GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)

References: Elem Surveying by La Putt

Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIONS AND ANGLES

Note:
Supplement this lecture note by reading part V (measurement of angles and
directions) of the book of La Putt, J.P., Elementary Surveying and Chapter 12
(angles and directions) of the book of Foote, et.al., Surveying.

Location of a point

The location of a point is fixed if measurements are made of (a) its direction and distance
from a known point, (b) its direction from two known points, (c) its distance from two
points, or (d) its direction from one known point and its distance from another.

Direction of a line

For horizontal projection or plan, the direction of any line is defined by the horizontal angle
between the line and some reference line (meridian) and for vertical projection, the
direction of one point with respect to another is defined by the vertical angle between the
plane of the horizon and the line joining the two points. In surveying practice directions
may be defined by means of: bearings, azimuths, deflection angles, interior angles, and
angles to the right.
 True meridian – a line passing through the geographic north and south poles of
the earth and the observer’s position.

Bearings

The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle (00 to 900) between the reference
meridian and the line. If the acute angle is equal to 00, the bearing is either read as due
north or due south and if the acute angle is equal to 900, the bearing is either read as due
east or due west. A quadrantal system is used to specify bearings such that a line may
fall under one of the following quadrants: NE, SE, NW, and SW. each quadrant is
numbered from 0 to 90 degrees from either north or south end of the meridian to the east
or west end of the reference parallel

N
00
REFERENCE MERIDIAN (N – S line)
NORTH – WEST (NW) NORTH – EAST (NE)
QUADRANT QUADRANT

E
90 W
0 0
90
REFERENCE PARALLEL (E – W line)

SOUTH – WEST (SW) SOUTH – EAST (SE)

QUADRANT QUADRANT

0
0
S

1 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2

N
α

W E

θ
ø

S
Bearing description for different directions
Azimuths

The azimuth of a line is its direction as given by the angle between the meridian and the
line measured in a clockwise direction from either the north or south branch of the
meridian. The azimuth of a line may range from 00 to 3600 and letters are not required to
identify quadrants.

W E

α
ø θ
β
S
Azimuth description for different directions

2 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
TRAVERSE SURVEY

Note:
Supplement this lecture note by reading part VII (traversing and traverse computation)
of the book of La Putt, J.P., Elementary Surveying and Chapter 18 (Map Plotting) of
the book of Foote, et.al., Surveying.

 Traverse – is a series of lines connecting successive points whose lengths and

directions have been determined from field measurements.
 Traversing – the process of measuring the lengths and directions of the lines of a
traverse for the purpose of locating the position of a certain points.
 Traverse station – any temporary or permanent point of reference over which the
instrument is set up.
 Traverse line – are lines connecting traverse stations and whose lengths and
directions are determined.

Types of Traverse Surveys

1. Open Traverse – consists of a series of lines of known lengths and directions which
are continuous but do not return to the starting point or close upon a point of known
position other than the starting point.
2. Closed Traverse – consists of a series of lines of known lengths and directions
which forms a closed loop or starts and ends at the same point

2
3
4

1
1 3 4

Open Traverse Closed Traverse

CLOSED TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

For any closed traverse, the survey should always be check if the observed angles satisfy
the geometric conditions of the figure. All linear distances should be corrected since errors
in measured lengths will alter the geometric figure of the traverse.

Various computations and adjustments required for closed traverse includes determining
the latitudes and departures and their algebraic sums respectively, calculating the total
error of closure, balancing the survey, determining the adjusted position of each traverse
station, computing the area, and in some instances dividing the surveyed tract into smaller
parts.

Latitudes and departures of a line

The latitude of a line is its projection onto the reference meridian or a north – south line.
Latitudes are sometimes referred to as northings or southings. Latitudes of lines with
northerly bearings are designated as being north (N) or positive (+); those in a southerly
bearing are designated as south (S) or negative (-).

3 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
The departure of a line is its projection onto the reference parallel or an east – west line.
Departures are east (E) or positive (+) for line having easterly bearings and west (W) or
negative (-) for line having westerly bearings.

Relationship between a line and its latitude and departure

N N

+ departure - departure

Reference meridian
Reference meridian

θ Ø
+ latitude + latitude

E W
Reference parallel Reference parallel

Reference parallel Reference parallel

E W

Reference meridian
Reference meridian

- latitude
β - latitude ø

- departure
+ departure
S
S

Ø, β, Ø, θ = bearing angles

Latitude = distance times cosine of the bearing angle

Departure = distance times sine of the bearing angle

Error of closure

Mathematically there is no perfect survey. Small errors in both distances and angles will
always be present even in closed traverse observed using instrument and methods of
high precision.

4 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2

2 1
1
Closed traverse
Enlarged corner 1

θ
EL
1
ED

𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(𝐸𝐿 )2 + (𝐸𝐷 )2

𝐸𝐷
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝐸𝐿

Where:
LEC = linear error of closure
EL = algebraic sum of north and south latitudes (total closure in
latitude)
ED = algebraic sum of the east and west departures (total closure in
departure)
θ = bearing angle of the line of error

Sample problem:

1. Given below is a tabulation of an open traverse. Determine the latitude and

departure of each course and tabulate observed and computed values.

COURSE DISTANCE (m) BEARING AZIMUTH

1–2 25.25 N 360 15’ E 2160 15’
2–3 45.35 N 550 30’ E 2350 30’
3–4 36.75 S 400 45’ E 3190 15’
4–5 30.65 S 250 00’ W 250 00’
5–6 20.45 N 300 20’ W 1490 40’

Solution:
Determine the latitudes and departures using the formulas:

5 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2

𝐿𝑎𝑡 = (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)[𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)] , and

𝐷𝑒𝑝 = (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)]

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING Latitude (m) Departure (m)

(m) +N -S +E -W
1–2 25.25 N 360 15’ E 20.363 14.931
2–3 45.35 N 550 30’ E 25.686 37.374
3–4 36.75 S 400 45’ E 27.841 26.324
4–5 30.65 S 250 00’ W 27.778 12.953
5–6 20.45 N 300 20’ W 17.650 10.328

2. Given in the table below is the technical descriptions of a transit-tape survey of a

closed traverse. Determine the latitude and departure of each course, linear error
of closure, bearing of the line of error, and the precision of measurements.

Course Distance (m) Bearing

1–2 300 S 370 30’ E
2–3 400 S 430 15’ W
3–4 250 N 730 00’ W
4–5 350 N 120 45’ E
5–1 295 N 660 30’ E

Solution:

Course Distance (m) Bearing Latitudes (m) Departures (m)

1–2 300 S 370 30’ E – 238.006 +182.628
2–3 400 S 43015’ W – 291.348 – 274.073
3–4 250 N 730 00’ W + 73.093 – 239.076
4–5 350 N 120 45’ E + 341.370 + 77.244
5–1 295 N 660 30’ E + 117.631 + 270.533
EL = 2.74 m ED = 17.256 m

N
Figure 1
0
66 30’
5 37030’

2
0
12 45’ 0
43 15’

4 0
73 00’

𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(𝐸𝐿 )2 + (𝐸𝐷 )2

𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(2.74)2 + (17.256)2 = 17.472 𝑚

The LEC is too long, meaning the survey is not good.

6 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2

ED
1’

EL
θ
1

𝐸𝐷 17.256
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝐸𝐿 2.74
17.256
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 80.9780 = 800 59′
2.74

The bearing of the line of error is S 80059’ W.

The precision of the measurements, RPm

𝐿𝐸𝐶
𝑅𝑃𝑚 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

17.472 17.472 1 1
𝑅𝑃𝑚 = = = 𝑠𝑎𝑦
300 + 400 + 250 + 350 + 295 1595 91.29 90

The relative precision of the measurement is very low, meaning the survey
is not good.

3. Given in the table below is the technical descriptions of a transit-tape survey of a

closed traverse. Determine the latitude and departure of each course, linear error
of closure, bearing of the line of error, and the precision of measurements.

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING AZIMUTH

1–2 388.08 S 520 51’ W 520 51’
2–3 732.72 N 000 42’ E 1800 42’
3–4 32478 S 850 57’ E 2740 03’
4–1 477.24 S 030 04’ W 030 04’

Solution:

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE (m) DEPARTURE(m)

1–2 388.08 S 520 51’ W - 234.363 - 309.322
2–3 732.72 N 000 42’ E +732.665 + 8.952
3–4 32478 S 850 57’ E - 22.938 + 323.969
4–1 477.24 S 030 04’ W - 476.556 - 25.531
EL= -1.192 ED = - 1.932

7 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2

4
3
4

θ 1
1’ EL

2 ED
1

𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(𝐸𝐿 )2 + (𝐸𝐷 )2

𝐿𝐸𝐶 = √(−1.192)2 + (−1.932)2 = 2.270 𝑚

𝐸𝐷 1.932
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝐸𝐿 1.192

1.932
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 58.3260 = 580 19′
1.192

Distance and Bearing of LEC: 2.270 m and N 580 19’ E

8 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
Traverse Adjustment

The procedure of computing the linear error of closure and applying corrections to the
individual latitudes and departures for the purpose of providing a mathematically closed
figure. When a traverse adjustment is applied to the latitudes and departures of a line, it
will slightly change the length and direction of the measured/observed sides of the
traverse. Common rules and methods used in traverse adjustment are the compass rule
and the transit rule.

Compass Rule

The compass rule may be stated as follows: The correction to be applied to the latitude
or departure of any course is equal to the total closure in latitude or departure multiplied
by the ratio of the length of the course to the total length or perimeter of the traverse. In
equation form:

𝑑 𝑑
𝐶𝐿 = −𝐸𝐿 ( ) and 𝐶𝐷 = −𝐸𝐷 ( )
𝑃 𝑃

Where:
CL = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course
CD = correction to be applied to the departure of any course
EL = algebraic sum of north and south latitudes (total closure in latitude)
ED = algebraic sum of the east and west departures (total closure in departure)
d = length of any course
P = perimeter of the closed traverse

Transit Rule

The transit rule may stated as follows: The correction to be applied to the latitude or
departure of any course is equal to the latitude or departure of the course multiplied by
the ratio of the total closure in latitude or departure to the arithmetical sum of all the
latitudes or departures of the traverse. In equation form:

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐶𝐿 = −𝐸𝐿 ( ) and 𝐶𝐷 = −𝐸𝐷 ( )
𝑆𝐿 𝑆𝐷

Where:
CL = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course
CD = correction to be applied to the departure of any course
EL = algebraic sum of north and south latitudes (total closure in latitude)
ED = algebraic sum of the east and west departures (total closure in departure)
latitude = latitude of any course
departure = departure of any course
SL = arithmetical sum of all latitudes
SD = arithmetical sum of all departures

9 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
Sample problems:
1. Balance the closed traverse given in sample problem 2 above by compass rule.

Solution:

Course Distance (m) Bearing Latitudes (m) Departures (m)

1–2 300 S 370 30’ E – 238.006 +182.628
2–3 400 S 430 15’ W – 291.348 – 274.073
3–4 250 N 730 00’ W + 73.093 – 239.076
4–5 350 N 120 45’ E + 341.370 + 77.244
5–1 295 N 660 30’ E + 117.631 + 270.533
P = 1595 EL = 2.74 m ED = 17.256 m

Correction for latitudes:

𝑑 𝐸𝐿
𝐶𝐿 = −𝐸𝐿 ( ) = −𝑑 ( )
𝑃 𝑃
Let
𝐸𝐿 2.74
= 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃 1595
Then
2.74
𝐶𝐿1−2 = −300 ( ) = −0.515 𝑚
1595
2.74
𝐶𝐿2−3 = −400 ( ) = −0.687 𝑚
1595
2.74
𝐶𝐿3−4 = −250 ( ) = −0.429 𝑚
1595
2.74
𝐶𝐿4−5 = −350 ( ) = −0.601 𝑚
1595
2.74
𝐶𝐿5−1 = −295 ( ) = −0.507 𝑚
1595

Thus the adjusted latitudes:

𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡1−2 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡1−2 + 𝐶𝐿1−2 = −238.006 − 0.515 = −238.521 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡2−3 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡2−3 + 𝐶𝐿3−2 = −291.348 − 0.687 = −292.035 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡3−4 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡3−4 + 𝐶𝐿3−4 = +73.093 − 0.429 = +72.664 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡4−5 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡4−5 + 𝐶𝐿4−5 = +341.370 − 0.601 = +340.769 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡5−1 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡5−1 + 𝐶𝐿5−1 = +117.631 − 0.507 = +117.124 𝑚

Corrections for departures:

𝑑 𝐸𝐷
𝐶𝐷 = −𝐸𝐷 ( ) = −𝑑 ( )
𝑃 𝑃
Then
17.256
𝐶𝐷1−2 = −300 ( ) = −3.246 𝑚
1595
17.256
𝐶𝐷2−3 = −400 ( ) = −4.328 𝑚
1595
17.256
𝐶𝐷3−4 = −250 ( ) = −2.705 𝑚
1595
17.256
𝐶𝐷4−5 = −350 ( ) = −3.786 𝑚
1595
17.256
𝐶𝐷5−1 = −295 ( ) = −3.192 𝑚
1595
Thus the adjusted departures:
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝1−2 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝1−2 + 𝐶𝐷1−2 = +182.628 − 3.246 = +179.382 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝2−3 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝2−3 + 𝐶𝐷2−3 =– 274.073 − 4.328 = − − 278.401 m

10 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝3−4 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝3−4 + 𝐶𝐷3−4 =– 239.076 − 2.705 = −241.781 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝4−5 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝4−5 + 𝐶𝐷4−5 = + 77.244 − 3.786 = +73.458 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝5−1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝5−1 + 𝐶𝐷5−1 = + 270.533 − 3.192 = +267.341 m

Adjusted table

Course Distance (m) Bearing Adjusted Adjusted

Latitudes (m) Departures (m)
1–2 −238.521 +179.382
2–3 −292.035 – 278.401
3–4 +72.664 – 241.781
4–5 +340.769 +73.458
5–1 +117.124 +267.341
EL = +0.001 m ED = – 0.001 m

The values of EL and ED are almost equal to zero, meaning the linear error
of closure is also almost equal to zero. The traverse is already a closed
traverse.

Since the latitudes and departures were adjusted, the distances and
bearings of the lines will also change and should be adjusted.

Adj. Latitude

Adj. Departure

𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. = √(𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡. )2 + (𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝. )2

𝑑1−2 = √(238.521)2 + (179.382)2 = 298.446 𝑚

𝑑2−3 = √(292.035)2 + (278.401)2 = 403.474 𝑚
𝑑3−4 = √(72.664)2 + (241.781)2 = 252.464 𝑚
𝑑4−5 = √(340.769)2 + (73.458)2 = 348.596 𝑚
𝑑5−1 = √(117.124)2 + (267.341)2 = 291.872 𝑚

𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝.
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡.

179.382
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒1−2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 36.9450 = 360 57′
238.521
278.401
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒2−3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 43.6310 = 430 38′
292.035
241.781
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒3−4 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 73.2720 = 730 16′
72.664
73.458
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒4−5 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 12.1650 = 120 10′
340.769
267.341
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒5−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 66.3410 = 660 20′
117.124

11 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2

Adjusted table of the adjusted closed traverse

Course Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted

Distance (m) Bearing Latitudes (m) Departures (m)
1–2 298.446 S 36057’ E −238.521 +179.382
2–3 403.474 S 43038’ W −292.035 – 278.401
3–4 252.464 N 73016’W +72.664 – 241.781
4–5 348.596 N 12010’ E +340.769 +73.458
5–1 291.872 N 66020’E +117.124 +267.341
EL = +0.001 m ED = – 0.001 m

N
Final Figure 1
0
66 20’
5 36057’

2
0
12 10’ 0
43 38’

4 0
73 16’

2. Balance the closed traverse given in sample problem 1 above by transit rule.

Solution:

Course Distance Bearing Latitudes Departures

(m) (m) (m)
1–2 300 S 370 30’ E – 238.006 +182.628
2–3 400 S 430 15’ W – 291.348 – 274.073
3–4 250 N 730 00’ W + 73.093 – 239.076
4–5 350 N 120 45’ E + 341.370 + 77.244
5–1 295 N 660 30’ E + 117.631 + 270.533
Total Errors EL = 2.74 m ED = 17.256 m
Arithmetic Sum SL = 1061.449 m SD = 1043.554 m

Correction for the latitudes:

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝐿
𝐶𝐿 = −𝐸𝐿 ( ) = −𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 ( )
𝑆𝐿 𝑆𝐿

2.74
𝐶𝐿1−2 = −238.006 (1061.449) = −0.614 𝑚
2.74
𝐶𝐿2−3 = −291.348 (1061.449) = −0.752 𝑚
2.74
𝐶𝐿3−4 = −73.093 (1061.449) = −0.189 𝑚
2.74
𝐶𝐿4−5 = −341.370 ( ) = −0.881 𝑚
1061.449
2.74
𝐶𝐿5−1 = −117.631 (1061.449) = −0.304 𝑚

12 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
Thus the adjusted latitudes:

𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡1−2 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡1−2 + 𝐶𝐿1−2 = −238.006 − 0.614 = −238.620 𝑚

𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡2−3 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡2−3 + 𝐶𝐿3−2 = −291.348 − 0.752 = −292.100 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡3−4 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡3−4 + 𝐶𝐿3−4 = +73.093 − 0.189 = +72.904 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡4−5 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡4−5 + 𝐶𝐿4−5 = +341.370 − 0.881 = +340.489 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡5−1 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡5−1 + 𝐶𝐿5−1 = +117.631 − 0.304 = +117.327 𝑚

Corrections for departures:

𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝐷
𝐶𝐷 = −𝐸𝐷 ( ) = −𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ( )
𝑆𝐷 𝑆𝐷
Then
17.256
𝐶𝐷1−2 = −182.628 ( ) = −3.020 𝑚
1043.554
17.256
𝐶𝐷2−3 = − 274.073 ( ) = −4.532 𝑚
1043.554
17.256
𝐶𝐷3−4 = −239.076 ( ) = −3.953 𝑚
1043.554
17.256
𝐶𝐷4−5 = −77.244 ( ) = −1.277 𝑚
1043.554
17.256
𝐶𝐷5−1 = −270.533 ( ) = −4.473 𝑚
1043.554

Thus the adjusted departures:

𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝1−2 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝1−2 + 𝐶𝐷1−2 = +182.628 − 3.020 = +179.608 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝2−3 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝2−3 + 𝐶𝐷2−3 =– 274.073 − 4.532 = − − 278.605 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝3−4 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝3−4 + 𝐶𝐷3−4 =– 239.076 − 3.953 = −243.029 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝4−5 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝4−5 + 𝐶𝐷4−5 = + 77.244 − 1.277 = +75.967 m
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝5−1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝5−1 + 𝐶𝐷5−1 = + 270.533 − 4.473 = +266.060 m

Adjusted table

Course Distance (m) Bearing Adjusted Adjusted

Latitudes (m) Departures (m)
1–2 −238.620 +179.608
2–3 −292.100 – 278.605
3–4 +72.904 – 243.029
4–5 +340.489 +75.967
5–1 +117.327 +266.060
EL = 0 m ED = 0.001 m

The values of EL = 0 and ED is almost equal to zero, meaning the linear error
of closure is also almost equal to zero. The traverse is already a closed
traverse.

Adjusted distance:

𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. = √(𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡. )2 + (𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝. )2

𝑑1−2 = √(238.620)2 + (179.608)2 = 298.661 𝑚

𝑑2−3 = √(292.100)2 + (278.605)2 = 403.662 𝑚
𝑑3−4 = √(72.904)2 + (243.029)2 = 253.728 𝑚

13 |1 4 cblamsis
GEFS (FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING)
References: Elem Surveying by La Putt
Surveying by Foote, e.al Lecture notes 2
𝑑4−5 = √(340.489)2 + (75.967)2 = 348.861 𝑚
𝑑5−1 = √(117.327)2 + (266.060)2 = 290.781 𝑚

𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑑𝑒𝑝.
𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑙𝑎𝑡.

179.608
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒1−2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 36.9680 = 360 58′
238.620
278.605
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒2−3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 43.6450 = 430 39′
292.100
243.029
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒3−4 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 73.3020 = 730 18′
72.904
75.967
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒4−5 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 12.5770 = 120 35′
340.489
266.06
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑏𝑟𝑔. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒5−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 66.2040 = 660 12′
117.327

Adjusted table

Course Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted

Distance (m) Bearing Latitudes (m) Departures (m)
1–2 298.661 S 360 58’ E −238.620 +179.608
2–3 403.662 S 430 39’ W −292.100 – 278.605
3–4 253.728 N 73018’ W +72.904 – 243.029
4–5 348.861 N 120 35’ E +340.489 +75.967
5–1 290.781 N 66012’ E +117.327 +266.060
EL = 0 m ED = 0.001 m

N
Final Figure 1
0
66 12’
5 36058’

2
0
12 35’ 0
43 39’

4 0
73 18’

14 |1 4 cblamsis