Data nfomadien

Oata efers to the ra9tas ucts hal are

ColecHecl 29 9ngormation &efesste precessel
dala that Chables U8 te tae dersisns.

he ord data" efers to anyInpsrmaten

2hicR spvesertad ia a fom thet is 4gr)
And acepted Upon by is Coeafs And us eng

Ratu Comounicution
i s a a_ prooss exckangeng
dab or infombon

n Case
Case Compoter Net9eh thijs Gxdhgeis
done betiseeh 9 deices vez a trunsmissIo
medl om

Chrecteristia data ommon'ation

Bel'e very e r Should be &elivered to e

Corrcc destfnetions
emnaeaia iavies

SH8remShdel delver
hccvcg he Commonicat.on
fhe data decutele, 29hout mtoal

Timelihess l Aud video dat tas foklelse

4 time ly mann 9 ect dela
Such 4 data deliveris c i e 2 a
 -PAPERWELL
(Date
Page
Jiten 9+ _ a iming esrr in the alsite
CommUmcepien.
UnevenJfen_may aSfeted he timeles
B e t being tans mutted
ata CommUnitati Component
MeSs age
Senel

Reeiver
/gaus MiS8joN echom

Paotoco. Sete wles hat_governs da Commwn's

Cutien

13Simpleu-
2 Haf Duple
3 Sul Auplex

wwe

***
 PAPERWEL
Date:
age nc.

Toangmi8s/mTechnobgies
1-Point to boint Links
1 Broadcast LinKs

12 Poink to point Like

Point to þoint netrocsks Consst
man Connectien_bethgeet induieoa) puirs mactines
2 Boadcast Links
have 4 3ingle Commm'cuio Chamnel
ht is shure by ak the acies eN_ he netboarA.

Baoad cast one to a

Mulh capf Ene to mang CSubs e)

Uni ca8Tt ne te one CP2P)

LAN MAN WAN

Bas ic LAN MAN W AN
Ffu eSom loca? hrea Neerk Meboepolitan Arer Veb9ide Area Nctrork.
Rnge t o 1o Km BeyondJ00 Km
Media DselGuiclec Guided Dnguicded Unguided
SPeed 5D KbPs to_l0DBASess_than LAN Less than AA
Cost
Cheapon Coptlg Cpensrve
HareboareNICs
Prote co L9itch, Hub Mod eny Rovteu Mirouine, ad'o,1nfroredLgse
Frume Kedny , ATm AT, FDDI, SMDS
RCNET, ToKem Ai
 Page no

Toen ing(80k IBM)

in 39hch all Compute2

NetsaK is a LAN
A token2in4 3hrtopolegy ahd
"2ingor
2e Connected ina om Kast ~e
ene more
ene
legical tokens
tokens
PsB
host nd
that_hols a taken_Can Sed dat
Onka ahast
2Then Lcepi
tokens42e 2elesd

Tpes token Rr
B
A
1-PEyaica! Ring C

B
AA
2- Dve King
D C

3- Bos Hing

4 Star Hing.

HUB
 Topalogg
1 Sta
2- Bus
3- Rng
4-Hybaicl
5 Megh
5- Mesk 7epolog
*Point þoint Connectio
to
9 edicated Lin k.
No.oCables usea) nx(n-12 2
3

if Nede n -5 5xL5-)
2

Ne.os n-)5-1-
moliHe bacKbones.
RelbiabiPity Yes becav8e

*Cost - Eepenb/ve, becavse Reqpited Large qmouht

9 reB
A29ants to Sene
Secorig yes, becavse f
then due
to MesR
ressage to D
dite c#ly 8o
Tecinokogy every node Conuecteed
No oher hocle tes even Kho 9s about t e
Ato d.
ess age zend 64
AO
 PERWELI
Date :
Page ns.

nteznetf
he ntenef is a Arode, pobhc aceBsie
netr9eaK inteonnetal Compulo hetr9ake h
toanemi
toasnid data siy the strandayel ntenet PrtecelCIP
Todeg the web and the ntond aos Connecdviy
oom
rOm Literallyevey%ert en e e yen Sps
Ba 4nd in outez zpace
Www

SP 7www

www

www/

Hieranchy Stovcture ISP

Toansit Transi
Taneit
ES P IsP

( Naficona? Natiomat

Nationa (Nakond ISP

ISP ISP

Reaional (Kegion
* sevdnsaki

egin al Repiod Regiona IsP

sl)

Locnl Ts A Locul Zocal

1S SP
 PAPERWEL
Date :
Page a .

acKet Ssithin
nd_ever
APachet I5 wnt_of data 8
8mal!
q

4 LAN r he inermet. Simkor_to

nehsak Luch as Soue
each_þackA ihehodes
a
2 e - Lfe_pachage,
,9el ashe ContenlLor daa)
qheddestinton a s
being boansherre
to Smeker
9 Packef Ss.tcking, mas8ages a2e b2oken
Pieces Callel pakes Cachpbets_i2a6ses
Pa kes are
Soure qnd dostintre_addresseB
2euire to huve i s nfesatien_beceUse
do het 4 3 Use Ra_Sque p o r
Rovte te gdto heir infendeddest'rden
Pakets_(0 ake au 4tep_nehve__rovfe
paticolen foote i aava dask Sos

ackeia

ReceveD
Sede
 PAPERWEL
Date
Page uo.

Layezed Tasks
daily vipnionanev

e se the Concepteyensm oua lje

he process o BendingaeHer Zo a
faiend 29tuld
be Complev hare ere o scwieeB avaikalle
rom the þopt hice ecover.
Sendor

Letter is 9rtten The etea is þichad p

Put in an envelop, and Higher Layer e movled f vead
doobped iha mailbox

The Lette iecarrieed The lefer is carrd

to
foom the malbox. tol Middle Laycr rom the posf chie
he mal box

The letten b deevezed The letfen ip deleverec

Lasea Layer | from the larmer to thel
to a camez by the pese
ice popt Hice

Soote
The parce is curiel rom he
to edestinatn

Tasks Snvolvee Bendiag g letten.

 PAPERWELl
Date
Page aa.

Lonnectien -0iented Connectiem Less Senvices

ome ONerth servee%

Lteria bonnectien-Oriente Connetiom- Less

Gomecdienrior Comechionneeds tobe No Pibr Lometen estl

Cskabish
Rezovoce Regired Not heguise).
ALlocden

Rehabikky. 9H EnsurCs xekhabfe trenshea e d Not arunfeed kut trys

CAchnoledgement feceivel) the best e t servlee.
Congesion Not Posgie Can be assile
Data eusfn 9t can implemenke by ueiny Using PacKet
Mode Grcuit Saitehiuy Patth 2
SBiein
Pat
E
Atht
Packeb Seorvencia! Mannen
17ave? Kandom_Manh e

Sehy More dely but hter Coumee se No ekay. hecasBe (NT

asingt wwwens

festen etevery.
Bevired Conec st
Ercample TCP www.d

0DP
Transmissien Contoo Pootocol. Usee Datagum
Pooteal
 PAVIHWt

ISO 0SI Refesence Mazle!

OSICOpen Systems Inlcuonnefion)
is burd on
paopoBal developad bg ISO (9ntexnahiona) tucorde
Oxganisation)
* ISO is fhe organis atisn
OSI is the model

OST Heference Mode! have Seven Layer Stryture

totransfer/ keceive stan he Neth9cah
Each Luger have Specihic Role 4 Proecoh

Befare de Start to Knou9 the luyers the Os| fivt 29e have
to Knau9 k 4 Ho9 9eUse the oS/ o 01 Moded
So Pet's Start he bagics

The CompoteeNelrpsk js a featvre_r Jechnigjue t1heA

povideUSto_Cohnect ow syBfea to the Varicu
Hetoge ni oUs orHomopehio) devies.
The_porpose the CN e Shre 4 Receive
RezoucGDe he ome uchin%

Tebeege

etocol Sender
Conhechidn
Heceier|Btocof
,

heJiv Ch. fgowu Senc)en Send the Pa .

heecewe t 4 h e (ndfrn fenats

 Page

to
to ReceiverR is
Ehche a r |Set
heceive.[R
assaye a A
hethen he eKack Sor
or ho
Ja he
and bnderstndubele or_Mef
Sent to is
hehen the iHndi qel Keceve Kys
Sa-ple
Mesga_Set Recelveed
Recetved bot
_bt i
Or_ho thenae Pazsepe
the Hine
he
Uselessr ecejue

hge Uses poobcl

ThesAe is insve
bo Side_for the 8qme
Connetn
9Ts Caee the porber lonnuniation:Hean
botoo to enso e to en
Usey e peope
MSeulisy Kecevisg

Keybeard
R Montor

Machine CLaptop)

henevo Sender hecev ve pass e Mese1g-

he ackine CKeyboRrd
4eud
hon'tor)ibNot
_Corpote Netsok H ca ed9rhenprocess
ComMuni catlon hip Prt deahdesl_by he 0S:
Mi
faceberk Kepuest M2

chent Serven
SurebinK Rexpond
 PAPERWEL
Date :
Page n,

he above Enr-pe PhackinceCSeuding the Reyut to

fncebopk oS d SRespnd t 8enc
the e 48 Pen eot
kdoen metter 2hetaen the Senver
lient is Sifucted 7tegeegoaph cal 29ak
buf he Used 6CC5E e Kesoorce a AKe_8
the veseorces 4rehif e tis/ He ysfe
hefotore deale e _onpobor NethoK.

he Conpoker Nef20rk hwe many fonchorll

Femciona,hies

Manclator (7o) Ptonal

12 Sror Cotrol n e aipfion /ecaipt
m (Coorec#) Ccripegoph)
n
M n (incorrt) CHITP 6r HtIp6. )

2 Floy9 Control l Anroortdru) 2 Reckpont

2he hen a belue aMo f dda drinbead
Set at a ine otaenssse tchak teNeth9k
/eD 200| 3ep MB
ciakpola
3 Moltiplening Demstaleninf.

To iela S ick Proces is ber'yy Stund

thee Netzsrlk,
 2ate:
Page aa.

--

Po pe earhier Descahec h i i a 4 Cophter

Meta9sr There havk Htprorihsaty_ 7o Momdez
Menclatary opional rsKsqre
Snchudes
Inplement
SoncAiorms
Could
9e
ese
be OSL
UBe encetefers
Mercdetery aud opta
t e Kefereuce Mae
TCP/TP or I£EF
e OSL Refereace Mede! here we 7
Seven) Zeyers 24h hheihave enpkwete
al SUnchemadires_98 be2 the Sotehle lagers
t e Seud or_Kecejve h e Lorat assazes
e Neti,grk

OSIHefcrenceocdel
APplication layen.
6 res entaticn Layer
5 Segsicn Lay en

TransportLayer
3
Met9orK Layen
Data lisK Layen
Pheicak Laye
 -PAPERWEL
Date:
Page no.

1 Phyaical Layen. B:
heThe phyzita Layeni2espenaikle fr movemenfs oindiuiduad
bis from 0ne hoþ CNodle) to te Neuthoplede ).
Fron datakink Layer T6 datalink Zayer

O 11|DOOI|

Signd

TansmiSSien Medeum

Funcrienakies oPhysical Leyen

13 Cables Connectazs
Dngicded
R DRI45, BNC, RRIM LCSC ST.Cmchars.

2Pysicatopolog- cn_
Ho topologg to ConnecA Machnes basee
Sothef the Coudegurstè
pak Can beinplenevt acLordi toiopolesy Stzuc.fure
37 Hardoare-C Repeaters, Hub)
***

Tunami88/on Mode aa****

Simpke
Half Luplex.
follOvptex
 Date :
PAPERWELL

5- Multiplewng E ia techngpe hick ale

Bendmultple8i4ale Link.
over a Singde adakuan
to 8end
to
tectiqpes are Comon
TDINA, wave Lenh Bevezi Mutpheniny
M

moBHiplene t is a detce huf combe Be uHje

Sipnas te ene 2igna

Demultplerer _ 9tis a device taat separa the

moltplered Sghak

6 Encocing Aigital teAnadog

Analog to Aigitnl A A
 PAPERWELU
ate
g e 0,

2 Datalink lapn CFrame)

The eah nk hyye is exonsibe her moving frames
om eneheptiede) to he Nen hpNide).
rom NetIaK Layen To NetieoK Layen.

Bta link H2 Bata H2 h 72

Layen Foame
7o Phyeical lyter From Piysical laye

Fuctienaliche e Bat: ik laye

Jto dellven duta homs pmane_op to the noxt hp
nof Te>ponsible to dekive frums from Source_to
Deztinetron.

hh NeterK he hrou EatalnK Layer &te

CiHCu be Belivenedbeavse P2P. No
Regpired Netosk Luyer
A

R1
Nede Node
AN

*****

*** hep to fop devet

He Z Hote
F Confek Pethods/Pfgonith
mamn

Stet on Perteeo rouek N Seletive kepeate

 PAPERWELL1
Date:
Page wa.

3- Eror Contaol Hop to Hop

meods/ 9gorih
AA Paxiky
fegchiRecdondengy Cheuk

4Acea3 lontrol
lethod I AMgoathm

CSMA/CcD Token Rin ANohe

S Actos 0AK)

62 Frame
H Daka Packet

Tme
Heede
Toeiler

***
 PAPERWELL
Date :
a g e no.

3Nehoak_layen
(Pachef)
The retok layer s 2esfensible_for he soure-to-destinie
delivery ea pachet, þossile across_multple Nehsrk
LLinky
From iuutspori layer To tawzpert layer

H3 Data Pa Ke

To_datu Zinh eyen From daa LinK Layer

Funchionali Netsork Laye

1) t to bestinePion pacKet_deivert
A
B2

B3 B4

orm nmm

*****

.
 PAPERWEL
Date
Page o

Logia Helbessing Hestto Hest Dne by te IP addre

addre
ZP PAdsress

Nehes HosT

3 detezminahion erurling.
Rofing Pratocal vsed_t ph deteruhb'oé
Routerotocal are sec) for legica) addressing duel
Sorurhing
R)P
Routing Proteco OSPF-

Fragmentatern
9n he Netr9erK_ ther y de
man Kouters r Netsnk £e vices_hic heue
Some Sfecifie 4 Zimted MeMB er Stere
Sze here e euce_ for 9redeei
he_ment_ neighoer bot tmay be pezsiilee
theet the Sz ethe packet_is bape qu e
Memo
T aUeie his Sfoatlom letyrk lag
foagemeut hezee Packet_atoSallerize hz
Technigpe alteel_doqg mend/
CongeConge sien Cotsal
here hwe_Man lehocls
Hgoria 4re9srKiay is e Netse Layer T -
Controkhe UnevenCongES/on 9 i te VefyY
ieLiKibvtkef_ ehoe
Token buchet etod
TC MP, IGMP rotocelgs,
 PAPERWELL
Date:
Page no.

h-Tcansport
Srome68jon Layer
lajez LSegment

T4msperT H4DetaHDatHaDeta H4/8 H 8kP

Layen Seent8

to teng Layez T6om Wef9rk Zayer

Functienalhty Tansprt layer

1 End to End CPort to pot) leve

A toPat 81
B

A3 B BS

Some
Some he most Topoler Protocole gre 7CP
LTzunsmisin Conizol rtatol) 29hick is Connecfio
orienfed to en5ure he gurehtee packet Delevery

0DP Use Atayaa pretéof)_Conuerto less þndoco/

Shic_ne_engres Me gArnfee) cKet cleeve clekevey
bu tryezat Pevelbest
 Date
Page

ReLiabilt TCP L Connetrom Oientee

3 order Packef every
LIVE
Sender Prket
Receive

-LIVE EVIL
Siast
4) En8ude to built Connect'o before Sending n
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Ervor Control cP d» he ror (entot
9 ChecK8onme Meod
62 Conges)on Control hflach metac
t
Hedvenfrgiu dhe 9.iclerd hro Ye.
8ehce hi alent the 1nda:9 S/ze fist ts e
Elo9 bencler
-
Contaro Stop f 9
no back N Mehds
Seleckive Repeate.
94 his he
Meceiver
he 19inelo,9 Throvgk Uaec Mehod Adventis ng
14i methoe Jeceive 4
he iclot,9 Siz he
the packet aeceivec andSggte
hn he 8eder maKe
Sore h he_ packet Size 4 Quavcdi Shesll ret
jaCre8e As pe ido9 siz

Segmetati'on- *Tmsprt eyer 2<cavesd ie

pacKet Sro he SessoLee
9hich are_Conthotig Unsheu'fed lergh
 PAPERWELL
Date
Page
Stree h bits
S The touuBpof Layer_make Be
Ses an tatior
far he Sanae Qnd Draynge_toSeud
LiKe tpropenk
L

Seguertel 6
9 ase incde Heacler i eveny segment o bif

Heae
After the Bgheufatier Cehpleteel TBpor
Lagen Send he P Seqhuenfed Packets ene ly
me 1ha Ordenec mann en to tie_ Netr9-rk
Layen

9 PuHplecing Bemulkpkosig
BPritcerog
Chqmet Al A2 ABA4t5

Recer ve
Sendeh
ne to mauy
manyte ont
Seder have mny PPplicatons toseud data buf e dhere rve
me oufput MdealCianvel s thereSo ®
9eUSe to cme CMltiplenics) 4 at Reciven
any
Siele
Slele u8e enebemany CBekrokt:pknJ) to eplore
he eulhhfe es49ed
 Date:
Page n

5-Se88cn ayen
he Bessien Laye is te esta bhisi
EBta bhisk
Kesponsibih texm'nate aBICH
manay SynchOnize And
end-User Applicoh processe
bet9ee
fonchicmakikie_Sessi'en lay
1 Sesg.ion Adminis7oafon Services
94 poovides_he 1-Autenhiction Bple
2- 4othoi'zatinbank.ngSeris
Retjoet

Chhent
hesonge SeveL

3 Sebeion Rester olCheck Peints)

he Seanple_of he Se&so
ReptoraPioni 3 firefon bro95e herei
aa tihe 9 e opeue mahy abs_a e brol9E
Qud Soddeu y Po2e_e thas affen e t t
e OS aud broTEa_Cme eplo Ei8pas
1eptorati, he bro98c Se8S/8
AL that pelut MbEt o he_pgey epened
aufomatic!y 42 pe earller 29h%0f ash
Aothenticohlan Like ma
Buin Cape o Bu Klay Aothenh'che
gai Keqpited.
h i ip ho aOS Seatoe
Porel he OsSessicn Layeu/operetor e
 PAPERWELL
Date:
Page no.

One quofher Zuauple of Large aksbsg$

doinleading
Poufer#-

2OD 40D SDMB

J he piven usuple i 350 M8don Joacled qu

beLse SeS8/o checRpoiut
facii 3als:98 Us te
M8Ne_fo
he els19kd

fT he Bqme the BasS/o4 Layc?

have Sessiem begh to Sqve ieCheck
Poiuts.

Sesion ialogve Senics/Sghaoizofen

Provde SynCooniza.fie 4 Eb:2 Centao
Over Live Streemiuy Vecieg L SoUnd Veko) far
Lipsi
 Date: PAPERWELL
age eo.

6-resentation Layer
toctcnalies.

1Tranalation
en_/Cade Conver3icn
Tangkaf e

Chines/
ASCIr CBCDIC Cextendel
CAbboreviate fam Hmer'ch
binery Code deciml ntata
Stwclared Cocle_er ingemtion Irterdont) Code
2 ncayption Oecnptien Dse
Cayptogaaphy
ChargePhan tertto
Cpietent phetert te PLus teut

32 Comprssion Compraz eda 4ud edoce_dasr

Size.
4
Sile Sorret Eetenpions
eloc els, 3pg etc

****** **** ****

nue ne