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Distributed Systems

The document outlines key design functions and algorithmic challenges in distributed systems, including communication, synchronization, fault tolerance, and security. It also discusses various applications such as mobile systems, sensor networks, and peer-to-peer computing, highlighting the unique challenges each presents. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of scalability, consistency, and efficient data management in distributed computing environments.

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arjunnv009
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2 views

Distributed Systems

The document outlines key design functions and algorithmic challenges in distributed systems, including communication, synchronization, fault tolerance, and security. It also discusses various applications such as mobile systems, sensor networks, and peer-to-peer computing, highlighting the unique challenges each presents. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of scalability, consistency, and efficient data management in distributed computing environments.

Uploaded by

arjunnv009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distributed Systems: Design Issues, Challenges & Applications

Design Functions in Distributed Systems

1. Communication

o Enables information exchange between processes.

o Must handle latency, bandwidth, failures, etc.

2. Processes

o Multiple independent processes may run on different systems.

o Must coordinate and communicate effectively.

3. Naming

o Every resource (process, device) needs a unique name.

o Naming scheme should be scalable and location-independent.

4. Synchronization

o Synchronizing time and actions across different systems is critical.

o Logical clocks and physical clocks are used.

5. Data Storage & Access

o Data may be distributed; consistent access and storage needed.

6. Consistency & Replication

o Replicated data should appear the same to all users.

o Consistency models define how this is maintained.

7. Fault Tolerance

o System should continue to function despite failures.

o Techniques include redundancy, recovery, and replication.

8. Security

o Confidentiality, authentication, and availability must be ensured.

9. API and Transparency


o Easy-to-use programming interfaces.

o Hides complexities from the user (transparency).

10. Scalability & Modularity

• System should grow without performance drop.

• Should be easy to add/modify components.

Algorithmic Challenges in Distributed Computing

1. Execution Models

o Interleaving and partial order models help design distributed algorithms.

2. Dynamic Graph Algorithms

o Network modeled as a graph with changing links.

o Algorithms must adapt to changes like varying link loads.

3. Time & Global State

o Provide logical time to sync processes.

o Important for coordination without needing physical time.

4. Synchronization Mechanisms

o Used for coordination like leader election, mutual exclusion, etc.

5. Group Communication & Ordering

o Ensure messages are delivered in a correct and consistent order.

6. Monitoring Events & Predicates

o Detect global conditions based on distributed local variables.

7. Design & Verification Tools

o Helps in debugging, verifying correctness, and improving reliability.

8. Debugging Distributed Programs

o Needs special tools due to concurrency and unpredictable execution.

9. Data Replication & Caching


o Ensure consistency across replicas and improve access speed.

Applications & Newer Challenges

1. Mobile Systems

o Devices connect from different locations.

o Challenges: dynamic connections, power limitations, mobility support.

2. Sensor Networks

o Small devices that monitor and report data.

o Challenges: energy efficiency, coverage, data aggregation.

3. Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing

o Computing is available everywhere (e.g., smart homes).

o Challenges: context-awareness, seamless integration.

4. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Computing

o All nodes are equal; no hierarchy.

o Self-organizing and scalable. Example: torrenting, blockchain.

5. Publish-Subscribe & Multimedia

o Info is published, users subscribe to data types.

o Efficient distribution and filtering is key.

6. Distributed Agents

o Programs that collect/process/share information.

o Need coordination and control over mobility.

7. Distributed Data Mining

o Data is too big to collect in one place.

o Local mining and global combining needed.

8. Grid Computing

o Virtual supercomputer using idle machines.


o Suitable for scientific computations.

9. Security

o Key aspects: confidentiality, authentication, availability.

o Must protect against unauthorized access and ensure trust.

End of Notes for Exam Revision

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