2 Basic Maths

FOR NSEP 11th 2025

Basic Maths used in Physics:

Mathematics is the supporting tool of Physics. The elementary knowledge of basic mathematics is useful
in problem solving in Physics. In this chapter we study Elementary Algebra, Trigonometry, Coordinate
Geometry and Calculus (differentiation and integration).

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ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic
equation. The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0....(i) is the general form of quadratic equation where a  . The
general solution of above equation is
−b  b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
If values of x be x1 and x2 then x1 = and x 2 =
2a 2a
Here x1 and x2 are called roots of equation (i). We can easily see that
b c
sum of roots = x1 + x2 = – and product of roots = x1x 2 =
a a
Example :
Find roots of equation 2x2 – x – 3 = 0.
Solution :
Compare this equation with standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
we have a=2, b=–1, c=–3.

−b  b2 − 4ac − (1)  ( −1)2 − 4 ( 2) − 3

Now from x = ; x=
2a 2 ( 2)

1  1 + 24 1  5 6 −4 3
x= = x= x=  x = or x = –1
4 4 4 4 2

Example :
In quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0, if discriminant D = b2 – 4ac, then roots of quadratic equation are:
(a) real and distinct, if D > 0 (b) real and equal (repeated roots), if D = 0
(c) non-real (imaginary), if D < 0 (d) None of the above
Ans. (ABC)

BINOMIAL EXPRESSION
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.
 1
For example (a+b), (a+b)3, (2x––3y)–1,  x +  etc. are binomial expressions.
 y
Binomial Theorem
n ( n −1) n −2 2 n ( n −1) 2
( a + b)n = a n + na n −1b1 + a b + .... (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ....
2 1 2 1
Binomial Approximation
If x is very small, then terms containing higher powers of x can be neglected so
(1+x)n 1 + nx

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Example :
m0
The mass m of a body moving with a velocity v is given by m = where m0 = rest mass of body =
v2
1− 2
c
10 kg and c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s. Find the value of m at v = 3 × 107 m/s.
Solution:
−1/ 2
 v2 
−1/ 2
  3 107 2   1 
−1/ 2
m = m0 1 − 2  = 10 1 −    = 10 1 − 
 c    3 108    100 
 
  1  1  10
 10 1 −  −    = 10 +  10.05 kg
  2  100  200

LOGARITHM
Common formulae :
m
• log mn = log m+log n • log =logm-log n • log mn = n log m • loge m = 2.303 log10m
n

COMPONENDO AND DIVIDENDO RULE

p a p+q a +b
If = then =
q b p−q a −b

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)

General form : a, a + d, a +2d, ..., a + (n–1)d

Here a = first term, d = common difference
n n st
Sum of n terms Sn = [a+a+(n–1)d] = [I term + nth term]
2 2
Example :
Find sum of first n natural numbers.
Solution:
n  n ( n + 1) 
Let sum be Sn then Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 +....+n; Sn = 1 + n  =  
2  2 
GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION (GP)

General form : a, ar, ar2,..., arn–1 Here a = first term, r = common ratio

Sum of n terms Sn =
(
a 1− r n
) Sum of  term S =
a
1− r 1− r
Example :
1 1 1
Find . 1 + + + + .... upto 
2 4 8
1 a 1
Solution : Here, a = 1, r = So, S = = =2
2 1− r 1− 1
2

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TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLE :
it is measure of change in direction.
Arc ( s )
Angle () =
Radius ( r )
Angels measured in anticlockwise and clockwise direction are usually taken positive and negative
respectively.

us
arc

di
s

Ra
r

 r
O Radius

System of measurement of an angle

[A] Sexagesimal system :
In this system, angle is measured in degrees.
In this system , 1 right angle = 90°, 1° = 60' (arc minutes), 1' = 60'' (arc seconds)

[B] Circular system :

In this system, angle is measured in radian.
if arc = radius then =1 rad
Relation between degrees and radian
2 rad = 360°
180
 rad = 180°  1 rad = = 57.3°


To convert from degree to radian multiply by
180

180
To convert from radian to degree multiply by


Example :
A circular arc of length  cm. Find angle subtended by it at the centre in radian and degree.

6cm

  cm

6cm

Solution :
s  cm 
= = = rad=30°
r 6 cm 6

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Example :
When a clock shows 4 o'clock, how much angle do its minute and hour needles make?
 2
(A) 120° (B) rad (C) rad (D) 160°
3 3
Solution : Ans. (AC)

12
11 1
10 2
 2
9 3 From diagram angle  = 4  30 = 120 = rad
3
8 4
7 5
6

Example :
The moon’s distance from the earth is 360000 km and its diameter subtends an angle of 42' at the eye of
the observer. The diameter of the moon in kilometers is
(A) 4400 (B) 1000 (C) 3600 (D) 8800
Solution :Ans. (A)
Here angle is very small so diameter  arc
 7
0
 1 1
 = 42 =  42   = 42   = rad
 60  60 180 1800
7 22
Diameter = R = 360000   = 4400 km
1800 7
Trigonometric Ratios (T-ratios)
Following ratios of the sides of a right angled triangle are known as trigonometrical ratios.
Perpendicular (P)


Base(B)

P B P
sin  = cos  = tan  =
H H B
1 H 1 H 1 B
cosec = = sec  = = cot  = =
sin  P cos  B tan  P

Trigonometric Identities
2 2
 P   B
In figure , P2 + B2 = H2 Divide by H2,   +   = 1  sin 2  + cos2  = 1
H H
2 2
P H
Divide by B2,   + 1 =    1 + tan 2  = sec2 
 B  B
2 2
 B  H
Divide by P2, 1 +   =    1 + cot 2  = cosec2
P  P
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Commonly Used Values of Trigonometric Functions

Angle() 0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°

1 3 1 4 3
sin  0 1
2 5 2 5 2
3 4 1 3 1
cos  1 0
2 5 2 5 2
1 3 4
tan  0 1 3 
3 4 3

Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule*

90°

IInd quadrant Ist quadrant

Sin All
0°
180° 360°
Tan Cos
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

270°
In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive.
In second quadrant, only sin and cosec are positive.
In third quadrant, only tan and cot are positive.
In fourth quadrant, only cos and sec are positive
* Remember as Add Sugar To Coffee or After School To College.

Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae)

(i) Trigonometric function of an angle 2n +  where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... will be remains same.
sin(2n +) = sin cos(2n+) = cos tan(2n+)=tan
 n 
(ii) Trigonometric function of an angle  +   will remains same if n is even and sign of trigonometric
 2 
function will be according to value of that function in quadrant.
sin(–) = + sin cos(−) = –cos tan(−)= –tan
sin(+)= –sin cos(+)= –cos tan(+)= +tan
sin(−)= –sin cos(−)= +cos tan(−)= –tan
 n 
(iii) Trigonometric function of an angle  +   will be changed into co-function if n is odd and sign of
 2 
trigonometric function will be according to value of that function in quadrant.
     
sin  +   = + cos  cos  +   = − sin  tan  +   = − cot 
2  2  2 
     
sin  −   = + cos  cos  −   = + sin  tan  −   = + cot 
2  2  2 
(iv) Trigonometric function of an angle – (negative angles)
sin(–) = – sin cos(–)= + cos tan(–) = – tan

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Example :
The two shorter sides of right angled triangle are 5 cm and 12 cm. Let  denote the angle opposite to the
5 cm side. Find sin, cos and tan.
Solution:

m
3c

5 cm
=1
2 H
2 12
5+ P

 B
12 cm
P 5cm 5
sin  = = =
H 13cm 13
B 12cm 12
cos  = = =
H 13cm 13
P 5cm 5
tan  = = =
B 12cm 12

Example :
Find x, y and perimeter of the triangle
5cm
53°

y
x

.
Solution:
y 4 x 3
= sin 53 =  y = 4 cm and = cos53 =  x = 3 cm
5 5 5 5
Perimeter of the triangle = x + y + 5 =3 + 4 + 5 = 12 cm

Example :
Find the value of :
(i) sin30° + cos60° (ii) sin 0° – cos 0° (iii) tan 45°–tan 37° (iv) sin 390°
(v) cos 405° (iv) tan 420° (viii) sin 150° (viii) cos 120°
(ix) tan 135° (x) sin (330°) (xi) cos 300° (xii) sin(–30°)
(xiii) cos(–60°) (xiv) tan(–45°) (xvi) sin(–150°)
Solution:
1 1
(i) sin 30°+cos 60° = + =1 (ii) sin 0°–cos0°=0 – 1 = –1
2 2
3 1 1
(iii) tan 45°–tan 37° = 1 − = (iv) sin 390°=sin(360°+30°) = sin 30°=
4 4 2
1 1
(v) cos 405° = cos(360°+45°)=cos45° = (vi) tan 420° = tan (360° + 60°) = tan 60°=
2 2
1 1
(vii) sin 150° = sin (90°+60°) = cos 60° = or sin 150°=sin(180°–30°)=sin30°=
2 2

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1
(viii) cos 120°=cos(180°–60°)= – cos60° = – (ix) tan 135°=tan(180°–45°) = –tan 45°=–1
2
1 1
(x) sin 330° = sin (360°–30°) = – sin 30° = – (xi) cos300° = cos (360°–60°)=cos 60°=
2 2
1 1
(xii) sin (–30°)= –sin 30° = – (xiii) cos (–60°) = + cos 60° =
2 2
(xiv) tan (–45°) = –tan45° = –1
1
(xv) sin (–150°) = –sin (150°) = – sin (180°–30°) = – sin 30°=–
2

Example :
The values of sin1, cos22 and tan3 are given as ½ ,– ½ and 3 (not in order), for some angles 1, 2 and
3. Choose incorrect statement.
(A) The value of tan3 could be –½ (B) The value of sin1 can not be 3.
(C) The value of cos 2 can't be –½
2
(D) The value of cos22 could be 3.
Solution: Ans. (D)
−1  sin 1  1 , 0  cos2 2  1 , −  tan 3  

Addition/Subtraction Formulae for Trigonometrical Ratios

• sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B • sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
• cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B • cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Example :
By using above basic addition/ subtraction formulae, prove that
tan A + tan B tan A − tan B
(i) tan (A+B) = (ii) tan (A–B) =
1 − tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
(iii) sin2 = 2sin cos (iv) cos2 = os2 – sin2 = 1 – 2sin2 = 2cos2–1
2 tan 
(v) tan2 =
1 − tan 2 
Solution :
sin ( A + B) sin Acos B + cos Asin B
(i) tan(A+B) = =
cos ( A + B) cos Acos B − sin Asin B
 sin A sin B 
cos Acos B  +
 cos A cos B  tan A + tan B
= =
 sin Asin B  1 − tan A tan B
cos Acos B 1 − 
 cos Acos B 
sin ( A − B) sin Acos B − cos Asin B
(ii) tan (A–B) = =
cos ( A − B) cos Acos B + sin Asin B
 sin A sin B 
cos Acos B  −
 cos A cos B  tan A − tan B
= =
 sin Asin B  1 + tan A tan B
cos Acos B 1 +
 cos Acos B 
(iii) sin2 = sin(+) = sin cos + cos sin = 2 sin cos
(iv) cos2 = cos(+) = cos cos–sinsin = cos2–sin2 = 1–sin2–sin2 = 1–2sin2
= 1 – 2(1 – cos2) = 2 cos2 – 1
tan  + tan  2 tan 
(v) tan2 = tan( + ) = =
1 − tan  tan  1 − tan 2 

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Example :
Find the value of
(i) sin 74° (ii) cos 106° (iii) sin 15° (iv) cos 75°
Solution:
 3  4  24
(i) sin 74° = sin (2× 37°) = 2 sin 37 cos 37° =2    =
 5  5  25
 3   4  9 − 16
2 2
7
(ii) cos 106° = cos (2×53°) = cos2 53° sin2 53° =   −   = =−
5  5 25 25
1 3 1 1 3 −1
(iii) sin 15° = sin (45°–30°) = sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30° =  −  =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 1 3 −1
(iv) cos 75° = cos (45°+30°) = cos 45° cos30° – sin 45° sin 30° =  −  =
2 2 2 2 2 2

Small Angle Approximation

If  is small (say < 5°) then sin   , cos   1 and tan 
Note : here  must be in radian.

Example :
Find the approximate values of (i) sin 1° (ii) tan 2° (iii) cos 1°.
Solution:
         
(i) sin1 = sin 1  = sin  (ii) tan 2 = tan  2  = tan 
 180  180 180  180  90 90
   
(iii) cos1 = cos 1  = cos =1
 180  180

Maximum and Minimum Values of Some useful Trigonometric Functions

• −1  sin   1 • −1  cos   1 − a 2 + b2  a cos  + bsin   a 2 + b2

Example :
Find maximum and minimum values of y :
(i) y = 2 sinx (ii) y = 4–cosx (iii) y = 3sinx + 4 cosx
Solution:
(i) ymax =2(1) = 2 and ymin= 2(–1) = –2 (ii) ymax = 4 – (–1) = 4 + 1 = 5 and ymin = 4 – (1)=3
(iii) ymax = 3 + 42 =5 and ymin = – 3 + 42 = – 5

Example :
A ball is projected with speed u at an angle to the horizontal. The range R of the projectile is given by
u 2 sin 2
R=
g
for which value of  will the range be maximum for a given speed of projection? (Here g = constant)
   
(a) rad (b) rad (c) rad (d) rad
2 4 3 6
Solution: Ans.(B)
 
As sin 2  1 so range will be maximum if sin 2 =1. Therefore 2 =   = rad.
2 4
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Example :
The position of a particle moving along x-axis varies with time t according to equation x = 3 sint –
cost where  is constants. Find the region in which the particle is confined.
Solution:
x = 3sin t − cos t

( 3) ( 3)
 
+ ( −1) = 2 and xmin = + ( −1) = −2
2 2
xmax =
Thus, the particle is confined in the region

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COORDINATE GEOMETRY

To specify the position of a point in space, we use right handed rectangular axes coordinate system. This
system consists of (i) origin (ii) axis or axes. If point is known to be on a given line or in a particular
direction, only one coordinate is necessary to specify its position, if it is in a plane, two coordinates are
required, if it is in space three coordinates are needed.

ORIGIN
This is any fixed point which is convenient to you. All measurement are taken w.r.t. this fixed point.

Axis or Axes
Any fixed direction passing through origin and convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If the position
of a point or position of all the points under consideration always happen to be in a particular direction,
then only one axis is required. This is generally called the x-axis. If the positions of all the points under
consideration are always in a plane, two perpendicular axes are required. These are generally called x and
y-axis. If the points are distributed in a space, three perpendicular axes are taken which are called x, y and
z-axis.

Position of a point in xy plane

The position of a point is specified by its distances from origin along (or parallel to) x and y-axis as
shown in figure.
y
x (x,y)

origin x
x
(0,0)
Here x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa and ordinate respectively.

Distance Formula
The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by d = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2

Example :
For point (2, 14) find abscissa and ordinates. Also find distance from y and x-axis.
Solution:
Abscissa = x-coordinate = 2 = distance from y-axis.
Ordinate = y-coordinate = 14 = distance from x-axis.

Example :
Find value of a if distance between the points (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3cm) is 13 cm.
Solution:

( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2  13 = 13 − ( −9) + 3 − a 
2
By using distance formula d =
2

 132 = 122 + (3–a)2  (3–a)2 = 132 – 122 = 52  (3–a) = ±5  a = –2 cm or 8 cm

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Example :
A dog wants to catch a cat. The dog follows the path whose equation is y–x = 0 while the cat follows the
path whose equation is x2 + y2 = 8. The coordinates of possible points of catching the cat are :
(a) (2, –2) (b) (2, 2) (c) (–2, 2) (d) (–2, –2)

Solution: Ans. (BD)

Let catching point be (x1, y1) then, y1–x1=0 and x12 + y12 = 8
Therefore, 2x12 = 8  x12 =4  x1=±2; So possible points are (2, 2) and (–2, –2).

Slope of a Line
The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is denoted by m and is given by
y y2 − y1
m= = = tan  [If both axes have identical scales
x x 2 − x1

Here  is the angle made by line with positive x-axis. Slope of a line is a quantitative measure of
inclination.
y
B(x2, y2)
y2

y1
(x1,y1)  y
A x

x
x1 x2
Example :
Distance between two points (8, –4) and (0, a) is 10. All the values are in the same unit of length. Find
the positive value of a.
Solution: Ans. 2
From distance formula (8–0)2 + (–4–a)2 = 100  (4+a)2 = 36  a =2

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CALCULUS

Calculus is the study of how things change. In this we study the relationship between continuously
varying functions.

(A) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

The purpose of differential calculus to study the nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the amount of
variation in a quantity when another quantity (on which first quantity depends) varies independently.
Average rate of change :
Let a function y = f(x) be plotted as shown in figure. Average rate of change in y w.r.t. x in interval [x1,
x2] is
y
B
(x2,y2)

y
(x1,y1)
A x
x
change in y y y2 − y1
Average rate of change = = = = slope of chord AB.
change in x x x 2 − x1

Instantaneous rate of change :

It is defined as the rate of change in y with x at a particular value of x. It is measured graphically by the
slope of the tangent drawn to the y-x graph at the point (x,y) and algebraically by the first derivative of
function y =f(x).
y

(x,y)


x
dy
Instantaneous rate of change = = slope of tangent = tan
dx

First Derivatives of Commonly used Functions :

dy dy
• y = constant  =0 • y = xn  = nxn-1
dx dx
dy dy 1
• y=ex  = ex • y = ln x  =
dx dx x
dy dy
• y = sinx  = cosx • y = cosx  = –sinx
dx dx
dy dy
• y = tan x  = sec2 x • y = cotx  = –cosec2x
dx dx

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Method of Differentiation or Rules of Differentiation :
dy
(i) Function multiplied by a constant i.e., y = kf(x)  = kf  ( x )
dx

Example :
Find derivatives of the following functions :
4
(i) y = 2x3 (ii) y = (iii) y = 3ex (iv) y = 6 ln x (v) y = 5 sin x
x
Solution:
dy 4 dy 4
(i) y = 2x 3  = 2 3x 3−1  = 6x 2 (ii) y = = 4x −1  = 4 ( −1) x −1−1  = − 2
dx x dx x
dy dy 1 6
(iii) y = 3ex  = 3ex (iv) y = 6ln x  = 6  =
dx dx x x

dy
(v) y = 5sin x  = 5 ( cos x ) = 5cos x
dx
dy
(ii) Sum or Subtraction of Two functions i.e., y = f(x) ± g(x)  = f  ( x )  g ( x )
dx

Example :
Find differentiation of y w.r.t x.
(i) y = x2 – 6x (ii) y = x5 + 2ex (iii) y = 4 ln x + cos x
Solution:
dy dy
(i) = 2x 2 −1 − 6 (1) = 2x − 6 (ii) = 5x5−1 + 2ex = 5x 4 + 2ex
dx dx
dy 1 4
(iii) = 4   + ( − sin x ) = − sin x
dx  
x x

(iii) Product of two functions : Product rule

dy
y = f(x) ·g(x)  = f ( x )  g ( x ) + f  ( x )  g ( x )
dx

Example :
Find first derivative of y w.r.t. x.
(i) y = x2 sin x (ii) y =4(ex)cos x
Solution:
dy
(i) = x 2 ( cos x ) + ( 2x )( sin x ) = x 2 cos x + 2x sin x
dx
dy
(ii)
dx  ( ) ( )
= 4  ex ( cos x ) + ex ( − sin x ) = 4ex cos x − sin x 

(iv) Division of two functions : Quotient rule
f ( x ) dy f  ( x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ( x )
y=  =
g ( x ) dx g ( x )
2

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Example :
sin x 4x3
Find differentiation of y w.r.t. x. (i) y = (ii) y =
x ex
Solution:
(i) Here f(x) = sinx, g(x) = x So f'(x) = cos x, g'(x) =1
dy ( cos x )( x ) − (sin x )(1) x cos x − sin x
Therefore = =
dx x2 x2
(ii) Here f(x) = 4x3, g(x) = ex So f '(x) = 12x2, g'(x)= ex

Therefore, =
2 x
( ) ( )
dy 12x e − 4x e
3 x

=
12x 2 − 4x3
( )
2
dx ex ex

(v) Function of Functions : Chain rule

Let f be a function of x, which in turn is a function of t. The first derivative of f w.r.t. t is equal to the
df dx df df dx
product of and Therefore = 
dx dt dt dx dt

Example :
Find first derivative of y w.r.t. x.
2
− 2x
(i) y = e–x (ii) y = 4 sin 3x (iii) y = 4ex
Solution:

(i) y = e–x = ez where z = –x so

dy dy dz
dx dz dx
( )
=  = ez ( −1) = −ez = −e− x

dy dy dz
(ii) y = 4 sin 3x = 4 sinz where z = 3x so =  = 4 ( cos z )( 3) = 12 cos 3x
dx dz dx
dy dy dz
− 2x
=  = 4 ( z ) ( 2x − 2 ) = (8x − 8) ex − 2x
2 2
(iii) y = 4ex = 4ez where z = x2 – 2x so
dx dz dx

Example :
The position of a particle moving along x-axis varies with time t as x=4t –t2 +1. Find the time interval(s)
during which the particle is moving along positive x-direction.
Solution:
If the particle moves along positive x-direction, its x-coordinate must increase with time t.
dx
x-coordinate will increase with time t if  0.
dt
dx
= 4 − 2t
dt
dx
 0  4 − 2t  0  t  2
dt
Hence, the particle moves in positive x-direction during time-interval 0 < t < 2.

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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION
Higher order derivatives are used to find the maximum and minimum values of a function. At the points
of maxima and minima, first derivative becomes zero.
y
B Maxima

minima
A
x
d2 y
At point ‘A’ (minima) : As we see in figure, in the neighborhood of A, slope is increases so >0.
dx 2
dy d2 y
Condition for minima : = 0 and 2  0
dx dx

d2 y
At point ‘B’ (maxima) : As we see in figure, in the neighborhood of B, slope is decreases so <0
dx 2
dy d2 y
Condition for maxima : = 0 and 2  0
dx dx

Example :
The minimum value of y = 5x2 – 2x + 1 is
1 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
Solution: Ans. (C)
dy 1
For maximum/minimum value = 0  5 ( 2x ) − 2 (1) + 0 = 0  x =
dx 5
1 d2 y 1
Now at x= , 2
=10 which is positive so minima at x = .
5 dx 5
Therefore

Example :
The radius of a circular plate increase at the rate of 0.1 cm per second. At what rate does the area increase
5
when the radius of plate is cm?

(A) 1 cm2/s (B) 0.1 cm2/s (C) 0.5 cm2/s (D) 2 cm2/s
Solution: Ans. (A)
Area of disk, A = r2 (where r = radius of disk)
dA  dr  dr
=   2r  = 2r
dt  dt  dt
dA 5
so = 2  0.1 = 1 cm2 / s
dt 

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Example :
A particle moves along the curve 12y = x3. Which coordinate changes at faster rate at x=10 ?
(A) x–coordinate (B) y–coordinate
(C) Both x and y–coordinate (D) Data insufficient
Solution: Ans. (B)
2
dy  x   dx 
12y = x  12dy = 3x dx 
3 2
=
dt  2   dt 
2
x
Therefore for   >1 or x >2, y– coordinate changes at faster rate.
2

Example :
Water pours out at the rate of Q from a tap, into a cylindrical vessel of radius r. The rate at which the
height of water level rises when the height is h, is
Q Q Q Q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
rh r 2 2r 2 r 2 h
Solution: Ans. (B)

dV dh dV dh Q
 Volume : V = r2h  = r 2 But = Q so =
dt dt dt dt r 2

Example :
U ˆ U ˆ U ˆ
For conservative force field, F = − i− j− k
x y z
U
where F → Force, U → Potential energy and = Differentiation of U
x
w.r.t. x keeping y and z constant and so on.
Column – I Column – II
2
(A) For U = x yz, at (5,0,0) (P) Fx =0
(B) For U = x2 + yz at (5, 0,0) (Q) Fy =0
2
(C) For U = x (y+z) at (5, 0,0) (R) Fz =0
(D) For U = x2y+z at (5,0,0) (S) U=0
Solution: Ans. (A – P,Q,R,S ; B – Q,R ; C – P,S ; D – P,S)
For (A) : F = −2xyz ˆi − x2zjˆ − x2 ykˆ  Fx= 0, Fy=0, Fz= 0, U= 0

For (B) : F = −2xiˆ − zjˆ − ykˆ  Fx  0, Fy= 0, Fz= 0, U  0

For (C) : F = −2x ( y + z ) ˆi − x 2ˆj − x 2kˆ  Fx= 0, Fy 0, Fz 0, U= 0

For (D) : F = −2xy ˆi − x2ˆj − kˆ  Fx = 0, Fy 0, Fz 0, U= 0

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Example :
If surface area of a cube is changing at a rate of 5 m2/s, find the rate of change of body diagonal at the
moment when side length is 1 m.
5 5
(A) 5 m/s (B) 53 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D) m/s
2 4 3
Solution: Ans. (D)
Surface area of cube S=6a2 (where a = side of cube)
Body diagonal = 3a . Therefore S=2l2
dS d d 1 dS 5
= 2(2 )  = =
( )
Differentiating it w.r.t. time m/s
dt dt dt 4 3a dt 4 3

(B) Integral Calculus

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. By help of integration we can find a function whose derivative is
known. Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t. x is equal to f(x) then

 f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
here c is the constant of integration and this is called indefinite integration.
Few basic formulae of integration are :
x n +1 1
 x n dx =
n +1
+c  x dx = ln x + c
 sin xdx = − cos x + c  cos xdx = sin x + c
 sec xdx = tan x + c  e dx = e + c
2 x x

( ax + b )n +1 + c dx ln ( ax + b)
 ( ax + b ) dx =  ax + b =
n
+c
a ( n + 1) a
− cos ( ax + b) sin ( ax + b)
 sin (ax + b) dx = a
+c  cos (ax + b) dx = a
+c

tan ( ax + b) eax + b
 sec2 ( ax + b ) dx = +c  eax + bdx = +c
a a

Example :
Integrate the following w.r.t. x.
1 1
(i) 4x3 (ii) x − (iii) (iv) cos (4x+3) (v) cos2x
x 2x + 3
Solution:
 x 3+1  4x 4  1 1 x2
(i)  4x 3dx = 4 
 3 +1 
+c =
4
+ c = x4 + c
 
(ii)  x − dx = xdx − dx =
x x 2 
− ln x + c 
dx ln ( 2x + 3) sin ( 4x + 3)
(iii)  2x + 3 = 2
+c (iv)  cos ( 4x + 3) dx = 4
+c

2cos2 x (1 + cos2x )dx = 1 1

(v)  cos2 xdx =  2
dx =  2 2
dx + 
2
cos2xdx

x 1 sin 2x x 1
= + + c = + sin 2x + c
2 2 2 2 4

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Definite Integration :
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t. x is equal to f(x), in an interval a  x  b then
b

 f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) − F ( a )
a

Area under a curve and definite integration

y
y=F(x)

x=a x
x=b
x
dx
Area of small shown element = ydx = f(x) dx
b
If we sum up all areas between x=a and x= b then f ( x ) dx = shaded area between curve and x-axis.

a

Example :
5

 x dx is equal to
2
The integral
1

125 124 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 45
3 3 3
Solution: Ans. (B)
5
5
 x3   53 13  125 1 124
 x dx =   =  −  = − =
2

1  3 1  3 3  3 3 3

Example :
The following curve represent rate of change of a variable y w.r.t x. The change in the value of y when x
changes from 0 to 11 is:
dy/dx
20

9 11
x
0 3 6

(A) 60 (B) 25 (C) 35 (D) 85

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Solution:
y
20

A1
9 11 x
0 3 6 A2

-10

11
 dy   dy 
As dy =   dx So y = dy =  dx
 dx  0
dx   
Area under the curve
1
A1 =  6  20 = 60
2
1
A2 = −  (11 − 6 )(10) = −25
2
y = A1 + A2 = 60 – 25 = 35

Average value of a continuous function in an interval

Average value of a function y = f(x), over an interval a  x  b is given by
b b

 ydx  ydx
yav = a
= a
b
b−a

a
dx

Example :
Determine the average value of y = 2x +3 in the interval 0  x  1.
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 4
Solution: Ans. (D)
1

 ydx 1
  x2  
1

yav = 0
= ( 2x + 3) dx = 2   + 3x  = 12 + 3 (1) − 02 − 3 ( 0 ) = 1 + 3 = 4

1− 0 0   2   0

Example :
 
The average value of alternating current I = I0sint in time interval 0,  is
 
2I0 4I0 I0
(A) (B) 2I0 (C) (D)
  
Solution: Ans. (A)
/ 

 Idt 
/ 
  I0 ( − cos t ) 
/ 
 I0 I 2I
Iav =

0
=  I0 sin tdt =   =− cos  − cos 0 = − 0 −1 − 1 = 0
−0  0
  0   


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Example :
The velocity-time graph of a car moving along a straight road is shown in figure. The average velocity of
the car is first 25 seconds is
Velocity(m/s)

20

0 Time(s)
10 20 25
(A) 20 m/s (B) 14 m/s (C) 10 m/s (D) 17.5 m/s

Solution: Ans. (B)

25

 vdt Area of v-t graph between t=0 to t = 25 s 1  25 + 10  

Average velocity = 0
= =   ( 20) = 14 m/s
25 − 0 25 25  2  

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FUNCTION AND GRAPH

FUNCTION
Physics involves study of natural phenomena and describes them in terms of several physical quantities.
A mathematical formulation of interdependence of these physical quantities is necessary for a concise
and precise description of the phenomena. These mathematical formulae are expressed in form of
equations and known as function.
Thus, a function describing a physical process expresses an unknown physical quantity in terms of one or
more known physical quantities. We call the unknown physical quantity as dependent variable and the
known physical quantities as independent variables. For the sake of simplicity, we consider a function
that involves a dependant variable y and only one independent variable x. It is denoted y=f(x) and is read
as y equals to f of x. Here f(x) is the value of y for a given x. Following are some examples of functions.
y=2x+1, y=2x2+3x+1, y=sinx, y=n (2x+1)
Knowledge of the dependant variable for different values of the independent variable, and how it changes
when the independent variable varies in an interval is collectively known as behavior of the function.

Example :
In the given figure, each box represents a function machine. A function machine illustrates what it does
with the input.

Input (x) Double the Square root Output (z)

input and of
add three the input
Which of the following statements are correct?
(A) y=2x+3 (B) y=2(x+3) (C) z = 2x + 3 (D) z = 2 ( x + 3)
Ans. (C)

Graph of a Function.
Graph is diagrammatic representation of a function and allows us to visualize it. To plot a graph the
dependant variable (here y) is usually taken on the ordinate and the independent variable (here x) on the
abscissa. Graph being an alternative way to represent a function does not require elaborate calculations
and explicitly shows behavior of the function in a concerned interval.

Example :
Consider a body moving with constant speed of 2 m/s in a straight line. When you start your stopwatch,
you observe the body 1 m away from a fixed point on the line. Suggest suitable physical quantities, write
a function and draw its graph describing motion of the body.
Solution :
Distance x of the body from the given fixed point and time t measured by the stopwatch are the suitable
variables. If we consider the fixed point as the origin, distance x is known as the position coordinate of
the body.
In the following figure it is shown that the body is on point A at the instant t = 0 and after a time t it
reaches another point B covering a distance, which equals to product of speed and time interval. Thus,
distance s covered by the body in time t is given by the following equation.
s = 2t

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Position coordinate x(m)

A s=2t B
O
x=0 x0=1 x=1+2s
t=0 t

Time(s)
With the help of the above figure, position coordinate x of the body at any time t is given by the
following equation, which is the required function describing motion of the body.
x = 2t + 1
Graph of this equation is also shown in the adjoining figure.

Graphs of some commonly used Functions.

Linear, parabolic, trigonometric and exponential functions are the most common in use.

(A) Straight line Equation and its Graph.

When the dependant variable y varies linearly with the independent variable x, the relationship between
them is represented by a linear equation of the type given below. The equation is also shown in graph by
an arbitrary line.
y

c y= mx + c
-x  x

-y
Here m & c are known as slope of the line and intercept on the y-axis, respectively.

Slope
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure to express the inclination of the line. It is expressed by ratio of
change in ordinate to change in obscissa.

y
y2
 y
y1
x
c

-x x1 x2 x

y2 − y1 y
Slope of a line m = = = slope of tangent
x 2 − x1 x
When the x and the y axes are scaled identically, slope equals to tangent of the angle, which line makes
with the positive x-axis.
m=tan
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Sometimes the slope is also called gradient and expressed by the term “y in ” where  is the length

along the line = ( x )2 + ( y)2 .

It is positive if y increases with increase in x, negative if y decreases with increase in x, zero if y remains
unchanged with change in x and infinite if y changes but x remains unchanged. For these cases the line is
inclined up, inclined down, parallel to x-axis and parallel to y-axis respectively as shown in the adjoining
figure by lines A, B, C and D respectively.
y
D
B A
C

-x x

-y
Intercept.
It equals to the value of ordinate y, where the line cuts the y-axis. It may be positive, negative or zero for
lines crossing the positive y-axis, negative y-axis and passing through the origin respectively.

Example :
Write equations for the straight lines shown in the following graphs.
y y

(a) (b)

x x

y y

(c) (d)

x x

y y

(e) (f)

x x

Solution : Ans.
3 3
(A) y = x + 3 ; (B) y = x−2;
2 2
(C) y=5; (D) y= –x+5
3
(E) y = x ; (F) x=4
2
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Example :
A parallelogram ABCD is shown in figure.
y
B (0,1)

(-2,0) (2,0)
x
A C

D (0,-1)

Column I Column II
(A) Equation of side AB (P) 2y + x =2
(B) Equation of side BC (Q) 2y – x = 2
(C) Equation of side CD (R) 2y + x = –2
(D) Equation of side DA (S) 2y –x =–2
(T) y + 2x =2
Solution : Ans. (A) Q (B) P (C) S (D) R
1− 0 1 1
For side AB : m = = , c = 1 y = x +1
( )
0 − −2 2 2
2−0
For side BC : m = = −2, c = 1  y = −2x + 1
0 −1
0 − ( −1) 1 1
For side CD : m = = , c = −1  y = x − 1
2−0 2 2
−1 − 0 1 1
For side DA : m = = − , c = −1  y = − x − 1
0 − ( −2 ) 2 2

Example
A variable y increases from y1 = 2 to y2 = 8 linearly with another variable x in the interval
x1 = 0 to x2 = 10. Express y as function of x and draw its graph.
Solution :
Linear variation is represented by a linear equation of the form y=mx+c. To represent the function on
graph we have to join two points whose coordinates are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) i.e. (0, 2) and (10, 8).
y2 − y1 8 − 2 3
Slope of the line is m = = =
x 2 − x1 10 − 0 5
y

3
From the graph, intercept is c=2. Now the required equation is y = x + 2
5

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Example:
The graph shows a linear relation between variable y and x. Consider two quantities p and q defined by
the equations.
y

b
0 a x
0
y
p=
x
y−b
q=
x
As x changes from zero to a, which of the following statements are correct according to the graph?
(A) Quantity p increases and q decrease.
(B) Quantity p decrease and q increases.
(C) Quantity p decreases and q remain constant.
(D) Quantity p increases and q remain constant.
Solution :
Ans. (C)
q is slope of the given line, which is a constant for a straight line.
p is slope of the line joing origin and point on the line, which is decrease as x increases.

Example:
Frequency f of a simple pendulum depends on its length  and acceleration g due to gravity according to
the following equation
1 g
f=
2
Graph between which of the following quantities is a straight line?
(A) f on the ordinate and l on the abscissa
(B) f on the ordinate and  on the abscissa
(C) f2 on the ordinate and l on the abscissa
(D) f2 on the ordinate and 1/ on the abscissa
Ans. (D)

(B) Parabola equation and its graph.

A function of the form y= ax2+bx+c is known as parabola. The simplest parabola has the form y=ax2. Its
graph is shown in the following figure.
y

-x x

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(C) Graph of some trigonometric functions.
Among all the trigonometric functions, sinusoidal function, which includes sine and cosine both is most
common in use.

Sine Function y = a sin x

y
a

-a
/2       

Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the maximum magnitude of y. In the adjoining figure
graph of a sine function is shown, which has amplitude a units.
Cosine Function y = a cos x
y
a

-a
/2       

Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the maximum magnitude of y. In the adjoining figure
graph of a cosine function is shown, which has amplitude a units.

(D) Exponential function and its graph.

y
a

y=ae—x

x
Behavior of several physical phenomena is described by exponential function to the base e. Here e is
known as Euler’s Number. e=2.718218
Most commonly used exponential function has the form y=ae–x. In the adjoining figure graph of this
function is shown.
Example :
In the given figure is shown a variable y varying exponentially on another variable x. Study the graph
carefully. Which of the following equations best suits the shown graph?
y
3

-1

(A) y = 3 – e–x (B) y = 1 – 4e–x (C) y = 1 – 3e–x (D) y = 3 – 4e–x

Solution: Ans. (D)
Shift the curve (–4e–x) in positive y-direction by 3 units.
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(E) Circle and Ellipse
x 2 y2
Circle : x2 + y2 = a2 Ellipse : + =1
a 2 b2
y y

a b
x x
(0,0) a (0,0) a

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EXERCISE # 1

TRIGNOMETRY
1. sin 300º is equal to
3 3
(A) 1/2 (B) –1/2 (C) − (D)
2 2

2. Value of tan 225º is :

1
(A) 3 (B) (C) 1 (D) –1
3

3. Value of sin15º. cos15º is :

3
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/4 (D)
2

4. tan15° is equivalent to
5− 3  5+ 3 
(A) (2 − 3) (B) (5 + 3 ) (C)   (D)  
 2   2 

5.  is angle between side CA and CB of triangle, shown in the figure then  is given by:

2 2 1 5
(A) cos  = (B) sin  = (C) cos  = (D) cos  =
3 3 3 3

6. Match the column:

Column - I Column –II
(A) (sin  + cos ) 2
(P) 1 – sin 2
(B) (sin  – cos ) 2
(Q) 1 + sin 2 
(C) cos4  – sin  (R) cos 2 
(D) cos  + sin 
4 4
(S) 1 + 2 sin2 
(T) None
(A) (A) → P; (B) → T; (C) → P,S; (D) → T
(B) (A) → Q; (B) → P; (C) → R,S; (D) → T
(C) (A) → Q; (B) → P; (C) → R,S; (D) → S
(D) (A) → P; (B) → R,S; (C) → R,S; (D) → T

MULTIPLE CORRECT QUESTIONS

1
7. If a = , then –
2
(A) a = sin 30° (B) a = cos 60° (C) a = tan 30° (D) a = cosec 30°
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 29
 NSEP 11th 2025
8. Which of the following relations is/are correct?
(A) sin (90 + ) = cos (– ) (B) sin (180 – ) = cos (90 – )
(C) sin (360 – ) = cos (360 – ) (D) sin (180 + ) = cos (90 – )

9. Which of following are true?

(A) sin37° + cos37° = sin53° + cos53° (B) sin37° – cos37° = cos53° – sin53°
(C) tan37° + 1 = tan 53° – 1 (D) tan37° × tan53° = 1

DIFFERENTIATION
dy
10. y = x3 + 2x2 + 7x + 8 then will be -
dx
(A) 3x2 + 2x + 15 (B) 3x2 + 4x + 7 (C) x3 + 2x2 + 15 (D) x3 + 4x + 7

11. Differentiation of 2x2 + 3x w.r.t. x is :

(A) 4x + 3 (B) 4x (C) 3 (D) 4x + 1

12. Equation of straight line is 2x + 3y = 5. Slope of the straight line is :

(A) 3/2 (B) 2/3 (C) –2/3 (D) –3/2

dy
13. y = ex nx , Find
dx
ex ex ex ex
(A) ex x + (B) e x n x + (C) e x n x − (D) e x +
x x x x

dy
14. y = sin x cos x, Find
dx
(A) cos2 x – sin2 x (B) cos 2x (C) cos2 x + sin2 x (D) sin 2x

2x + 5 dy
15. If y = , Find
3x − 2 dx
−19 −15 −5 −11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
( 3x − 2 ) 2
( 3x − 2 ) 2
( 3x − 2 ) 2
( 3x − 2 )2

nx dy
16. y= , Find
x dx
1+ nx 2– nx 1– nx 5– nx
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x2 x2 x2 x2

dy
17. If y = 2 sin (x + ) where  and  constants, Find
dx
(A) 2 cos(x + ) (B) 2 sin(x + ) (C) 5 cos(x + ) (D) 2 cos(x – )

dy
18. (x + y)2 = 4, Find
dx
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 30
 NSEP 11th 2025
dy
19. x2y + xy2 = 6 , Find
dx
2 xy − y 2 −2 xy − y 2 −2 xy + y 2 2 xy + y 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x 2 + 2 xy x2 + 2 xy x2 + 2 xy x 2 + 2 xy

20. Find the values of function 2x3 – 15 x2 + 36 x + 11 at the points of maximum

(A) 40 (B) 35 (C) 39 (D) 38

dy
21. y = 2u3, u = 8x – 1, Find
dx
(A) 48 (8x − 1) (B) 60 (8x − 1) (C) 40 (8x − 1) (8x −1)2
2 2 2
(D)

dy
22. y = sinu , u = 3x + 1, Find
dx
(A) 5 cos (3x + 1) (B) 3 cos (3x + 1) (C) 3 cos (3x – 1) (D) – 3 cos (3x – 1)

dy
23. y = 6u – 9, u = (1/2) x4, Find
dx
(A) 6 x3 (B) 5 x3 (C) 12 x3 (D) x3

d
24. sin 2x
dx
(A) (sin 2x)–1/2 (B) cos 2x (sin 2x)–1/2
(C) 2 cos 2x (sin 2x)–1/2 (D) cos 2x (sin 2x)1/2

d 2x
25. e
dx
2x
e 2x 2x −1 / 2
(A) (B) 2x e (C) e (D) e ( 2 x )
2x

dy d2y
26. For which functions = 2 ?
dx dx
(A) sin x = y (B) ex = y (C) cos x = y (D) x2 = y

x dy
27. y = cosu, u = − , Find
3 dx
1 x x 1 x 1 x
(A) − sin (B) −1sin (C) − sin (D) − sin
3 2 3 2 3 3 3

dy d2y
28. For which functions = 2 ?
dx dx
(A) sin x = y (B) ex = y (C) cos x = y (D) x2 = y
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 31
 NSEP 11th 2025
29. Column-I Column-II
(A) y = sin x – cos x (P) 2
dy 
at x =
dx 2
(B) y = e7x (Q) 1
dy
at x = 0
dx
(C) y = loge x (R) 7
dy
at x = 1
dx
(D) y = x (S) Zero
dy
at x = 2 (T) None
dx
(A) (A) → R; (B) → Q; (C) → P; (D) → Q (B) (A) → R; (B) → P; (C) → Q; (D) → P
(C) (A) → Q; (B) → R; (C) → Q; (D) → Q (D) (A) → Q; (B) → P; (C) → R; (D) → Q

MULTIPLE CORRECT QUESTIONS

30. The function y = 6x – 10 = 2(3x – 5) is the composite of the functions y = 2u and u = 3x – 5.
dy dy du dy
(A) =6 (B) =2 (C) =3 (D) =1
dx du dx dx

31. If y = 9x4 + 6x2 + 1 = (3x2 + 1)2

is the composite of y = u2 and u = 3x2 + 1, then
 dy   dy   dy 
(A)
dy
dx
(
= 12 x 1 + 3x2 ) (B)   = 48
 dx  x =1
(C)   = 40
 dx  x=0
(D)   = 48
 dx  x=0

32. If y = x4 – 2x2 + 2, then

dy  dy   dy   dy 
(A) = 4 x3 − 4 x (B)   = 0 (C)   =0 (D)   = 0
dx  dx  x=1  dx  x =−1  dx  x+1

33. If x3 + 3xy + y3 = 1, then

 dy   dy   dy   dy 
(A)   = −1 (B)   = −2 (C)   = −1 (D)   = −1
 dx (1,1)  dx (1,1)  dx (1,0)  dx (0,0)

34. If x = 3t2 + 4t + 3, then

dx d2x d2x dx d 2 x
(A) = 6t + 4 (B) =6 (C) =0 (D) . =36 t +24
dt dt 2 dt 2 dt dt 2

35. If y = tan x, then

dy d2y
(A) = sec2 x (B) = 2 sec2 x tan x
dx dx 2
dy d2y
(C) = sec x tan x (D) = 2 sec x tan2 x
dx dx 2

36. If y = log sec x, then

(A) y = tan2x (B) y = tan x (C) y = sec2x (D) y = 2 sec2 x tan x
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 32
 NSEP 11th 2025
cos  cos 
37. If y = + , then y is equal to:
1 + sin  1 − sin 
2
(A) 4(1 + tan 2 ) (B) 2(1 + tan 2 ) (C) 4(1 + cos2 ) (D)
cos 

Passage for 38 to 39
Suppose u and v are functions of x that are differentiable at x = 0 and that
u (0) = 5, u´(0) = – 3, v(0) = –1, v´ (0) = 2

38. Find the values of the following derivatives at x = 0.

d d u d v d
( uv ) ( 7v − 2u )
dx  v  dx  u 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
dx dx

d 2
39. Find out the value of (u ) at x = 0.
dx
(A) –30 (B) –40 (C) –45 (D) 30

Passage for 40 to 42
A particle is moving along positive x-axis. Its position aries as x = t3 – 3t2 + 12t + 20, where x is in meters and t is
in seconds.

40. Initial velocity of the particle is:

(A) 1 m/s (B) 3 m/s (C) 12 m/s (D) 20 m/s

41. Initial acceleration of the particle is:

(A) Zero (B) 1 m/s2 (C) –3m/s2 (D) – 6 m/s2

42. Velocity of the particle when its acceleration zero is:

(A) 1 m/s (B) 3 m/s (C) 6 m/s (D) 9 m/s

INTERGER TYPE QUESTIONS

43. Suppose that the radius r and area A = r2 of a circle are differentiable functions of t.
dA dr
= k ; r = 7
dt dt
What is the value of k

44. Suppose that the radius r and surface area S = 4r2 of a sphere are differentiable functions of t.
dS dr
= k ; r = 7
dt dt
What is the value of k

dy 1
45. If y = 2u3 , u = 8x – 1, then find at x = .
dx 8

dy −1
46. If y = sinu , u = 3x + 1, then find at x = .
dx 3
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 33
 NSEP 11th 2025
dy
47. If y = 6u – 9 , u = (1/2) x4 , then find at x = 2.
dx

x dy 3
48. If y = cosu , u = − , then find at x = .
3 dx 2

INTEGRATION
49. x 3
dx is equal to :

x4 x4
(A) 3x2 (B) +C (C) (D) 4x3
4 4

50.  2sin(x)dx is equal to :

(A) –2 cos x + C (B) 2 cos x + C (C) –2 cos x (D) 2 cos x

1
51. x+ integrate with respect to x
x
2 x3 2 x3 x3 3 x3
(A) + 2 x + c (B) + x +c (C) +2 x +c (D) +2 x +c
3 3 3 2
1
52. 3
x + 3 integrate with respect to x
x
3x4/3 3x2/3 3x4/3 3x2/3 x2/3 5x2/3 5x4/3 3x2/3
(A) + +c (B) + +c (C) + +c (D) + +c
4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2

53. x sin(2x2) dx,

2 1 1 1
(A) − cos 2 x 2 + C (B) − cos 2 x 2 + C (C) − cos 2 x 2 + C (D) − cos 2 x 2 + C
4 3 4 5

3
54.  dx
( 2 − x )2
3 5 3 3
(A) +C (B) +C (C) +C (D) +C
2− x 2− x 2 − x2 ( 2 − x )2

55. sin(8z − 5) dz
1 1
(A) cos ( 2 z − 5) + C (B) − cos (10 z − 5) + C
8 8
1 1
(C) − cos (8 z − 2 ) + C (D) − cos (8z − 5) + C
8 8

5 2
56. 2 r dr
(A) 24 (B) 26 (C) 20 (D) 22

1 x
57. 0 e dx
(A) e – 2 (B) e – 1 (C) e – 5 (D) e – 4
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 34
 NSEP 11th 2025
2
58. I = 0 sin (  + ).d  where  is a constant. Then value of :
(A) may be positive (B) may be negative
(C) may be zero (D) Always zero for any value of 

59. cos(tan + sec ) d

(A) – cos  +  + C (B) cos θ +  + C (C) sin  +  + C (D) cos  + C

60. x−3(x +1) dx

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) + +C (B) − + 2 − C (C) − − 2 + C (D) + +C
x 2 x2 x 2x x 2x x x2

61. 12(y4 + 4y2 +1)2(y3 + 2y) dy,

(A) (y4 + 4y2 +1)3 + C (B) (y2 + 4y +1)3 + C
(C) (y4 – 4y2 –1)3 + C (D) (y + 4y2 – 1)3 + C

62.  3 − 2sds
1 1 1 1
(A) − ( 3 + 2s )3/2 + C (B) ( 3 + 2s )3/2 + C (C) − ( 3 − 2s )3/2 + C (D) − ( 3 + 2s )3/2 − C
3 3 3 3

6cos t
63.  dt
( 2 + sin t )3
−3 3 −3 −3
(A) +C (B) +C (C) +C (D) +C
( 2 + sin t ) 2
( 2 + sin t ) 2
( 2 − sin t ) 2
(1 + sin t )2

64. Use a definite integral to find the area of the region between the y = sin x and the x–axis on the interval
[0, π]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 4

65. If  1 + y 2  2 ydy =
2
( ) 1
( ) 5
( ) 4
( )
3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2
(A) 1 + y2 +C (B) 1 + y2 +C (C) 1 + y2 +C (D) 1 − y2 +C
3 3 3 3

66. Match the integrals (given in column-II) with the given functions (in column-I)
Column-I Column-II
cosecKx
(A)  secx tan xdx (P) −
K
+C

cot Kx
(B)  cosecKx cot Kxdx (Q) −
K
+C

 cosec Kxdx (R) sec x + C

2
(C)

sin Kx
(D)  cosKxdx (S)
K
+C

(A) (A) → R; (B) → P; (C) → Q; (D) → S (B) (A) → Q; (B) → P; (C) → R; (D) → S
(C) (A) → P; (B) → Q; (C) → R; (D) → S (D) (A) → S; (B) → R; (C) → P; (D) → Q

PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 35
 NSEP 11th 2025
MULTIPLE CORRECT QUESTIONS
/ 2
67.  (sin x + cos x)dx
0

(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) (sin2x + cos2x) × 2 (D) 4

1 + 2 sin x
68. I=  cos 2 x
dx; then I is equal to–

(A) tan x + sec x + C

(B) tan x – sec x + C
sin2 x + cos2 x + 1
(C) + tan x + C
cos x
(D) tan x + 2 sec x + C


69. I =  sin( +  )d , where ϕ is non zero constant then the value of I:
0


(A) may be positive (B) may be negative (C) may be zero (D) always zero if ϕ =
4

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

70. Integrate x2 – 2x + 1 with respect to x with in limit 0 to 1.

e 1
71. 1 3x dx

72. Use a definite integral to find the area of the region between the y = 2x curve and the x–axis on the
interval [0, 1]

x
73. Use a definite integral to find the area of the region between the y = + 1 curve and the x–axis on the
2
interval [0, 1].

MAXIMA & MINIMA

t3
74. If S = – 2 t2 + 3t + 4, then
3
(A) at t = 1, S is minimum
(B) at t = 1, S is maximum
(C) at t = 3, S is maximum
(D) at t = 3, S is minimum

PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 36
 NSEP 11th 2025
GRAPH
75. Match the following
Column-I Column-II

(A) (P) |x|

(B) (Q) e–x

(C) (R) y  x2

(D) (S) xy = constant

(A) (A) → Q; (B) → S; (C) → P; (D) → R (B) (A) → Q; (B) → P; (C) → R; (D) → S
(C) (A) → R; (B) → P; (C) → S; (D) → Q (D) (A) → S; (B) → Q; (C) → P; (D) → R
76. Match the following
Column-I Column-II

(A) (P) Slope at A = Slope at B

(B) (Q) Slope at B > slope at A

(C) (R) Slope at A is negative

(D) (S) Slope at A = 0

(A) (A) → R; (B) → P; (C) → S; (D) → Q (B) (A) → Q, (B) → P; (C) → R; (D) → S
(C) (A) → S, (B) → Q; (C) → R; (D) → P (D) (A) → R; (B) → Q; (C) → S; (D) → P
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 37
 NSEP 11th 2025
MULTIPLE CORRECT QUESTIONS
77. Which of the following straight lines have positive slope?
(A) 2y – 3x = – 5 (B) y + 5x = 3 (C) y = 4x + 3 (D) 3y – 5x = 4

78. If y = kx2 where k is positive non-zero constant, then which of the following graphs is/are correct?

y y
(A) (B) (C) y (D) y
O x O x2 O x O x

PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 38
 NSEP 11th 2025

EXERCISE # 2
1. Value of sin (37°) cos (53°) is -
9 12 16 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 25 25 5

1
2. If sin  = , then cos  will be -
3
8 4 2 2 3
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
9 3 3 4

3. Which of the following has value zero ?

(A) sin 0° (B) tan 0° (C) cos 0° (D) cot 0°

x +1
4. If f(x) = , then the value of f ( f ( f (x))) is :
x −1
x −1 x +1
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) x
x +1 x −1

 
5. If f(x) = tan x , then the value of f  
 4
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) none of these

dy
6. If y = x lnx then will be
dx
(A) lnx + x (B) 1 + ln x (C) lnx (D) 1
nx dy
7. If y = then will be :
x dx
1 − nx 1 + nx 1 − nx nx − 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x x2 x2 x2

8. Differentiation of sin(x2 + 3) w.r.t. x is -

(A) cos (x2 + 3) (B) 2x cos(x2 + 3)
(C) (x2 + 3) cos(x2 + 3) (D) 2x cos(2x + 3)

dy
9. If y = tan x . cos2x then will be -
dx
(A) 1 + 2 sin2x (B) 1 – 2 sin2x (C) 1 (D) 2 sin2x

d2 y
10. If y = x3 then is -
dx 2
(A) 6x2 (B) 6x (C) 3x2 (D) 3x

11. If Q = 4v3 + 3v2, then the value of 'v' such that, there exist maxima of 'Q' -
1 1
(A) 0 (B) − (C) (D) none
2 2
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 39
 NSEP 11th 2025
d2 y
12. If y = sin x, then will be :
dx 2
(A) cos x (B) sin x (C) – sin x (D) sin x + C

13. Maximum value of f(x) = sin x + cos x is :

1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
2
14. The displacement of a body at any time t after starting is given by s = 15t – 0.4t2. The velocity of the
body will be 7 ms–1 after time :
(A) 20 s (B) 15 s (C) 10 s (D) 5 s

15. A particle is moving in a straight line. Its displacement at time t is given by s (in m) = − 4t2 + 2t, then its
1
velocity and acceleration at time t = second are
2
(A) − 2 m/s, − 8 m/s 2
(B) 2 m/s, 6 m/s2 (C) − 2 m/s , 8 m/s2 (D) 2 m/s, 8 m/s2

16. A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement at any time t is given by :
s = t3 – 6t2 + 3t + 4 metresThe velocity when the acceleration is zero is :
(A) 3 ms–1 (B) – 12 ms–1 (C) 42 ms–1 (D) – 9 ms–1

17. If x = (6y + 4) (3y2 + 4y + 3) then  xdy will be :

1 (3y2 + 4y + 3)2
(A) (B) +C
3y + 4y + 3
2
2
(6y+ 4)
(C) (3y2 + 4y + 3) (D)
(3y2 + 4y + 3)
COMPREHENSION (18 to 20) :
If charge flown through a cross section of wire in one direction during 0 to t is given by q = 3 sin (3t)
then
 
18. Find out the amount of charge flowing through the wire till t =   seconds.
 6
(A) 3 coulombs (B) 6 coulombs (C) 1 coulomb (D) Zero coulomb

19. Find out the current flowing through the wire at t = second.
9
(A) 4.5 Amp (B) 4.5 3 Amp (C) 3 / 2 Amp (D) 9 Amp.

 
20. Find out the area under i – t curve from t = to t = seconds :
9 6
2 − 3  2 + 3  2 − 3  2 + 3 
(A) 3   (B) 3   (C)   (D)  
 2   2   2   2 
 
21. The area of region between y = sin x and x–axis in the interval 0,  will be :
 2
1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D)
2
 /2
22. The value of  sin
0
2
x dx will be :

 
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) (D)
4 2
PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 40
 NSEP 11th 2025

Answer Key

EXERCISE # 1

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A)

5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (A, B) 8. (A, B)
9. (A, B, D) 10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (C)
13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (C)
17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (C)
21. (A) 22. (B) 23. (C) 24. (B)
25. (A) 26. (B) 27. (D) 28. (B)
29. (C) 30. (A, B, C) 31. (A, B) 32. (A, B, C)
33. (A, C) 34. (A, B, D) 35. (A, B) 36. (B, C, D)
37. (A, D)
38. (a) (13) (b) (–7) (c) (7/25) (d) (20)
39. (A) 40. (C) 41. (D) 42. (D)
43. (44) 44. (176) 45. (0) 46. (3)
47. (96) 48. (1/3) 49. (B) 50. (A)
51. (A) 52. (A) 53. (C) 54. (A)
55. (D) 56. (A) 57. (B) 58. (D)
59. (A) 60. (C) 61. (A) 62. (C)
63. (A) 64. (B) 65. (A) 66. (A)
67. (A, C) 68. (C, D) 69. (A, B, C) 70. (1/3)
71. (1/3) 72. (1) 73. (5/4) 74. (B, D)
75. (A) 76. (C) 77. (A, C, D) 78. (A, B, C)

EXERCISE # 2

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A, B) 4. (C)

5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (B)
9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (C)
13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (D)
17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (A)
21. (A) 22. (C)

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