CAMBRIDGE COURT HIGH SCHOOL

Class IX
Artificial Intelligence
Unit 01 - AI Reflection, Project Cycle, and Ethics

What is Artificial Intelligence?

When a machine...

●​ Mimics human intelligence Can solve real-world problems

●​ Improves on its own from past experiences
●​ Can predict and make decisions on its own ...it can be termed Artificially Intelligent!

How to make machines intelligent?

Data + Algorithm =Al Machine!

●​ When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future, learn,
and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence. In other words, you can say that a machine
is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data, understand it, analyze it, learn
from it, and improve it.
●​ Al is a form of intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study.
●​ Al theory and development of computer systems (both machines and software) can perform tasks that
normally require human intelligence.
●​ Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and applications and is expected to impact every
field in the future.
Overall, its core idea is to build machines and algorithms that are capable of performing computational tasks that
would otherwise require human-like brain functions.
Narrow Al: Narrow Al is designed to perform more specific tasks. It is also called Weak Al. This implies that
Narrow Al are intelligent systems that are programmed to perform specific tasks without the need for intrinsic
coding. Such machines are deployed to perform some repeated tasks.
Examples
●​ Email spam filters
●​ Netflix's recommendations
●​ Self-driven vehicles
●​ Voice interface-based assistants such as Alexa and Siri
●​ Performing content search (Google Search)
Key features of narrow Al
1. Perform a dedicated assigned task
2. Limited to a particular field of application
3. Has a predefined set of functions
General Al: Artificial general intelligence, unlike Narrow Al, includes the capability of understanding a vast
scope of activities. It is also called Strong Al. This Al is looked upon as a form of intelligence as is shown in
many popular movies like Ex Machina, The Terminator, and 2 Space Odyssey. It is an Al system with generalized
human cognitive abilities. When presented with unfamiliar tasks, a strong Al system can find a solution, without
human intervention.
Examples
●​ Chatbot that understands customer's needs and suggests solutions with its learned intelligence
●​ A training system that functions without the help of a trainer (Car, Airplane)
Key features of General Al
1. Capable of applying retained information to solve new problems
2. Think and respond(Smart) like humans do
3. Performing a variety of tasks in changing contexts
ADVANTAGES OF AI OVER HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
●​ Human intelligence is not failure-proof. Human intelligence has a high error rate compared to an Al
system. In the case of Al systems, there can be only hardware failure, which is rare.
●​ Al can be easily fed large amounts of information and assess the input parameters based on the input.
Humans cannot be fed such large amounts of information.
●​ Al can work in hostile environments. So, Al can be relied upon to do its work correctly even in otherwise
difficult circumstances.
●​ The Al systems can think logically without emotions, thus making rational decisions with fewer or no
mistakes.
DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
●​ Humans can become too dependent on Al and lose their mental abilities as can already be seen with
smartphones and video games.
●​ Machines can be programmed to kill people if put in the wrong hands. All robots can supersede humans,
enslaving us.
●​ Robots can cause severe unemployment, by replacing humans at their jobs.
●​ Can cost a lot of money and time to build, rebuild and repair. The robotic repair can be used to reduce the
time and humans needed to fix it, but that will cost more money and resources.
●​ No emotions are present in an Al system.

WHY WE STILL NEED HUMANS

While scientists and researchers are developing new techniques for automating daily tasks, artificial intelligence
(AI) still requires human oversight to function well. Driverless operations are required by cutting-edge
technologies like flying robots, drones, and self-driving autos. Enterprise Al, however, depends on people for
further operational guidance and requires outside assistance to accomplish tasks effectively.
AI has numerous applications in daily life, including:
1. Virtual Assistants: Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa make our lives easier.
2. Image Recognition: Facebook's facial recognition, Google Photos, and self-driving cars.
3. Natural Language Processing: Chatbots, language translation apps, and sentiment analysis.
4. Predictive Maintenance: AI-powered predictive maintenance in industries like manufacturing and healthcare.
5. Personalized Recommendations: Netflix, Amazon, and Spotify suggest products based on our preferences.
6. Health and Fitness: AI-powered fitness trackers, health monitoring apps, and personalized medicine.
7. Smart Home Devices: AI-controlled thermostats, lights, and security systems.
8. Customer Service: Chatbots and virtual assistants help with queries and support.
9. Financial Services: AI-powered fraud detection, credit scoring, and investment analysis.
10. Education: AI-driven personalized learning, adaptive learning systems, and automated grading.
11. Transportation: Self-driving cars, traffic management systems, and route optimization.
12. Cybersecurity: AI-powered threat detection, incident response, and predictive analytics.
13. Home Maintenance: AI-powered home maintenance and repair prediction.
14. Food and Cooking: AI-powered cooking assistants, meal planning, and recipe suggestions.
15. Mental Health: AI-powered mental health chatbots, mood tracking, and personalized therapy.

AI Project Cycle: An Introduction

Project
In any professional field, to solve a problem or to reach any solution, the approach is not like we do in our daily
lives. In a professional field, when we talk of the term problem it doesn’t mean the day-to-day difficulties we face
and overcome. Here, a problem refers to a big task to be accomplished or a set of major goals to be achieved.
Some real-life examples of problems and their solutions are given here.

PROBLEM SOLUTION
 Persistent traffic jams on a road. ​ Construct a flyover

A village is hard to reach. Lay down a road.

A region has no medical services available. Build a small hospital.

Attendance takes a lot of time in school and offices. Develop an attendance software

Every problem drives us to find a solution and every solution needs to be worked upon by the people who can do
it. Such tasks need the right expertise, the right kind of qualified people, suitable tools, and money. In addition to
all this, for successful completion, such tasks need something most important – Plan. Such tasks, which need
planning of resources (people and tools), time, and money for their successful completion in conformance to the
expected requirements are said to be projects.
Mapping the Problem to AI Project Cycle
1. Problem Scoping: Develop an AI system that can accurately diagnose crop diseases from images, providing
real-time feedback to farmers.
2. Data Acquisition
• Sources: Collect images of healthy and diseased crops from various farms and agricultural research centers.
• Tools: Use smartphones and cameras to capture high-quality images. • Good-Quality Data: Ensure the dataset
includes images of different crops and various stages of disease progression.
3. Data Exploration
• Validation: Check the images to ensure that the dataset we are building is useful and can help in disease
identification.
• Analysis: Explore the dataset to understand the common features of different diseases. • Preprocessing: Prepare
the data for model training by normalizing and augmenting images.
4. Modeling
• Model Selection: Choose suitable AI models for image classification.
• Training: Train the models using labeled datasets, ensuring they learn to distinguish between healthy and
diseased crops.
5. Evaluation
• Testing: Evaluate the models on a separate testing dataset to measure accuracy.
• Fine-tuning: Fine-tune the models based on evaluation results to achieve the desired performance.
6. Deployment: Integrate the AI model into a user-friendly mobile app. Ensure the platform is easily used by
farmers, especially in rural and remote areas. Provide training and resources to farmers on how to use the AI tool
effectively.

This AI project cycle demonstrates how a crop disease detection platform can be developed and deployed to help
farmers detect crop diseases early, prevent loss, and improve agricultural productivity.

AI Project Cycle Mapping Template

Data Acquisition Data Exploration Modeling Evaluation Deployment

Use smartphones Check whether Choose Evaluate the Integrate the AI
and cameras to the suitable AI models on a model into a
capture images are models for separate testing user-friendly
high-quality useful and can image dataset to mobile app.
images of help with classification measure accuracy. Ensure the
healthy and disease which can platform is easily
diseased plant identification. classify healthy used by farmers,
leaves. Explore the and even in rural and
dataset to diseased plants. remote areas.
understand the
common features
of different
diseases.

WHAT ARE ETHICS

Ethics refers to the principles and guidelines that help us determine what is right or wrong in various situations. It
involves making decisions and taking actions that align with values such as fairness, honesty, respect, and
responsibility.
Why are ethics important?
In the context of AI, ethics have become a significant concern because as AI technology makes advancements, it
has the potential to impact various aspects of our lives. Consider the following potential implications of Artificial
Intelligence on our daily lives:
1. Impact on People: AI systems can make decisions that affect people’s lives, like determining job
opportunities, loan approvals, or medical diagnoses. Ensuring that these decisions are fair and unbiased is crucial.
2. Bias and Discrimination: AI algorithms can learn from biased data and extend existing inequalities. It is
important to prevent AI from making biased or discriminatory decisions. 3. Privacy: AI relies on data and the way
data is collected and used can infringe on people’s privacy. Protecting personal information is an ethical concern.
4. Job Displacement: AI automation can lead to job loss in certain industries. Ethical considerations include
supporting workers and addressing societal impacts.
5. Transparency and Accountability: Understanding how AI makes decisions is vital. We need to ensure
transparency in AI systems and establish accountability for their actions.
6. Safety: In cases like autonomous vehicles, the ethical concern is about safety. AI must be programmed to make
safe decisions, especially when human lives are at stake.
7. Misuse: AI can be misused for harmful purposes, like spreading fake information or cyberattacks. Ensuring AI
is used responsibly is important.
BIASAI bias refers to the presence of unfair and unjust outcomes in artificial intelligence systems, particularly
the unfair treatment of specific groups of people. AI bias occurs because the information used to teach AI systems
can sometimes carry unfair ideas of people who operate such systems.

Some real-life case studies that highlight AI bias and its consequences are presented below: Case Study
AMAZON’S GENDER-BIASED HIRING TOOLAmazon developed an AI tool to help with the hiring process
but it was found to be biased against female candidates. This bias was due to the data used for training, which
contained mostly male resumes. As a result, the AI system favored male candidates, thus perpetuating gender bias
in hiring.
FACIAL BIAS IN FACIAL RECOGNITION Facial recognition systems have shown racial bias, performing
less accurately for people with darker skin tones. This bias is because the training data usually contains more
images of lighter-skinned individuals. This leads to misidentification and unequal treatment of people based on
their skin color.
To stop AI bias, it is essential to fix the problems in the data that is used to teach AI and to ensure that AI systems
are fair and unbiased.