New Electronics Engineering

(ECE) Board Examination

Table Of Specifications (TOS)
Chapter 10
Audio-Video and
Lighting Controls
ENGR. DONALD M. LAPIGUERA
BulSU Electronics Engineering Department
 Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
Audio-video and lighting
controls play a crucial role in
various applications, ranging
from residential spaces to
commercial buildings,
entertainment venues, and more.
These controls enhance user
experience, provide energy
efficiency, and contribute to
overall convenience.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 AUDIO EQUIPMENT AND
CONTROLS

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 COMMON AUDIO EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Equipment

Common audio equipment

includes a variety of devices
used for recording, playing,
and processing sound.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Microphones
Condenser Microphones:
Ideal for studio recording
due to their sensitivity and
ability to capture a wide
range of frequencies.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Microphones
Dynamic Microphones:
Sturdy and suitable for live
performances, commonly
used for miking instruments
and vocals on stage.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Headphones
Over-Ear Headphones:
Cover the entire ear,
providing good sound
isolation.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Headphones
On-Ear Headphones:
Rest on the ear, generally
more portable than over-ear
headphones.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Headphones
In-Ear Headphones or In-Ear
Monitors (IEMs)
Small headphones that are
designed to fit into the ear
canal, often used by
musicians and audio
professionals on stage.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Speakers
Studio Monitors:
Designed for accurate audio
reproduction, often used in
recording studios.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Speakers
Bookshelf Speakers:
Compact speakers suitable
for home audio setups.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Speakers
Floor-standing Speakers:
Larger speakers that can
deliver powerful audio in a
home entertainment
system.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Interfaces
Devices that connect to a
computer to enable
recording and playback of
audio signals. They often
include preamps for
microphones and
instrument inputs.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Mixer
Used to combine and adjust
the level of different audio
signals. Common in
recording studios and for
live sound setups.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Digital Audio
Workstation (DAW)
Software for recording,
editing, and producing
audio. Examples include
Pro Tools, Ableton Live, and
Logic Pro.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Amplifiers

Guitar Amplifiers:
Specifically designed for
electric guitars

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Amplifiers

Audio Amplifiers:
Used to amplify audio
signals for speakers.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Effects Processors

Devices that alter the sound

of an audio signal.
Examples include reverb,
delay, and equalization.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Cables and
Connectors
Various cables like XLR,
TRS, and RCA are used to
connect different audio
equipment.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Synthesizers

Electronic musical
instruments that generate
and manipulate sound
electronically.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 DJ Equipment

Turntables, mixers, and

controllers used by DJs for
mixing and manipulating
music during performances.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Record Players

Used to play vinyl records.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Portable Audio
Players
Devices like MP3 players
and smartphones for
playing digital audio files on
the go.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Soundbars

Compact speaker systems

designed to improve the
audio quality of TVs

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Equipment

These are just a few

examples, and the world of
audio equipment is vast and
diverse, catering to various
needs and preferences.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 AUDIO CONTROLS

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Controls
Volume Controls:
Application: Used in residential
and commercial spaces to
adjust the volume of audio
systems, speakers, and other
audio devices.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Controls
Equalizers:
Application: Commonly used in
professional audio settings, such
as recording studios, concert
halls, and theaters, to adjust
frequency responses for optimal
sound quality.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Controls
Source Selection:
Application: Allows users to
choose between different audio
sources, such as streaming
devices, CD players, and more.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Controls
Zone Audio Controls:
Application: Ideal for multi-room
audio setups in homes, hotels, and
commercial buildings, enabling
different audio sources to play in
different zones.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio Controls
AV Receivers:
Application: Centralized
control for audio and
video components, often
used in home theaters
and entertainment
systems.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 VIDEO WALLS AND
CONTROLS

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Video Walls
Video walls are large displays
that consist of multiple smaller
screens or panels arranged in a
grid to create a larger, cohesive
display. There are several types
of video walls, each with its own
characteristics and
applications.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 COMMON TYPES OF VIDEO
WALLS

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 LCD Video Walls
Bezel-Driven LCD Video Walls:
These video walls use individual
LCD panels with narrow bezels
(the frame around the display).
The goal is to minimize the gap
between adjacent screens and
create a seamless, continuous
display.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 LCD Video Walls
Bezel-Less LCD Video Walls:
Some advanced LCD video
walls are designed to have
virtually no bezels, providing a
nearly seamless visual
experience. This is achieved by
using specialized technologies
and manufacturing techniques.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 LED Video Walls
Direct View LED Video Walls:
These video walls use individual
LED modules as pixels. Because
LED pixels emit their own light,
there is no need for a separate
backlight, resulting in vibrant
colors and high contrast. They
are suitable for indoor and
outdoor applications.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 LED Video Walls
Rear-Projection Cube Video Walls:
This type of video wall uses a
combination of rear-projection
cubes to create a large display.
Each cube contains a projector
and a screen, and they are stacked
in a grid formation to form the
video wall.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

Projection Video Walls
Front-Projection Video Walls:
In this setup, multiple projectors
are used to project images onto a
large screen or wall. The images
from each projector combine to
create a seamless visual
experience. This type is less
common than other video wall
technologies.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 Organic Light-Emitting Diode
(OLED) Video Walls
OLED technology allows for
thin, flexible displays with
excellent color reproduction and
contrast. While OLED video
walls are not as common as LCD
or LED video walls, they offer
unique advantages in terms of
image quality and design
flexibility.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 Sample of transparent OLED Screen
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 Interactive Video Walls
Some video walls incorporate
touch or gesture-based
interactivity, allowing users
to engage with the content on
the display. These interactive
video walls are often used in
educational settings,
museums, and interactive
exhibits.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 Curved Video Walls
Video walls can also be
curved to create immersive
and visually striking displays.
Curved video walls are
commonly used in
applications like command
centers, gaming setups, and
immersive environments.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Video Walls
The choice of the video wall
type depends on factors such
as the intended application,
budget, space constraints, and
desired features. Each type
has its own advantages and
limitations, so it's essential to
consider the specific
requirements of the use case
when selecting a video wall
solution.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 VIDEO CONTROLS

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Video Controls
Display Controls:
Application: Adjusts
settings like brightness,
contrast, and color on
video displays such as
TVs, monitors, and
projectors.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Video Controls
Switching and Distribution:
Application: Distributes video
signals from multiple sources to
various displays in applications like
conference rooms, control centers,
and entertainment venues.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Video Controls
Video Wall Controllers:
Application: Used in large-scale
displays, such as those in
control rooms, stadiums, and
entertainment venues, to
manage and control multiple
displays as a single unit.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Video Controls
Media Players:
Application: Devices that play
audio and video content from
various sources, commonly
used in home entertainment
systems and digital signage.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Video Controls
Video Processors:
Application: Enhances video
signals by scaling, converting
formats, and managing
resolutions, commonly used in
professional AV setups.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 COMMON TYPES OF
STAGE/COMMERCIAL LIGHTING

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 STAGE/COMMERCIAL
LIGHTING
Stage and commercial lighting
encompass a wide range of
lighting fixtures and
techniques designed to
illuminate spaces for various
purposes, such as theatrical
performances, concerts,
conferences, retail displays,
and architectural applications.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 Floodlights
Purpose: Provide broad and
even illumination across a large
area.

Applications: Outdoor events,

architectural lighting.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Spotlights
Purpose: Focus intense light
on a specific area or object.

Applications: Highlighting
performers on stage,
accentuating specific
architectural features.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 PAR (Parabolic Aluminized
Reflector) Cans
Purpose: Powerful, versatile
lights with a wide variety of
applications.

Applications: Stage lighting,

concerts, architectural lighting.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Ellipsoidal Reflector
Spotlight (ERS)
Purpose: Precision lighting with
well-defined edges.

Applications: Theatrical
performances, architectural
highlighting.

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 Moving Head Lights

Purpose: Dynamic lights with

the ability to pan, tilt, and
change colors.

Applications: Concerts, DJ
setups, theatrical productions.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 LED Wash Lights

Purpose: Produce a broad

spectrum of colors and soft
illumination.

Applications: Stage lighting,

architectural lighting, accent
lighting.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Strobe Lights

Purpose: Intense, brief flashes

of light for dramatic effect.

Applications: Concerts, clubs,

special effects.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Gobo Projectors

Purpose: Project custom

patterns or images.

Applications: Branding, themed

events, theatrical productions.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Followspots

Purpose: Handheld or mounted

lights that can be manually
directed.

Applications: Following
performers on stage,
highlighting key elements.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Lighting Consoles
Purpose: An electronic device used
in theatrical and event lighting
design that enables the technicians
to control multiple lights at once.

Applications: Used throughout the

entertainment industry and are
normally placed in a front of house
position so that they have
uninterrupted views of the stage, or
in a separate control booth.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 Architectural Lighting
Fixtures
Purpose: Enhance the
aesthetics of buildings and
outdoor spaces.

Applications: Highlighting
architectural features, creating
ambiance.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Track Lighting

Purpose: Adjustable lighting

along a track system.

Applications: Retail spaces,

galleries, highlighting specific
areas.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 UV (Ultraviolet) Lights

Purpose: Emit ultraviolet light

for special effects or to make
fluorescent materials glow.

Applications: Themed events,

art installations.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Intelligent Lighting Systems

Purpose: Automated lighting

with programmable features.

Applications: Concerts,
theatrical productions, dynamic
events.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 STAGE/COMMERCIAL LIGHTING
These types of lighting fixtures and
systems can be used individually
or in combination to achieve a wide
range of effects and meet specific
lighting requirements in various
commercial and stage settings.
The choice of lighting depends on
the nature of the event, the desired
atmosphere, and the specific visual
effects required.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 LIGHTING CONTROLS

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Lighting Controls
Dimmers:
Application: Adjusts the
intensity of electric light
sources, providing ambiance
control in residential,
commercial, and hospitality
spaces.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Lighting Controls
Lighting Scenes and Presets:
Application: Allows users to
program and recall specific
lighting configurations for
different activities or moods in
homes, theaters, and
restaurants.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Lighting Controls
Daylight Harvesting:
Application: Integrates natural light with artificial lighting,
adjusting illumination levels based on available daylight to
save energy.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Lighting Controls
Smart Lighting Systems:
Application: Incorporates
automation and remote
control features through
mobile devices or smart
home systems, offering
personalized lighting
control in homes and
offices.

CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls

 Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
These controls, whether audio,
video, or lighting, contribute to
creating immersive and efficient
environments across various
settings. Advances in technology,
including the integration of smart
home systems and IoT, continue to
shape the evolution of audio-video
and lighting control solutions.
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls
 “The way of the righteous is like the first
gleam of dawn,
which shines ever brighter until the full
light of day.”
- Proverbs 4:18 NLT
CHAPTER 10: Audio-Video and Lighting Controls