GROUP 1

ROXETTE DENICE BELTRAN

TIMOTHY CHIN
ARANA VENICE DAGASDAS
ANNALOU DIA
RALPH JASPER FERMIN
HARLEY LLANTO
JASMINE MENCIO
BENEDICK PACER
PSALM ANDRE RAMOSO
JAMES SANTIAGO
TYRONE MATTHEW VILLAS
RALPH ROBLES
ELKA DELA CRUZ

BASIC THEORY OF ACOUSTICS

SOUND, REFLECTION, TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION AND INSULATION
INTRODUCTION
Architecture acoustics is a specialized field that focuses on the science and design principles
of sound within built environments. It encompasses the study of how sound is generated,
transmitted, reflected, absorbed, and perceived within architectural spaces. By considering
the acoustic properties of a space, architects and acoustical engineers can create
environments that optimize sound quality, minimize unwanted noise, and enhance the
overall listening experience.
In architectural acoustics, various factors are taken into account during the design process.
These include the size and shape of the space, the materials used in construction, the
arrangement of surfaces, and the incorporation of acoustic treatments. The goal is to create
spaces that provide appropriate sound characteristics for their intended use, whether it's a
concert hall with exceptional music clarity, a lecture hall with optimal speech intelligibility, or
an office environment with reduced background noise.
INTRODUCTION
Architecture acoustics is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles of physics,
engineering, and design to create environments with optimal sound quality and
functionality. By considering factors such as reverberation, sound isolation, and external noise
control, architects and acoustical engineers can shape spaces that enhance communication,
enjoyment, and overall well-being for the individuals using them.
BASIC THEORY OF ACOUSTICS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sound and Vibration, Frequency, and Decibels
Sound propagation and absorption
Noise reduction and control
Sound reflection, diffraction and diffusion
SOUND, REFLECTION, TRANSMISSION,
ABSORPTION AND INSULATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Noise Reduction and Noise Reduction Coefficient (NCR)
Airborne and Structure-borne sound
Mechanical system noise control
Sound Transmission Coefficient (STC)
Sound Absorption and Treatment
Acoustical Materials and its Application
Advance Technology in acoustical design
BASIC THEORY OF ACOUSTICS

SOUND AND VIBRATION

 SOUND
IT CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A PHYSICAL WAVE, OR AS A MECHANICAL VIBRATION,
OR SIMPLY AS A SERIES OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS IN AN ELASTIC MEDIUM.

AIRBORNE SOUNDS, - AIR

STRUCTURE‐BORNE SOUNDS - CONCRETE, STEEL, WOOD, GLASS, OR
COMBINATIONS OF THESE MATERIALS.

IT IS AN AUDIBLE PRESSURE VARIATION THAT IS CONCERNED WITH THE BUILDING

OCCUPANT.

IT IS AN ENERGY THAT WE CAN HEAR

 VIBRATION
IT IS A PRESSURE VARIATION THAT CAN BE FELT BUT NOT HEARD.
VIBRATION IS TACTILELY SENSED, NOT AUDIBLY SENSED.
 NOISE
UNWANTED SOUND
SPEED OF SOUND
 WAVELENGTH
IT IS DEFINED AS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN SIMILAR POINTS (PEAKS OR TROUGHS)
ON SUCCESSIVE WAVES, WHICH IS THE DISTANCE SOUND TRAVELS IN ONE CYCLE.

^= C/F

WHERE
^ - WAVELENGTH FT (M)
C - VELOCITY OF SOUND FPS (M/S)
F - FREQUENCY OF SOUND, HZ

LOW‐FREQUENCY SOUNDS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LONG WAVELENGTHS, AND

HIGH‐FREQUENCY SOUNDS BY SHORT WAVELENGTHS. SOUNDS WITH
WAVELENGTHS RANGING FROM 0.5 IN. TO 50 FT (12 MM TO 15 M) CAN BE HEARD BY
HUMAN BEINGS.
 FREQUENCY
IT IS DESCRIBED AS THE NUMBER OF TIMES THAT A CYCLE OF COMPRESSION AND
RAREFACTION OCCURS IN A GIVEN UNIT OF TIME.

HIGH FREQUENCIES ARE CLOSER TOGETHER

LOW FREQUENCIES ARE FARTHER APART

 FREQUENCY
A HEALTHY YOUNG PERSON’S HEARING IS 20 TO 20,000 HZ.

HUMAN SPEAKING VOICE - 100 TO 600 HZ (FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCIES)

HARMONICS (OVERTONES) 7500 HZ.

MOST SPEECH INFORMATION IS CARRIED IN THE UPPER FREQUENCIES,

WHEREAS MOST OF THE ACOUSTIC ENERGY EXISTS IN THE LOWER
FREQUENCIES.

PURE TONE - A SOUND COMPOSED OF ONLY ONE FREQUENCY

FREQUENCY
 OCTAVE BANDS
USING MUSICAL TERMINOLOGY, THEY ARE ONE OCTAVE APART. THESE
FREQUENCIES ARE ACCEPTED INTERNATIONALLY AS THE CENTER (REFERENCE)
FREQUENCIES OF OCTAVE BANDS USED FOR ACOUSTICAL ANALYSIS.

OCTAVE BANDS ARE USED REPEATEDLY DURING DESIGN AS A WAY OF

CAPTURING FREQUENCY‐SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT SOUNDS WITHOUT
BECOMING BURIED IN DETAIL.
THE CONCEPT OF SOUND MAGNITUDE
SOUND MAGNITUDE IS OFTEN EQUATED WITH LOUDNESS, WHICH IS A SUBJECTIVE,
RECEIVER-ORIENTED RESPONSE NOT LINEARLY RELATED TO THE POWER OF A
SOUND (IN WATTS). THE PHYSICAL MAGNITUDE OF SOUND IS VARIOUSLY
DESCRIBED AS SOUND POWER, SOUND POWER LEVEL (PWL), SOUND PRESSURE,
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (SPL), SOUND INTENSITY, AND SOUND INTENSITY LEVEL
(IL).

EACH OF THESE METRICS HAS A PLACE, AND EACH DIFFERS FROM THE OTHERS
AND FROM SUBJECTIVE LOUDNESS. TO CLEARLY UNDERSTAND THESE CONCEPTS—
AND IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT THEY BE UNDERSTOOD—A COMPREHENSION OF HOW
WE HEAR AND HOW SOUND IS PROPAGATED IN FREE SPACE IS NECESSARY.
BASIC THEORY OF ACOUSTICS

SOUND PROPAGATION
SOUND PROPAGATION
FOR SIMPLICITY, SOUND
COULD BE IMAGINED AS
A SERIES OF PRESSURE
VARIATIONS. IN THE AIR,
IT CAN BE COMPRESSED
AND EXPANDED.
 SOUND PROPAGATION
SOUND IS MADE
FROM VIBRATIONS,
AND WHEN SOUND
IS PRODUCED, IT
MAKES A SPECIFIC
FREQUENCY IN THE
AIR.
SOUND ABSORPTION
WHEN SOUND ENERGY
IMPINGES ON A MATERIAL,
PART IS REFLECTED AND THE
REMAINDER IS ABSORBED.
DIFFERENT
SOUND ABSORPTION
MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT SOUND ABSORPTION
CHARACTERISTICS. THE MATERIAL'S "COEFFICIENT OF ABSORPTION" IS
REPRESENTED BY THE LOWERCASE GREEK LETTER ALPHA (Α).
 SOUND ABSORPTION
OPEN SPACE (AIR) IS
ALSO A MATERIAL. IT
TRANSMITS ALL ENERGY
AND CAN BE
CONSIDERED A PERFECT
ABSORBING "MATERIAL".
 SOUND ABSORPTION
THE TOTAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF "A" OF A GIVEN QUANTITY
OF MATERIAL IS PROPORTIONAL TO ITS AREA AND ITS ABSORPTION
COEFFICIENT IS "A = SA".

SINCE "Α" IS A RATIO

AND THUS UNITLESS,
AND "S" IS A UNIT OF
AREA, "SΑ" SHOULD BE
IN UNITS OF AREA AS
WELL.
 SOUND ABSORPTION
ALL ROOMS ARE CONSTRUCTED OF SEVERAL MATERIALS, EACH HAVING A
DIFFERENT ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT. FURNISHINGS ALSO HAVE THEIR
OWN INDIVIDUAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT. THUS, TO DETERMINE THE
TOTAL ABSORPTION OF A ROOM, IT IS NECESSARY TO SUM THE
COMPONENT ABSORPTIONS.

IF "S" IS EXPRESSED IN
SQUARE FEET, THEN "A"
IS IN SABINS (FT2);
IF "S" IS EXPRESSED IN
SQUARE METERS, THEN
"A" IS SABINS (M2).
BASIC THEORY OF ACOUSTICS

NOISE REDUCTION AND

CONTROL
 NOISE REDUCTION
IT IS ESSENTIALLY THE SCIENCE OF
CONVERTING ACOUSTICAL ENERGY INTO
ANOTHER, LESS DISTURBING FORM OF
ENERGY - HEAT
130 dB 0.003 Btu/h
JET TAKING OFF RELAXED, SEATED
GUNSHOT AT PERSON = 1 Met =
CLOSE RANGE 356 Btu/hr
JACKHAMMER
 NOISE REDUCTION
THREE KEY CONCEPTS

Reduction of Noise Reduction of Noise Reduction of Noise at

Generation (source) Transmission (path) Receiver
ABSORPTION
 TYPES OF SOUND ABSORBERS
POROUS ABSORBENT PANEL RESONATORS
Friction between pores and air membrane of thin plywood or
decreases the sound linoleum in front of a sealed air
space containing absorbent material
places where low-frequency
absorption is required
used in recording studios
VOLUME OR CAVITY RESONATOR
An air cavity within a massive
enclosure connected to the
surrounding by a narrow neck
opening
Adjust neck opening and cavity
dimension to resonate a
different frequency
Absorption can be improved by
adding absorptive material in
cavities
ACOUSTICALLY TRANSPARENT
SURFACES Preferrable to use covers with small holes to
raise the frequency at which absorption drops.

Stagger the holes to improve absorption

An open weave fabric is almost completely

transparent to sound and is often used as a
decorative cover on absorbent wall coverings
ABSORPTION ABSORPTION TECHNIQUES ARE USEFUL AND
EFFECTIVE:

RECOMMENDATION 1. To change
characteristics
room reverberation

2. In spaces with distributed noise sources

such as offices, schools, restaurants, and
machine shops
3. In spaces with hard surfaces and little
absorptive content
4. Where listeners are in the reverberant field
(no amount of absorptive material can
reduce intensity levels in the free field)
CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSORPTIVE
MATERIALS
1. ACOUSTIC TILE
Material: mineral fiber, faced fiberglass
Size: multiples of 12"
NRC Rating: 0.45-0.75 (mineral fiber), 0.95
(faced fiberglass)
Installation: lay-in, nailing to furring strips,
gluing
Application: open-office
Advantage: Variety of patterns and finishes with
fire
ratings
2. PERFORATED METAL-FACE UNITS
Material: Fill material is wrapped mineral wool or fiberglass
with baked enamel metal finish in a range of colors
Size: 12"x24" to 24"x96" or custom
NRC Rating: lower than acoustic tile
Installation: lay-in suspension ceiling, nailing to furring strips
Application: all spaces
Advantage: easy cleaning, high luminous reflectivity,
incombustibility

3. ACOUSTIC PANEL (BOARDS)

Material: treated wood fibers bonded with an inorganic
cement binder, and smooth or shredded finish
Size: 12"x24", 24"x120", 1"-3” thick
NRC Rating: 0.4-0.7
Installation: ceiling suspension systems, nailed or glued when
applied to walls and ceilings
Application: full-span corridor ceilings, long-span direct-attached
ceiling finish, wall panels in school gyms and corridors
Advantage: high structural strength, abuse resistant, excellent
flame-spreading rating, usually resistant to humidity
4. ACOUSTIC PLASTER
Material: plaster-type base with fibrous or light aggregate
Size: up to 1.5” thick
NRC Rating: varies with composition, thickness, and application
technique, generally below those of acoustic tile and panels
Application: on curved and other nonlinear surfaces
Advantage: easy application, high fire rating
Disadvantage: inability to resist even mild abuse, inapplicable to humid
atmosphere.

5. SOUND BLOCK, BAFFLES, HANGING PANELS

Material: varies
Size: varies
NRC Rating: varies
Advantage: obtrudes into the space and frequently becomes a major
architectural element (hanging baffles)
6. WALL PANELS
Material: wood, metal backing mounted a mineral fiber or fiberglass
substrate and a fabric covering
Size: W: 18"-48"; L: up to 120”
NRC Rating: 0.5 (direct mounted 1” mineral fiber substrate) to 0.85 (strip
mounted 1.5” fiberglass substrate panels)
Installation: direct mounted, strip mounted
Application: offices conference rooms, auditoriums, theaters,
teleconferencing centers, and educational facilities

7. RESONATOR SOUND ABSORBERS

Size: varies, most are custom
Advantage: large, must be integrated to architectural design,
exterior shapes can be altered
8. CARPETING AND DRAPERY
Material: wool, polyester, etc.
Size: varies; any degree of density, looping, depth, plus an additional
depth of padding for a higher absorption in middle and high frequencies
Installation: installation on furring strips with an enclosed air space behind (for
increase absorption specially at low frequencies)
Application: carpeting can be installed on walls
Advantage: covers large acoustically reflective surfaces
Draperies - provide absorption in middle and upper frequencies with
heavy, dense, fuzzy fabrics, particularly with a high degree of fold
Carpeting - absorption increases over entire spectrum when a heavy
folded drapery forms an air space between itself and the wall
BASIC THEORY OF ACOUSTICS

SOUND REFLECTION,
DIFFRACTION AND
DIFFUSION
REFLECTION
IF A SOUND IS ACTIVATED
IN A ROOM, SOUND
TRAVELS RADIALLY IN ALL
DIRECTIONS. AS THE
SOUND WAVES
ENCOUNTER OBSTACLES
OR SURFACES, SUCH AS
WALLS, THEIR DIRECTION
OF TRAVEL IS CHANGED,
I.E., THEY ARE REFLECTED.
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AND REFLECTION
IF THE SURFACE IS A FLAT
SURFACE: ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE AND ANGLE OF
REFLECTION IS EQUAL.
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION IS THE ACT OF
EVENLY SPREADING SOUND
WAVES THROUGHOUT A
SPACE.
SOUND WAVES STRIKES AN
UNEVEN SURFACE.
DIFFRACTION
WAVEFRONTS AND RAYS OF
SOUND TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT
LINES, EXCEPT WHEN
SOMETHING GETS IN THE
WAY.
OBSTACLES CAN CAUSE
SOUND TO BE CHANGED IN
ITS DIRECTION FROM ITS
ORIGINAL PATH.
SOUND, REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION
AND INSULATION

NOISE REDUCTION & NOISE

NOISE REDUCTION BY ABSORPTION
1. COMPUTING FOR SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL
FROM SCRATCH
2. COMPUTING FOR NOISE REDUCTION BY
SOUND ABSORPTION TREATMENT
 SOUND POWER SOUND PRESSURE SOUND INTENSITY
LEVEL (PWL) LEVEL (SPL) LEVEL (IL)
TOTAL AMOUNT OF ACOUSTICAL
ACOUSTICAL ACOUSTICAL ENERGY PER UNIT
ENERGY CREATED FORCE/PRESSURE AREA
BY SOURCE PER UNIT AREA
 NOISE REDUCTION
BY ABSORPTION
COMPUTING FOR
SOUND PRESSURE
LEVEL FROM
SCRATCH

WALL WALL
FLOOR
1 2

Q=1

Q=2

Q=4

Q=8
NOISE REDUCTION BY ABSORPTION
COMPUTING FOR SOUND
PRESSURE LEVEL FROM SCRATCH

GIVEN:
Q=2 ("Installed on the floor, away from the walls")
PWL = 90 dB (500 Hz) and 87 dB (2000 Hz)
r = 5m and 10m
Wall surface area = 144m² [(6x4x2) + (12x4x2)]
Ceiling surface area = 72m² (6x12)
Floor surface area = 72m² (6x12)
Concrete Absorption Coefficient = 0.01
Painted Block Absorption Coefficient = 0.07
 NOISE REDUCTION
BY ABSORPTION
COMPUTING FOR SOUND
PRESSURE LEVEL FROM
SCRATCH
 NOISE REDUCTION BY ABSORPTION
COMPUTING FOR NOISE REDUCTION BY SOUND ABSORPTION TREATMENT
 NOISE REDUCTION BY ABSORPTION
COMPUTING FOR NOISE REDUCTION BY SOUND ABSORPTION TREATMENT

added absorption =
area affected
(absorption
coefficient of new
material - absorption
coefficient of existing
material)
*
NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT
THE ARITHMETIC AVERAGE OF THE ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS (α) AT
250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000Hz, AND 2000 Hz

NRC = 0.0 NRC = 1.0

SOUND, REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION
AND INSULATION

AIRBORNE &
 SOUND
ABSORPTION
VS

SOUND
TRANSMISSION
 AIRBORNE
AND

STRUCTURE-BORNE SOUND
AIRBORNE SOUND

Airborne sound originates in a space with any sound‐producing source,

and although it changes to structure‐borne sound when the sound wave
strikes the room boundaries, it is still referred to as airborne because it
originated in the air.
 AIRBORNE
TRANSMISSION LOSS AND NOISE REDUCTION

NR = ILroom 1 − ILroom2

NR = TL − 10log _
S
AR
where:
NR = noise reduction, dB
TL = barrier transmission loss, dB
2 2
S = area of the barrier, ft (m )
AR = total absorption of the receiving room, sabins, ft (m )
2 2
AIRBORNE
BARRIER MASS
STIFFNESS AND RESONANCE
COMPOUND BARRIERS
COMPOSITE WALLS AND
LEAKS
DOORS AND WINDOWS
DIFFRACTION: BARRIERS
FLANKING
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
PRIVACY
STRUCTURE-BORNE
STRUCTURE‐BORNE IMPACT
NOISE
CONTROL OF IMPACT NOISE
SOUND, REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION
AND INSULATION

MECHANICAL
SYSTEM
NOISE CONTROL
MECHANICAL SYSTEM NOISE CONTROL
THE MITIGATION OR REDUCTION OF UNWANTED NOISE
GENERATED BY VARIOUS MECHANICAL SYSTEMS.

IT ENCOMPASSES TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

AIMED AT MINIMIZING NOISE EMISSIONS FROM
MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
TO ENSURE ACCEPTABLE NOISE LEVELS IN DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENTS.
MECHANICAL SYSTEM NOISE CONTROL
NOISE GENERATED BY
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS CAN BE A
SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRIES AND
SETTINGS

EXCESSIVE NOISE CAN HAVE

ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HUMAN
HEALTH, SAFETY, PRODUCTIVITY,
AND OVERALL QUALITY OF LIFE.
APPROACHES TO CONTROL MECHANICAL SYSTEM
NOISE
1. SOURCE CONTROL:
THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF
NOISE CONTROL IS TO ADDRESS THE
NOISE SOURCE DIRECTLY. THIS
INVOLVES MODIFYING THE
MECHANICAL SYSTEM DESIGN OR
REPLACING NOISY COMPONENTS WITH
QUIETER ALTERNATIVES.
APPROACHES TO CONTROL MECHANICAL SYSTEM
NOISE
2. PATH CONTROL:
FOCUSES ON MINIMIZING THE
TRANSMISSION OF NOISE FROM THE
SOURCE TO THE SURROUNDING
ENVIRONMENT OR SENSITIVE AREAS.
APPROACHES TO CONTROL MECHANICAL SYSTEM
NOISE
3. RECEIVER CONTROL:
RECEIVER CONTROL INVOLVES TAKING
MEASURES TO PROTECT INDIVIDUALS
OR SENSITIVE EQUIPMENT FROM
EXPOSURE TO EXCESSIVE NOISE.
APPROACHES TO CONTROL MECHANICAL SYSTEM
NOISE
4. MAINTENANCE AND
OPERATION:
PROPER MAINTENANCE AND
OPERATION OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
CAN ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO NOISE
REDUCTION.

REGULAR INSPECTION, LUBRICATION,

AND REPAIR OF MACHINERY CAN
MINIMIZE NOISE CAUSED BY WORN-
OUT OR FAULTY COMPONENTS.
 In the Philippines, the maximum allowable noise levels in different settings
are regulated by various government agencies. The primary agency
responsible for noise control and regulation is the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

KEY REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS RELATED TO NOISE CONTROL IN THE PHILIPPINES:

1. Philippine Clean Air Act (Republic Act No. 8749): This legislation
addresses various aspects of air pollution, including noise pollution. It grants
the DENR the authority to establish emission standards and guidelines,
including those for noise levels. The law prohibits any person from causing or
allowing the emission of noise beyond the allowable limits set by the DENR.

2. DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 2000-81: This DAO provides guidelines

for the implementation of noise standards in the construction industry. It
sets permissible noise levels for construction activities during different
periods, such as daytime, nighttime, and Sundays or holidays.
 KEY REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS RELATED TO NOISE CONTROL IN THE PHILIPPINES:
3. DAO 2004-37: This DENR administrative order sets noise standards
for industrial, commercial, and institutional facilities. It specifies
permissible noise levels for various land uses, including residential,
commercial, light industrial, and heavy industrial areas.

4. DAO 2013-13: This DENR administrative order establishes the

guidelines and standards for the assessment and management of
environmental noise in the country. It provides detailed procedures
for measuring, assessing, and monitoring noise levels in different
settings.

5. Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS): The Department

of Labor and Employment (DOLE) issues these standards to ensure the
health and safety of workers in various industries. The OSHS includes
provisions related to noise exposure limits and requirements for the
protection of workers from excessive occupational noise.
SOUND, REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION
AND INSULATION

SOUND TRANSMISSION
 What is STC Rating?
STC rating (Sound Transmission Class rating) or Sound
Transmission Coefficient - score given to a building’s surface
(walls, windows, ceiling, etc.) based on the ability to reduce
sound coming through it.

It goes from 25 – 65. Higher the rating, less noise penetration. A rating
of 25 is no soundproofing, and 65 is complete soundproofing. A
standard single-pane window would have an STC rating of 25. Most
“soundproof” products have an STC rating in the range of 35 – 55.
Industry average for STC-rated windows is 38.
 STC Rating Chart
This chart shows a variety of
building materials, their average
STC rating, and what noise can
and cannot be heard at that
rating.

STC rating of 25 is what can be

easily heard. STC rating of 38-42 is
considered good soundproofing
for residential. STC rating of 50-65
is professional, commercial
soundproofing for recording
studios, etc.
Other Sound Transmission Definitions
dBa – A-weighted decibels. Measurement of sound as perceived by the human ear.

Transmission Loss – How much sound is lost going through a material.

Frequency (Hz) – Sound is vibrations that travel through the air. It is the speed of the
vibrations. It is measured in units of Hertz (Hz). Hertz measure the number of wave
cycles per second. Low frequency sounds, thunder or a train, lower Hz. High frequency
sounds,whistle or a bird chirping, higher Hz.
STC Rating Chart for
Windows
This chart goes down from lowest to
highest STC rated windows which
represents the quieter environment
you will experience.
SOUND, REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION
AND INSULATION

SOUND ABSORPTION
AND TREATMENT
SOUND TREATMENT
SOUND OR ACOUSTIC TREATMENTS ARE SOLUTIONS
THAT HELP TO ABSORB OR DIFFUSE SOUND TO IMPROVE
THE ACOUSTIC QUALITY OF A SPACE.
SOUND TREATMENT
ACOUSTIC TREATMENT CAN HELP REGULATE THREE
ASPECTS OF SOUND THAT CAN OTHERWISE POSE A
PROBLEM.
REFLECTION
REVERBERATION
RESONANCE
SOUND TREATMENT
REFLECTION
WHEN SOUND WAVES TRAVEL ACROSS A ROOM, THEY WILL RUN INTO
SURFACES, SUCH AS WALLS, FURNITURE OR OTHER OBJECTS.
REVERBERATION
REVERBERATION IS THE PROBLEM THAT OCCURS WHEN MULTIPLE
SOUND WAVES BOUNCE OFF OF SURFACES AND CONGREGATE
TOGETHER.
RESONANCE
ALL THE OBJECTS AND MATERIALS IN A ROOM VIBRATE AT A NATURAL
FREQUENCY.
SOUND TREATMENT
ACOUSTIC TREATMENT CAN BE USE.
BASS TRAP
ACOUSTIC PANEL
CEILING CLOUD
DIFFUSER PANEL
ACOUSTIC FOAM
FIBERGLASS INSULATION
HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR
SOUND, REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION
AND INSULATION

ACOUSTIC MATERIALS AND IT'S

ECHO CONTROL

REFLECTION ABSORPTION DIFFUSION

Mostly Reflect Absorb and Lessen the Spread the sound
and Bounce the power of the sound that intact the
sound from into material material (It depends
material on the material also)
 MATERIALS

BRICK CONCRETE
- Good sound reflectors - concrete reflects soundwaves and
-Blocks sound from passing absorbs some of its energy
through - Accept and transmit impact
-Results in echo and reverb -Also blocks sound
 MATERIAL

CONRETE MASONRY GLASS WOOD DECKING

- Good all frequency - High frequencies in - Mainly Reflective
reflector (Sealed Masonry) Reflective -Is able to absorb and
-Noise control material - Low frequencies in amplify soundwaves
Acts as a barrier by Absorption
diffusing incident noise - Good sound
(Laminated Glass)
 MATERIAL

WOOD PANELING PLYWOOD METAL

- Low Frequency in - Low Frequencies in - Bad for Acoustic
Absorption Absorption- --- High Material but a
-Allows soundwaves to Frequency in Reflection solution to sound
reverberate and spread -One of the best material
-Provides better tone material for absorbing Reflects sound due to
in a venue sounds its dense material
POROUS MATERIALS
VOLUE AND CAVITY RESONATOR

CLASSIFICATION
The basic acoustical characteristics of all porous
materials, such as fiber boards, soft plasters, mineral
wools and isolation blankets, is a cellular network of
interlocking pores
Sound absorption in porous materials is more efficient
at high than at low frequencies but their acoustical
efficiency improves in the low frequency range with
increase thickness and with distance from their solid
backing
 POROUS MATERIAL
ACOUSTICAL PLASTER AND
PREFABRICATED ACOUSTICAL
SPRAYED-ON MATERIALS
UNITS

CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Wall board and tile board, Mineral fiber Fibrous material w/ binder 
tiles, Lay-in panels, Perforated metal Acoustical plaster is not a reliable
pans sound absorber
APPLICATION
For walls: perforated or expanded metal, APPLICATION
perforated hardwood, metal slats, fabric-covered These acoustical finishes
panels or shredded formboard are used mostly for
Membrane-faced or ceramic tile: swimming pool auditoriums
areas, kitchen or locker rooms (humid)
 POROUS MATERIAL
ACOUSTICAL TILE ACOUSTICAL FOAM

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Ceiling material with mineral or One of a variety of cellular
cellulose fibers or of fiber glass materials usually made of
They are suspended on a metal grid polyurethane
APPLICATION APPLICATION
Suspended Tile provides low Excellent sound absorbers
frequency than glued on tile Theater seats (stabilize
reverberation)
 POROUS MATERIAL
ACOUSTICAL BLANKET FIBERGLASS

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Manufactured from rock wool, Available in the form of
glass fibers, hair felt etc. batts, blankets and boards
Generally installed on a wood or APPLICATION
metal framing system Stud walls and ducts
APPLICATION Industrial noise control
Their absorption increases with
thickness
 POROUS MATERIAL
FIBROUS BATTS AND BLANKETS FIBROUS BOARD

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Usually made of fiberglass or mineral Works like batts and blankets
fiber but of a higher density
For thermal insulation
APPLICATION APPLICATION

Wall and ceiling finish  They absorb Excellent sound absorbers

and reduce noise and reverberation Walls and ceilings
in the room
 POROUS MATERIAL
FIBROUS PLANK FIBROUS SPRAY

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Made of coarse fibers such Sprayed on insulating material for
as wood fibers fireproofing application
APPLICATION APPLICATION
Reduces noise and Highly absorptive
reverberation in the room
 POROUS MATERIAL
INSULATION CARPETS

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Similar to fibrous batts and Made of synthetic materials such
blankets as nylon and natural materials
APPLICATION such as wooL
Improves attenuation
APPLICATION
through partition Sound absorbing material
Adding mass helps to stop Can be enhanced by the use of
noise from passing through thicker underlay
SOUND, REFLECTION,
TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION
AND INSULATION

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN
ACOUSTICAL DESIGN
 QUANTUM ACOUSTICS
A branch of Quantum Physics. It is the application of the quantum mechanical
principles to acoustics.

The investigation of how the principles of quantum physics impact the

transmission and absorption of sound.

Materials that can be Used:

Quantum Acoustics Diffuser
Quantum Acoustics Panel
Quantum Acoustics Underfloor
 QUANTUM ACOUSTICS DIFFUSER
Mimics a natural electromagnetic resonance wave as it is being created in
the listing environment.

QUANTUM ACOUSTICS PANELS

Used in both small and big applications to lessen echo and reverberation.
These panels are made of a hard glass fiber acoustical board with a high
density and are coated in an acoustically transparent fabric.

QUANTUM ACOUSTICS DIFFUSER

For use in both residential and commercial applications, a fully recycled
rubber and cork composite was created.
 SOUND ISOLATION
A wall partition, ceiling system, and floor/ceiling assembly design's
main objective is to employ unique materials, building techniques,
and design elements that will reduce the flow of airborne and
impact sound.

SOUND INSULATION
The capacity of buildings or building components to lessen sound
transmission.
The size of the dividing wall or partition, together with the volume
and sound-absorbing qualities of the receiving room, must all be
considered when comparing the sound insulation capabilities.
 SOUND MASKING
Provides a consistent, fixed level of inconspicuous background
sound that is adjusted to cover speech and soften other workplace
noises, which prevents the human ear from seeing these noises as a
distraction.

SONIC DEMODULATION
A "demodulator" or "detector" is used, and it generates a signal that
corresponds to the sudden changes in frequency or amplitude,
respectively. The original modulating signal is the same as this
signal.
SOUND - Mechanical vibration and energy that we can hear
VIBRATION - Felt but cannot be heard
NOISE - Unwanted sound
WAVELENGTH - Distance between similar points
SUMMARY
Low Frequency = Long Wavelengths --- High Frequency = Short Wavelengths
NOISE REDUCTION - Converting acoustical energy into less disturbing
Three Key Concepts : Generation, Transmission(1), and Receiver
STC - SOUND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT - Ability of a material to reduce sound
SOUND PROPAGATION - made from vibrations, and when sound is produced, it makes a specific
frequency in the air
SOUND ABSORPTION - Happens when a material absorbs sound
ECHO CONTROL
Reflects (bounces the sound from the material) - Absorbs (lessen the power of the sound into the
material) - Diffuse (spreads compressed sound)
MATERIALS used in Architecture (Bricks, Concrete, Concrete Masonry, Glass, Wood Decking,
Wood Paneling, Plywood, Metal)
POROUS MATERIALS (Volue and Cavity Resonator, Pre Fab. Acoustical units, Acoustical Plaster,
and Sprayed-on materials, Acoustical Tile, Foam, and Blanket, Fiberglass,, Fibrous Batts and
Blankets, Fibrous Board, Fibrous Plank and Spray, Insulation, Carpets)
NOISE REDUCTION BY ABSORPTION - identifies the sound pressure level (which is what we hear
after taking into consideration the different factors such as the source, surroundings, and listener)
Compute for the noise reduction (how much noise is reduced by the noise absorption)
NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT- the rating that's the arithmetic average of the absorption
coefficients (0 = full reflect, 1= full absorb)
TYPES OF SOUND ABSORBERS (Porous Absorbent, Panel Resonators, Volume or Cavity Resonator,
Acoustically Transparent Surfaces)
CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSORPTIVE MATERIALS (Acoustic Tile, Perforated Metal-Face Units,
Acoustic Panel/Boards, Acoustic Plaster, Sound Block Baffles, Hanging Panels, Wall Panels,
Resonator Sound Absorbers, Carpeting, and Drapery)
COMPUTATION OF NOISE REDUCTION BY ABSORPTION (PWL, SPL, IL)
dBa - measurement of sound perceived by the human ear
TRANSMISSION LOSS - the amount of sound loss through a material
AIRBORNE AND STRUCTURE-BORNE SOUND - sound itself is created by pulses that are
transferred through a medium to a detection device or to the human ear.
In buildings, sound is generally either airborne or structure-borne. The main difference between
airborne and structure-borne sound is the medium of propagation. While airborne sound travels
through the air as sound waves, structure-borne sound travels through solid objects such as
stone, concrete, steel or wood.
MECHANICAL SYSTEM NOISE CONTROL - involves a comprehensive approach,
encompassing source control, path control, receiver control, and
maintenance/operation practices.
By implementing appropriate noise control measures, the adverse effects of
mechanical system noise can be mitigated, promoting healthier and more
comfortable environments for both workers and the general public.
APPROACHES TO CONTROL MECHANICAL SYSTEM NOISE (Source Control, Path
Control, Receiver Control, Maintenance, and Operation)
REFLECTION - happens when the sound waves bounce into surfaces such as walls
their direction changes
IF THE SURFACE IS FLAT: Angle of Incidence and reflection is equal
DIFFUSION - the act of spreading sound waves equally throughout a space
DIFFRACTION - when sound waves encounter obstacles
SOUND TREATMENT - solution to help absorb or diffuse sound to improve the
acoustic quality
REFLECT - REVERB - RESONATE
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN ACOUSTICAL DESIGN (Quantum Acoustics (diffuser
and panels), Sound Isolation, Sounc Insolation, Sound Masking, Sonic Demodulation)
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!