In: Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies

DOI: 10.26832/aesa-2020-edcrs-011

CHAPTER Management and sustainable energy

[11] production using flower waste generated

from temples
Vinod Kumar, Sonika Kumari* and Pankaj Kumar

Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental

Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404 (Uttarakhand), India

ABSTRACT Temples are considered as the house of deities. As being a part of their culture,
people of Hindu religion pay visits to the temple before starting any auspicious
occasion to get blessings of their Gods. Out of them, those who are immense
believers of God are the daily visitors of temples. As a part of worship, flowers
are essentially used. As a result, a huge amount of flower waste is generated
from temples worldwide. The majorly offered flowers in temples include rose,
marigold, jasmine, Hibiscus, etc. The flower waste generated from such
activities causes harmful effects to many life forms, therefore, its management
has become an emerging issue. As flower waste contains enough nutrient and
lignocellulosic material, it can be used for a variety of purposes like bioenergy
and biofuel production, compost preparation, conditioner for lawn dressing,
eco-friendly incense sticks, soaps, rose water and other food products, etc.
To achieve sustainable energy demands, low-cost bioenergy can be generated
from floral waste. Energy from flower waste either might be in the form of
biogas, biohydrogen, bioethanol, biocharcoal, or direct burning to get heat
energy. This book chapter deals with a possible consequence that may arise as a
result of improper flower waste disposal along with its possible utilization for
low-cost bioenergy production and how waste flowers can be used as potential
bioenergy material.

KEYWORDS Bioenergy, Flower waste, Sustainable energy production, Temple waste

Sonika Kumari, Email: [email protected]

© 2020 | Agro Environ Media | Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy, Haridwar, India
Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies Vinod Kumar et al. (2020)

Introduction

The varied climate of India allows the natural growth of a variety of floral species which are
widely used in worshipping places for decoration on various occasions. Various religious rituals
are performed in temples in which a variety of items including sweets, leaves, garlands, edible
and non-edible fruits, flowers, etc. are offered to Gods (Samadhiya et al., 2017). The waste
collected from the temple includes biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials out of which
flower waste is segregated due to its biodegradable nature. A huge amount of flower waste is
generated at religious places like temples, churches, dargahs because flowers are offered to Gods
in almost all religions due to the religious beliefs which afterward are discarded (Yadav et al.,
2015). As compared to kitchen waste management, floral waste lacks proper handling strategies
(Jadhav et al., 2013). Improper disposal of floral waste in open landfills may result in various
health hazards. After a few days of disposal, microorganisms act upon flower waste to degrade it
thereby releasing harmful gases. These gases include methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), am-
monia (NH3) and others which create the foul smell and significant contribution to greenhouse
emissions (Singh et al., 2017). Dumping of flower waste in water bodies results in a threat to
aquatic environments. The aquatic organisms including fishes, diatoms, protozoans, molluscans
plankton diversity are significantly affected by such waste disposal practices (Mahindrakar, 2018).
On the other hand, pesticides and chemical fertilizers being used for flower cultivation alter the
pH of water bodies resulting in health loss of aquatic bodies. Rotting flowers trigger algal growth
in water bodies resulting in eutrophication on a large scale. Increased organic load of the water
body by flower waste disposal may tend to grow harmful weeds and microbes which eventually
depleting its oxygen levels (Makhania and Upadhyay, 2015). Besides this, nearby drains and
water canals connected to such rivers may also get obstructed by flower waste disposal (Maity
and Kumar, 2016). With the increase of the human population, the number of visitors is also
increasing which consequentially contributing to the enormous amount of flower waste
generated (Samadhiya et al., 2017).
To date, most of the holy cities of India including Haridwar, Kedarnath, Katra, Shirdi, Tirupati,
Bhubaneswar, Patna, Gaya, Varanasi, etc. have insufficient flower waste disposal policy.
Therefore, the management of flower wastes generated in Indian temples has become a cause of
environmental pollution (Echavarria-Alvarez and Hormaza-Anaguano, 2014). It is estimated that
nearly 40% of flowers from total production remain unsold and wasted in India and Srilanka.
Dumping of flower waste on roadsides and open places gives filthy look to an area and distorts
the image of an area especially the places that are regarded as important tourist destinations
(Waghmode et al., 2018). As flower waste may have a significant content of lignocellulose, it may
act as a good material to produce bioenergy like biogas, biohydrogen, bioethanol, biocharcoal, or

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direct burning to get heat energy. There is a strong need to explore the potential of generated
flower wastes from temples and their potential utilization as a feedstock of energy production.
Therefore, this book chapter deals with a consequence that may arise as a result of improper
flower waste disposal along with its possible utilization for low-cost bioenergy production while
addressing how waste flowers can be converted into wealth.

Generation of flower waste in religious places of India

India is a country of festivals with so many festivals celebrated throughout the year. In all
religious places, the flowers are offered to devotees which afterward are discarded and becomes
waste (Yadav et al., 2015). Most of the festivals involve worshipping to God including Navratri
(celebrated twice in a year) in which nine different forms of the Goddess (Durga) are worshipped.
Temples are decorated with flowers of different kinds as well as flowers are offered to Goddess
Durga at the time of puja (Yadav et al., 2018). As offered flowers to God are considered as
sacrosanct so they are not thrown with other waste generated in hotels, markets, etc. as it hurts
the religious sentiments, therefore, are disposed in water bodies or left in open places (Barad and
Upadhyay, 2016). The quality and quantity of flower waste generated vary from temple to
temple. Gods are worshiped with their favorite flowers as mentioned in Vedas. Besides this, the
number of flowers offered also varies from days to days. For example, in temples of Lord Shiva,
the amount of flower waste generated is more on Monday and Saturday than other days of the
week, Shivratri being Hindu festival generates quite a high amount of flower waste as compared
to normal weekdays (Dwivedi et al., 2019). Table 1 shows the status of flowers offered in some
selected temples of Chennai as reported by (Perumal et al., 2012). There are nearly 2 million
temples in India out of which major temples are in most recognized holy cities including,
Haridwar, Kedarnath, Katra, Shirdi, Tirupati, Bhubaneswar, Patna, Gaya, Varanasi, etc.
(Ramachandara, 2012). Figure 1 shows some famous temples in India.

Composition of flower wastes

The composition of flower waste generated vary from place to place like in Dargahs the flower
waste mostly consists of jasmine flowers, in Gurudwaras mainly marigold flowers are used and
in case of temples marigold, lotus, rose, etc. (Elango and Govindasamy, 2018). Flower wastes are
composed of high lignocellulose, cellulose, crude proteins, crude fibers, essential oils,
nitrogen-bearing compounds, etc. Such components of flower waste can be utilized as a stock for
bioenergy resources. Chrysanthemum flowers are a natural source of flavonoids, volatiles,
myricetin and quercitrin (Wu et al., 2010). Jasmine flowers contain essential oils, flavonoids,

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Figure 1. Some famous temples of India.

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Table 1. Status of flowers offered in the selected temples of Chennai (Source: Perumal et al.,
2012).

Quantity of wasted Quantity of flowers

Temple Flowers
flowers (kg per day) wasted (kg per day)
Ashtalakshmi, Jasmine, marigold, 1000 200
Besantnagar rose
Marudeeshwar, Jasmine, rose, 950 125
Thiruvanmiyu chrysanthemum
Kabaleeshwar, Rose, marigold, 2500 800
Mylapore chrysanthemum
Murugan, Jasmine, marigold, 1500 400
Vadapalani rose
Sri Parthasarathy, Rose, marigold, 1200 400
Light House chrysanthemum

phenolics, saponins, and steroids (Kunhachan et al., 2012). Rose flowers are rich in riboflavin,
sugars, tannins, pectin, mineral salts, salt of tartaric acid (Thakare et al., 2017). Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis contains essential oils, flavonoids, tannins, quinines, phenols, alkaloids, cardiac,
protein, carbohydrates, reducing sugars and steroids (Al-Snafi, 2018). Thiophenes, flavonoids,
carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids are reported in most of the Tagetes species
(Gupta and Vasudeva, 2012). Several alkaloids, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid compounds are
found in lotus flower (Paudel and Panth, 2015).

Issues in management of flower waste

Management and handling of flower waste become difficult as compared to the kitchen and other
municipal waste because religious sentiments of people are attached with the flowers that are
offered to God which afterward becomes part of temple waste (Samadhiya et al., 2017). Because of
this, few religious places do not allow to even separate flower waste from temple waste and
convert into useful products like making compost, etc. (Jadhav et al., 2013). Mostly flower waste is
disposed of in water bodies which result in their deterioration. Due to the decomposition of
flower waste dissolved oxygen is depleted from water bodies hence, the death of fishes and other
aquatic organisms (Mahindrakar, 2018). Besides this, dumping of flower waste causes landfill
problems resulting in surface and groundwater contamination. Due to the biodegradable nature
of flower waste, it creates a wrong assumption among people that flower waste degrades fast if it
is dumped anywhere despite fast decomposition flower waste decomposes very slowly as
compared to kitchen waste (Jadhav et al., 2013).

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Flower waste and bioenergy

Flower waste can be utilized in several ways to produce bioenergy (Figure 2).

Bioethanol
Bioethanol produced from flower waste can be blended with other fuels which increase its energy
efficiency providing an eco-friendly approach of reduced carbon footprint (Waghmode et al.,
2018). Through, saccharification of the reducing sugars obtained from the flower waste may give
a promising yield of bioethanol and methanol. However, the pretreatment of flower waste should
be optimized as per the composition of waste generated.

Biogas
Flower waste can also be used as raw material to produce biogas by using anaerobic digestion
technology (Lakshmi and Vijayalakshmi, 2017). Methane is a potent greenhouse gas (Singh and
Bajpai, 2011), by using flower waste for biogas production, it will help to solve three problems
firstly reduced emission of methane in the atmosphere and secondly fulfillment of energy needs
and lastly reduced soil pollution from decomposition of flower waste (Rashed and Torii, 2015).
The biogas produced from flower waste can be used as a source of heat for cooking purposes or
can be used in electricity production (Kulkarni and Ghanegaonkar, 2019). A recent report by
Ranjitha et al. (2014) showed that flower waste has enormous potential to produce biogas. The
amount of produced biogas per kg of the substrate from flower wastes in Kenya as reported by
them is given in Table 2. Whereas the composition of biogas produced from flower waste is given
in Table 3.

Other uses of flower waste

Other strategies for flower waste management are given below (Figure 2):
Vermicomposting: Being rich in organic matter flower waste can be converted into organic ma-
nure by using certain species of earthworm as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. Such ver-

Table 2. Amount of biogas (per kg substrate) produced from flower wastes in Kenya (Source:
Ranjitha et al., 2014).

Substrate Biogas (per kg of substrate)

African wattle 10.92
Roselle 5.18
Nile tulip flower 5.38
Silk tree mimosa 23.73
Sunset flower 2.73
Jasmine 6.07

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Table 3. Analysis of biogas generation (volume) from flower waste (Source: Singh and Bajpai,
2011).
Months (year) Methane (%) Carbon dioxide (%) Other gases (%)
December (2009) 43 50 7
January (2010) 44 50 6
February (2010) 50 44 6
March (2010) 50 43 7
April (2010) 52 42 6
May (2010) 54 40 6

Table 4. Physico-chemical characteristics of floral waste vermicompost (Source: Jain, 2016).

Parameters Control (Soil) Vermicompost (50:50)
Color Dark Brown Black
Odor Odorless Odorless
Moisture 20.50 22.80
Bulk Density(g/cm3) 0.88 0.89
pH 7.9 7.0
Conductivity (ms cm-1) 3.50 3.35
Organic Carbon 16.5 19.4
Total Nitrogen 0.90 2.0
C/N ratio 20.0 21.55
Total Phosphorus (P2O5) 2.57 2.0
Potassium (K2O) 0.4 0.9
Calcium 4.4 5.9
Magnesium 0.2 0.3
Sulphur 0.40 0.50

micompost may be helpful to provide nutrient-conditioning to the soil (Sharma and Yadav, 2017).
Due to the presence of a higher value of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium in flower degradation
material, it can also be used as NPK fertilizer. The microbial consortium can be prepared from
flower waste in order to avoid the problems of flower waste generated (Jadhav et al., 2013). Table
4 provides characteristics of flower waste vermicompost as analyzed by in study of Jain (2016).
Food products: Edible waste flowers such as roses and marigolds are rich in nutrient, therefore,
can be used for making syrups, cakes, ice creams, cookies, jellies, jams, sweets, beverages, etc. by
food industries (Waghmode et al., 2018).
Biochar: The woody part of flower waste can be converted into biochar through the process of
slow pyrolysis (Bogale, 2017). Biochar can be further used as a material for absorption or
adsorption of heavy metals and other harmful substances resulting in purification of wastewater
(Waghmode et al., 2018).

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Table 5. Composition of essential oil of Rosa damascene obtained from GC-MS analysis
(Source: Perumal et al., 2012).

Peak area (%) Components Retention time (sec)

0.07 Benzaldehyde 3.189
27.19 Phenyl ethyl alcohol 4.775
0.15 Tetradecanol 5.394
1.44 Propanamide 5.452
0.01 Phenyl ethyl ester 5.703
3.12 Thiophene carboxylic ester 6.457
0.23 methyl 4-pentanyl acetyl ester 7.733
0.19 Hexadecanol 8.11
0.29 Ethyl amino 1- butyl cyclohexa benzene 9.091
0.08 Bromo propionate 9.097
0.55 2-2-dimethyl phenyl ethyl ester 10.595
0.19 Tricosene 11.243
0.36 Heptyle 2-phenyl ethyl ester 12.316
0.27 Isohexyl ester 12.452
0.10 8-methyl heptacosane 13.099
0.21 Eicosane 14.801
0.14 Pentatriacontene 16.068
3.17 Nonadecene 16.209
7.76 Hexadecane 16.744
0.72 Benzene propaonic ester 17.402
0.09 Eicosene 18.098
1.11 Phenyl Dodecanoic ester 18.562
0.17 Di phenyl ethyl ester 19.703
0.20 Octadecyl tri chloro ethyl ester 19.887
0.35 Heneicosanol 20.167
0.21 Chloropropronic ester 20.235
10.49 Heneicosane 20.316
0.11 Hexadecyleste 21.995
0.27 2Propyl tridecyl ester 22.682
0.54 Dodecanoic ester 23.29
1.15 Tricosane 23.629
1.89 Tetratetracontene 23.764
0.48 Cyclobutyl pentadecyl ester 25.379
0.21 Pentadecyl 2-phenyle ethyle tridecyle ester 26.655
3.03 Pentatriacontene 26.752
2.73 Chloropropionic ester 26.848
0.15 Benzene dicarboxylic ester 26.955
3.45 Tetra methyl trisilocendecanol 27.602

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Table 5. continued...

0.23 Dimethyle benzaldehyde thiocarbamoyl hydrazon 27.718

0.70 Pthalic diphenyl ester 28.037
0.31 Hexacosane 28.124
0.19 Dibromoecosane 28.18
0.48 Octadecyle ester 28.88
0.39 Cyclotrisiloxane 29.495
0.22 Benzamine 29.536
0.39 Methoxyethyl ester 29.594
0.84 Hexadecane-l-ol acetate 29.72
0.61 Cyclobutane 30.068
0.44 Nonacosane 30.909
0.70 Cyclohexadiene 30.977
0.32 Trimethyl silyl ester 31.073
5.77 Phenyl ethyl tetradecyl ester 31.275
0.52 Thiophene 31.85
0.32 Hexadecyl 2-phenylethyl ester 32.6

Essential oil extraction: In India, around 300,000 metric tons of flowers are being utilized for
various purposes like making garlands, decorations, pigments extraction, insecticides, and
perfume ingredients. The flowers offered to deities are available as temple flower waste among
which rose was found to be 50% so can be used for extraction of essential oils (Perumal et al.,
2012). About 300 compounds are present in rose oil. Perumal et al. (2012) studied the composition
of essential oil in Rosa damascene (Table 5).
Dye extraction: Colored pigments present in flowers give them characteristic color which attracts
the eyes of the viewer. The pigments from colored flowers are extracted to further used in a
variety of purposes like:
• For dyeing fabrics in the textile industry.
• Making colored candles.
• Food industry for making eggs, vegetables, etc. colored.
• Making colors in powdered form by using solar drier for drying flowers which can be used
as Holi and Rangoli colors, being purely organic is safe to use (Kumar et al., 2016).
Medicinal uses: Some flowers from temple flower waste such as marigold, Hibiscus rosa sinensis
have medicinal properties so can be utilized for the medicinal purpose that is mostly taken in the
form of decoction (Voon et al., 2011).
Essence: Essence can be extracted from flowers. These are kind of infusions made from flowers by
boiling them, there is no physical part of the flower. Flower essence has wide utility it can be used
in beauty products, shampoos, lotions, aromatherapy, etc. (Ali et al., 2015).

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Figure 2. Use of flower waste feedstock as a resource for production of bioenergy and other
useful materials.

Miscellaneous uses: Incense stick making and handmade paper production are being carried out
by using waste flowers moreover dry flowers can be used for various art and craft activities.
Some flowers can also be used as veterinary feed. Nowadays activated carbon is being prepared
from temple flower waste which has a wide range of utility due to its adsorption properties
(Elango and Govindasamy, 2018).

Conclusion and recommendations

This chapter deals with the problems of flower waste generated at religious places. Improper
handling and disposal of flower waste cause serious problems affecting the soil, water and air
quality of the nearby environment. However, flower waste is a good source of lignocellulose and
organic matter, therefore, it can be used as a potential resource for bioenergy production and
other useful products. By using flower waste, a significant amount of bioenergy can be produced,
which may serve a dual purpose by helping in reducing the environmental problems and giving
us eco-friendly energy at a low cost. Besides bioenergy production, many other compounds can
also be extracted from flower waste which has great demand by industrial sectors. Thus, this
book chapter emphasized on the utilization of flower waste generated from temples as a potential

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resource for bioenergy production to meet future goals of sustainable energy production.

Acknowledgments

This work was academically supported by the Department of Zoology and Environmental
Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India. The Corresponding author (S.K) is
grateful to her lab mates for their support and guidance at each step.

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Cite this chapter as: Kumar, V., Kumari, S. and Kumar, P. (2020). Management and sustainable energy production using
flower waste generated from temples. In: Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies, Volume 1, Eds.
Kumar, V., Singh, J. and Kumar, P., pp. 154-165, https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2020-edcrs-011

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