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Unit 01 - Number Systems

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Logic Design Unit 1

Unit 1 Number Systems

Structure:
1.1 Introduction
Objectives
1.2 Decimal Number System
1.3 Binary Number Systems
1.4 Octal number systems
1.5 Hexadecimal Number systems
1.6 Negative Number Representation
Signed Magnitude Representation
1’s Complement
2’s Complement
1.7 Conversion from one number system to other number system
1.8 Complements Arithmetic
1.9 Summary
1.10 Terminal Questions
1.11 Answers

1.1 Introduction
The number system is a collection of number to represent the quantifiable
information. Most of the computations in the number systems are addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. we usually perform all calculation
using the decimal number system.
In decimal number system we have ten different digits or symbols i.e. 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The combination of this number gives quantifiable
values. To represent these values in the electronics world, we don’t have the
hardware, so there was need for the hardware which can represent the any
one number system. The invention of transistor, have triggered the engineers
to make use of the binary number system. The binary numbers system have
only two values i.e., 0, 1. With the help of the transistor we can represent the
two states (0, 1) of the number.
The invention of transistor made a remarkable change in the electronic world
especially in computer science. The transistor acted as a switch, able to
represent the binary number. In computer, the computations are not carried
similar to the normal day to day computation. Enormous numbers of
algorithms are developed to carry out the computation operations.
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There is a need of human computer interpretation requirement because

human requires the value must be represented in the decimal systems
whereas the computer computes internal value in binary systems. So there
was a need of binary to decimal interpretation representation system and it is
called Binary Coded Decimal (BCD). All decimal numbersare converted into
the binary and then computation is performed and later is converted back
into the decimal system.
The encoding of data in digital system is common. Since we know that the
computer can only understand binary, there is a need for the conversion of
alphabets and other special characters also into the binary. The different
encoding and decoding has designed to suite the requirements. In this unit,
we will discuss the different numbering system and their conversion between
across the different numbering system.
Objectives:
By the end of Unit 1 the learners are able to:
• list and explain the different numbering systems.  explain the negative
number representation
• explain conversion techniques in number systems
• perform complements arithmetic

1.2 Decimal Number Systems

From the kindergarten to nowadays, we are exposed only to the decimal
number systems.
A decimal number system has ten different digits or symbols. They are 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The base (or radix) of a number system is the
number of different symbols available to represent any digit within that
system. For example, the base or radix of decimal number system is 10 as
there are ten different digits.We represent the value with base i.e. 25 10 here
the number 25 represent the quantifiable value and the number 10 represent
the base of the decimal numbering system.
Example 1.1: How do you represent decimal number 456710?
This number is represented as
4 x 103 + 5 x 102 + 6 x 101 + 7 x 100

The number position always starts from Zero. Here if you observe 7
is in 0th position it give value 7
6 is in 1st position it gives value 60

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5 is in 2nd position it gives value 500

4 is in 3rd position it gives value 4000
Summing all together we get the value is 456710.
All decimal number is split into two parts. The value before dot and the value
after dot. The value before dot is an absolute vale and the value after dot is a
fractional value.
Example 1.2: How do you represent decimal number 4567.890110?
This number can represented as
4 x 103 + 5 x 102 + 6 x 101 + 7 x 100 . 8 x 10-1 + 9 x 10-2 + 0 x 10-3 + 1 x 10-4

The number is position is given as

The value before dot
7 is in 0th position it give value 7
6 is in 1st position it gives value 60
5 is in 2nd position it gives value 500
4 is in 3rd position it gives value 4000
The value after dot
8 is in -1st position it give value 0.8
9 is in -2nd position it gives value 0.09
0 is in -3rd position it gives value 0.000
1 is in -4th position it gives value 0.0001
Summing all together we get the value 4567.890110

1.3 Binary Number Systems

The word bi means two.Binary number system has only two digits or
symbols. They are 0 and 1. Hence the base of this number system is 2.
Numbers represented in this system are commonly called binary numbers.
The digit 0 or 1 is called binary digit (Bit).The use of binary number system
came to existence because of the computer. The transistor can represent the
value ‘0’ by off state and the value “1” by on state.
Example 1.3: How to represent the binary value “1010” in decimal format?
1 x 23 + 0 x 2 2 + 1 x 2 1 + 0 x 2 0

The decimal representation is

8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 1010
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Example 1.4: How do you represent the binary value 1010.101 in decimal
format?
1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20. 1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3

The binary representation is

8 + 0 + 2 + 0 . 0.5 + 0.0 + 0.125 = 10.62510

1.4 Octal Number Systems

In octal number system, there are eight different digits or symbols. They are
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Since there are eight digits, the base of the octal
number system is 8.

Example 1.5: How do to represent the octal value “1760” in decimal format?
1 x 83 + 7 x 8 2 + 6 x 8 1 + 0 x 8 0

The decimal representation is

512 + 448 + 48 + 0 = 100810
Example 1.6: How do you represent the octal value 1760.154 in decimal
format?
1 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 6 x 81 + 0 x 80. 1 x 8-1 + 5 x 8-2 + 4 x 8-3

The decimal representation is

512 + 448 + 48 +0+0.125 + 0.078125 + 0.0078125 = 1008.210937510

1.5 Hexadecimal Number Systems

The base of Hexadecimal number system is 16, means there are sixteen
different symbols or digits. They are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F.

Where A = (10)10, B = (11)10 , C = (12)10 , D = (13)10, E=(14)10 and F = (15)10

Example 1.7: How to represent the Hexadecimal value “1A3F” in decimal
format?
1 x 163 + A x 162 + 3 x 161 + F x 160

1 x 163+ 10x 162+ 3 x 161 + 15x 160 The

decimal representation is

4096 + 2560 + 48 + 15 = 671910

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Example 1.8: How do you represent the hexadecimal value “1A3F.C0E” in

decimal format?
1 x 163 + A x 162 + 3 x 161 + F x 160.C x 16-1 + 0 x 16-2 + E x 16-3

The decimal representation is

4096 + 2560 + 48 + 15+0.75 +0 +0.0034179= 6719.753417910
The table 1.1 says about the collection of the binary number as
Table 1.1: Acronyms
4 bits Nibble
8 bits Byte
16 bits Half Word
32 bit Word
The binary presented in two ways little endian and big endian method are as
shown in the tables 1.2 and 1.3 respectively. Most of computer architecture
has been designed based on either of this format to transfer the data across
the system. The Least Significant Bit (LSB) where the value has least place
holder value. The Most Significant Value (MSB), where the value has highest
place holder value.
Table 1.2: Big Endian Method
1 0 1 0 1
MSB LSB
Table 1.3: Little Endian Method
1 0 1 0 1
LSB MSB

1.6 Negative Number Representation

The negative number has represented in many ways, they are
• Signed magnitude
• 1’s complement
• 2’s complement
1.6.1 Signed Magnitude Representation
The signed magnitude representation is one of the methods to represent the
negative and positive number in binary system. It is a regular binary
representation with addition of one more bit in the MSB side represent the
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number is negative or positive. The MSB “0” represent the positive value and
MSB “1” represent the negative value.
The range for this representation is: - 2n-1 -1 to + 2n-1 -1
The drawbacks of this representation are: It has both positive and negative
zero, and complex architecture required for computation.
1.6.2 1’s Complement
The 1’s complement is slightly different from the signed magnitude number.
All binary bits are complemented and represented along with the sign bit. As
shown in table 1.4
The range function for this representation is: - 2n-1 -1 to + 2n-1 -1

The drawbacks of this representation are: It has both positive and negative
zero and complex architecture required for computation.
1.6.3 2’s Complement
The 2’s Complement is asymmetric system with additional bit is required to
represent any numbers. The binary bits are complemented and added 1
with it.The range function for this representation is: - 2 n-1 to + 2n-1 -1.The
addition and subtraction can be performed using same hardware. The table
1.4 shows the comparison of negative number systems.
Table 1.4: Comparisons of Negative Number Systems
Signed 1’s 2’s
Decimal
Magnitude Complement Complement
-8 – – 1000
-7 1111 1000 1001
-6 1110 1001 1010
-5 1101 1010 1011
-4 1100 1011 1100
-3 1011 1100 1101
-2 1010 1101 1110
-1 1001 1110 1111
-0 1000 1111 –
+0 0000 0000 0000
+1 0001 0001 0001
+2 0010 0010 0010
+3 0011 0011 0011

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+4 0100 0100 0100

+5 0101 0101 0101
+6 0110 0110 0110
+7 0111 0111 0111
1.7 Conversion from one number system to other number system
From the earlier example from 1.1 to 1.8 was showing how to convert from
all number system to decimal. From here onwards, we will see how to
convert the number from decimal to all other number systems.
The decimal number must be divided by the base of the other number
systems to convert decimal number (i.e. Integer part) to other numbering
system. For example, if we want to convert the decimal number to binary
number system, we must divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly till our
quotient becomes zero as shown in example 1.9. The reminder moving from
the bottom to top will be our binary number. It is similar for all other number
system.
Example 1.9: How to convert 10010 into binary, octal and hexadecimal?

So far we have studied the decimal number to other number system without
fraction. Now we will concentrate on the fractional conversion.
The fractional decimal number must be multiplied by the base of the other
number system to convert it into other number systems as shown in example
1.10. For example decimal number is to be converted into the binary.
Fractional part has to be multiplied by 2 repeatedly till we will make the
fractional part zero. If the fractional part goes on and on, we can terminate in
between.
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Example 1.10: How to convert 100.26510 into binary, octal and hexadecimal?
Let us take the integer part first and convert it to other number systems.

Now for the fractional part, we follow the multiplication process as shown
below:

Therefore,
100.26510= (1100100.0100)2 ; 100.26510=(144.20753)8 ;
100.26510= (64.43D70)16
Now before we convert number from octal to binary and vice versa, one has
to know the equivalent numbers for both the systems. The table 1.5 shows
the octal numbers with its equivalent the binary numbers.
Table 1.5: Octal numbers with equivalent binary number formats
Octal Binary
0 000

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1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
From the table 1.5, it is clear that any octal digit can be represented by a
group of three binary digits (or Bits)
To covert any hexadecimal number to binary and vice versa, refer the table
1.6 which shows the binary equivalent for the hexadecimal numbers. The
table 1.6 also gives the comparison of all the four number systems
Table 1.6: Comparison of decimal values with other number formats
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
0 0000 0 0
1 0001 1 1
2 0010 2 2
3 0011 3 3
4 0100 4 4
5 0101 5 5
6 0110 6 6
7 0111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
From the table 1.6, it is clear that any hexadecimal digit can be represented
by a group of four binary digits (or Bits)
Example 1.11: Convert the 61358 into binary value
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In this example, we can replace all independent value into equivalent 3-bit
binary value as shown below to get our answer.
6 1 3 58
110 001 011 1012
Example 1.12: Convert (6135.2478)8 into binary value
Similar with the example 1.11, here we will replace equivalent 3 bit binary
value to represent the octal value.
6 1 3 5 . 2 4 78 110
001 011 101 . 010 100 1112
Example 1.13: Convert 1A2C16 into Binary Value.
In this example, we can replace all independent value into 4-bit binary
equivalent as shown below to get our answer.
1 A 2 C16
0001 1010 0010 11002

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Example 1.14: Convert 1A2C.3B4D16 into Binary Value.

In this example, we can replace all independent value into 4-bit binary
equivalent as shown below to get our answer irrespective of its position.
1 A 2 C . 3 B 4 D16
0001 1010 0010 1100 . 0011 1011 0100 11012

1.8 Complements Arithmetic

This is a powerful yet simple technique which minimizes the hardware
implementation of signed arithmetic operations in a digital machine. In
practice, when using complement arithmetic, the process of subtraction
becomes one of addition.
In any number system, complements are available. In the binary system
they are
a) 2's complement or radix complement
b) 1's complement or diminished radix complement.
For the decimal number system, they are: a)
10's complement or radix complement
b) 9's complement or diminished radix complement.
The tables 1.7 and 1.8 show the rules for binary addition and subtraction
respectively.
Table 1.7: Addition
Value 1 Value 2 Carry Sum
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
Table 1.8: Subtraction
Value 1 Value 2 Borrow Difference
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0

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It is worth noting that the use of the 1's complement in the binary system
raises certain hardware implementation difficulties so that signed arithmetic
processes are invariably performedusing 2's complement notation.
The major advantage of 2's complement over 1's complement is that 2's
complement has only one value for zero. One's complement has a "positive"
zero and a "negative" zero which is the disadvantage of 1's complement.
Also note that there is no addition of end around carry in 2’s complement
method.
Example 1.15: Compute binary arithmetic operation for 9 – 5 using 2’s
Complement.
Note: Refer table 1.4 for the equivalent values.
Here keep the binary equivalent of 9 (1001) as it is and keep the 2’s
complement equivalent of 5 (1011) and add both vales to get the result 4,
ignore carry generated MSB bit.
1001
1011
10100
Discarding the carry (i.e. 1), we get the answer 0100 which is equal to 4 in
decimal.

Example 1.16: Compute Binary arithmetic Operation for 9 – 5 using 1’s

Complement.
Note: Refer table 1.4 for the equivalent values.
Here keep the binary equivalent of 9 (1001) as it is and keep the 1’s
complement equivalent of 5(1010) and add both vales to get the partial
result and add the carry value in the LSB to get the result 4.
1001
1010
10011
+1
0100

Excess Notation
The excess notation is a means of representing both negative and positive
numbers in a manner in which the order of the bit patterns is maintained.
The algorithm for computing the excess notation bit pattern is as follows:

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1. Add the excess value 2N-1, (where N is the number of bits used to
represent the number) to the number.
2. Convert the resulting number into binary format.
The 2N–1 is often referred to as the Magic Number for computing the excess
representation of the number (except that there is no magic in it). Table 1.9
presents all the numbers that can be represented using the excess-8
notation.
Table 1.9: Numbers using the Excess-8 representation
Number Excess Number Bit Pattern
7 15 1111
6 14 1110
5 13 1101
4 12 1100
3 11 1011
2 10 1010
1 9 1001
0 8 1000
-1 7 0111
-2 6 0110
-3 5 0101
-4 4 0100
-5 3 0011
-6 2 0010
-7 1 0001
-8 0 0000
The number of bits used to represent a code in excess-8 is 4 bits. Also, the
bit patterns are in sequence (the largest number that can be represented
has the bit pattern 1111).

Example 1.17: Consider the following operation 7 – 2. Substituting the bit

patterns from the table:

The result of the addition operation is the bit-pattern used for 5 in binary.

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The excess notation representation however takes longer to compute than

the 2’s complement notation. The excess notation will however play an
important part in computing floating-point representations.
Bias Notation
The excess notation is a special case of the biased notation. For instance,
excess-8 is biased around 8 (i.e.0 has the bit pattern associated with
decimal 8). Instead of using the magic number, any number (bias) can be
used.
Note: This concept becomes important when we address the IEEE Single
Precision Floating-Point standard.
Floating-Point Notation
The floating-point notation is used:
a. To represent integers that are larger than the maximum value that canbe
held by a bit-pattern (the maximum value that can be held by 8 bits is
255).
b. To represent real numbers.
Large Integers
Consider a really large number 1,234,567. The number requires seven
places to represent the value. If the number of places available to represent
the number is limited to say four places, certain digits have to be dropped.
The selection of digits to be dropped is based on the value associated with
the digit. In this case, we will drop the last three digits ‘567’.
The resulting number is:
1,234,000
The loss of ‘567’ is a loss of precision but if the most significant digits were
to be eliminated, says ‘123’, and then the resulting number is 4,567, which
presents an even greater loss of precision.
Rules for determining significance (integers):
1. A nonzero digit is always significant
2. The digit '0' is significant if it lies between other significant digits
3. The digit '0' is never significant if it precedes all the nonzero digits
Self Assessment Questions
1. Decimal means base __________.
2. The decimal value of the bit pattern 11111111 is _________.

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3. The range of values represented by an 8-bit binary number is _____.

4. The binary equivalent of 228 is _________.
5. The result of 7 – 2 using 1’s complement notation is ____________.
6. The bit pattern 1011 in 1’s complement notation is __________.
7. The result of 7 – 2 using 2’s complement notation is __________.
8. The bit pattern 1110 in 2’s complement notation is ___________.
9. The 2N–1 is often referred to as the ______________ for computing
the excess representation of the number.
10. The significant digits of 0012340 are _______.
11. The bit pattern 1101 Excess Number converted value is ________.

1.9 Summary
Let us recapitulate the important concepts discussed in this unit:
• In decimal number system, we have ten different digits or symbols
i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
• The base of octal number system is 8, means the number system has
eight different digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
• Any octal digit can be represented by a group of three binary digits (or
Bits)
• In Hexadecimal number system, we have sixteen different digits or
symbols i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and A, B, C, D, E and F.
• The negative number can be represented in many ways. They are
Signed magnitude, 1’s complement and 2’s complement.
• 2’s complement is obtained by complementing the binary digits i.e. bits
and then 1 is added to it.
• The major advantage of 2's complement over 1's complement is that 2's
complement has only one value for zero.

1.10 Terminal Questions

1. Convert the following binary numbers to base 10:
a. 10101101
b. 110110.1
2. Convert the following octal numbers to base 10:
a. 273
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b. 1021
3. Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to base 10:
a. 145
b. A2C1
4. Convert the following decimal numbers to base 2:
a. 122
b. 98
5. Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal:
a. 1145
b. 2421
6. Perform the following binary arithmetic operations
a. 101011 + 10111
b. 1101 + 1110 + 1001
c. 11101 –10110
d. 1100.010 – 1000.111
7. Write the 8-bit signed magnitude, 2's complement and 1's
complementform of the following decimal numbers: a. + 119
b. – 77
c. – 3
8. Perform the following arithmetic operations using 2's complement
a. 9 – 8
b. 10 - 6

1.11 Answers
Self Assessment Questions
1. 10
2. 255
3. 0 to 255.
4. 11100100
5. (0101)
6. (0100)2
7. (0101)
8. 0010
9. Magic Number

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10. 0012340
11. 13

Terminal Questions
1. Refer to Section 1.3 for conversion method
2. Refer to Section 1.4 forconversion method
3. Refer to Section 1.5 for conversion method
4. Refer to Section 1.7 for conversion method
5. Refer to Section 1.7 for conversion method
6. Refer to Section 1.7 for conversion method
7. Refer to Section 1.6 for method
8. Refer to Section 1.8 for 2’s complement subtraction method

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