

Under what conditions the sign of equality holds good.

Rx R1
72. If f : [0, 1] → R is continuous and 0
f (t)dt = x
f (t)dt, ∀x ∈ [0, 1], show that
f (x) = 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1].

73. Examine
Z 1 the convergence of the improper integrals Z ∞
Z 1 Z 1 ∞
sin2 x
Z
dx dx dx xdx
(i) 2
(ii) √ (iii) 2 2
(iv) (v) dx
0 x 0 1 − x2 0 x (1 + x ) 0 (1 + x)3 0 x2

√
74. Find the area of the region enclosed between curves y = x and y = x2 .

75. The cross section of a certain solid made by planes perpendicular to x-axis are circles with
diameters extending from the curve y = 3x2 to the curve y = 16 − x2 . Find the volume of
the solid which lies between the points of intersection of these curves