Machine learning definition

Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence

that uses algorithms trained on data sets to create self-
learning models that are capable of predicting outcomes
and classifying information without human intervention.
Machine learning is used today for a wide range of
commercial purposes, including suggesting products to
consumers based on their past purchases, predicting stock
market fluctuations, and translating text from one
language to another.

In common usage, the terms “machine learning” and

“artificial intelligence” are often used interchangeably
with one another due to the prevalence of machine learning
for AI purposes in the world today. But, the two terms
are meaningfully distinct. While AI refers to the general
attempt to create machines capable of human-like
cognitive abilities, machine learning specifically refers to
the use of algorithms and data sets to do so.
How does machine learning work?

Machine learning is both simple and complex.

At its core, the method simply uses algorithms –

essentially lists of rules – adjusted and refined using
past data sets to make predictions and categorizations
when confronted with new data. For example, a machine
Learning Algorithm may be “trained” on a data set
consisting of thousands of images of flowers that are
labeled with each of their different flower types so that it
can then correctly identify a flower in a new photograph
based on the differentiating characteristics it learned from
other pictures.

To ensure such algorithms work effectively, however, they

must typically be refined many times until they
accumulate a comprehensive list of instructions that allow
them to function correctly. Algorithms that have been
trained sufficiently eventually become “machine learning
models,” which are essentially algorithms that have been
trained to perform specific tasks like sorting images,
predicting housing prices, or making chess moves. In
some cases, algorithms are layered on top of each other to
create complex networks that allow them to do increasingly
complex, nuanced tasks like generating text and powering
chatbots via a method known as “deep learning.”

As a result, although the general principles underlying

machine learning are relatively straightforward, the
models that are produced at the end of the process can be
very elaborate and complex.
 Types of machine learning

Several different types of machine learning power the

many different digital goods and services we use every
day. While each of these different types attempts to
accomplish similar goals – to create machines and
applications that can act without human oversight – the
precise methods they use differ somewhat.

To help you get a better idea of how these types differ

from one another, here’s an overview of the four different
types of machine learning primarily in use today.

1. Supervised machine learning

In supervised machine learning, algorithms are trained on Labeled

data sets that include tags describing each piece of data. In other
words, the algorithms are fed data that includes an “answer key”
describing how the data should be interpreted. For example, an
algorithm may be fed images of flowers that include tags for
each flower type so that it will be able to identify the flower
better again when fed a new photograph.
Supervised machine learning is often used to create machine
learning models used for prediction and classification purposes.

2. Unsupervised machine learning

Unsupervised machine learning uses Unlabeled data sets to train

algorithms. In this process, the algorithm is fed data that doesn't
include tags, which requires it to uncover patterns on its own
without any outside guidance. For instance, an algorithm may be
fed a large amount of unlabeled user data culled from a social
media site in order to identify behavioral trends on the platform.

Unsupervised machine learning is often used by researchers and

data scientists to identify patterns within large, unlabeled data
sets quickly and efficiently.

3. Semi-supervised machine learning

Semi-supervised machine learning uses both unlabeled and
labeled data sets to train algorithms. Generally, during semi-
supervised machine learning, algorithms are first fed a small
amount of labeled data to help direct their development and
then fed much larger quantities of unlabeled data to complete
the model. For example, an algorithm may be fed a smaller
quantity of labeled speech data and then trained on a much
larger set of unlabeled speech data in order to create a machine
learning model capable of speech recognition.
Semi-supervised machine learning is often employed to train
algorithms for classification and prediction purposes in the event
that large volumes of labeled data is unavailable.

4. Reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning uses trial and error to train algorithms

and create models. During the training process, algorithms
operate in specific environments and then are provided with
feedback following each outcome. Much like how a child learns,
the algorithm slowly begins to acquire an understanding of its
environment and begins to optimize actions to achieve particular
outcomes. For instance, an algorithm may be optimized by playing
successive games of chess, which allows it to learn from its past
successes and failures playing each game.

Reinforcement learning is often used to create algorithms that

must effectively make sequences of decisions or actions to achieve
their aims, such as playing a game or summarizing an entire text.
 Machine learning benefit
and risks

Machine learning is already transforming much of our

world for the better. Today, the method is used to
construct models capable of identifying cancer growths in
medical scans, detecting fraudulent transactions, and
even helping people learn languages. But, as with any
new society-transforming technology, there are also
potential dangers to know about.

At a glance, here are some of the major benefits and

potential drawbacks of machine learning:

Benefits

Decreased operational costs: AI and machine

learning may help businesses to automate some of its jobs,
causing overall operational costs to decrease.
Improved operational efficiency and accuracy:
Machine learning models are able to perform certain
narrow tasks with extreme efficiency and accuracy,
ensuring that some tasks are completed to a high degree
in a timely manner.

Improved insights: Machine learning has the potential

to quickly identify trends and patterns in large amounts
of data that would be time consuming for humans. These
insights can equip businesses, researchers, and society as
a whole with new knowledge that has the potential to help
them achieve their overall goals.

Dangers

Job layoffs: as some jobs are automated, workers in the

impacted field will likely face layoffs that could force
them to switch to a new career or risk long-term
unemployment.

Lack of human element: Models that are tasked with

doing a very narrow task may also miss many of the
“human” aspects of the job that are important to it but
potentially overlooked by developers.

Ingrained biases: Just like the humans that create

them, machine learning models can exhibit bias due to the
occasionally skewed data sets that they’re trained on.
 Examples and use cases

Machine learning is typically the most mainstream type

of AI technology in use around the world today. Some of
the most common examples of machine learning that you
may have interacted with in your day-to-day life
include:
• Recommendation engines that suggest products,
songs, or television shows to you, such as those found
on Amazon, Spotify, or Netflix.

• Speech recognition software that allows you to

convert voice memos into text.
• A bank’s fraud detection services automatically flag
suspicious transactions.
• Self-driving cars and driver assistance features, such
as blind-spot detection and automatic stopping,
improve overall vehicle safety.
 conclusion

In conclusion, machine learning stands at the forefront of

technological innovation, transforming industries and
enhancing our daily lives. By enabling systems to learn
from data and improve over time, machine learning offers
unprecedented opportunities for efficiency, accuracy, and
personalization. As we continue to advance in this field,
ethical considerations and responsible implementation will
be crucial to harness its full potential while mitigating
risks. The future of machine learning is bright,
promising a world where intelligent systems seamlessly
integrate into various aspects of human endeavor, driving
progress and fostering a deeper understanding of complex
phenomena.