Fundamentals of Signal Enhancement and

Array Signal Processing

10.1002/9781119293132.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119293132.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [02/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Fundamentals of Signal Enhancement and
Array Signal Processing

Technion, Israel Institute of Technology

Northwestern Polytechnical University

INRS, University of Quebec
Montreal, Canada

Jingdong Chen
Jacob Benesty

Israel Cohen

Xi’an, China
Haifa, Israel
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v

Contents

Preface xi
About the Companion Website xiii

1 Introduction 
. Signal Enhancement 
.. Speech Enhancement and Noise Reduction 
.. Underwater Acoustic Signal Enhancement 
.. Signal Enhancement in Radar Systems 
.. Signal Enhancement in Ultrasound Systems 
. Approaches to Signal Enhancement 
. Array Signal Processing 
. Organization of the Book 
. How to Use the Book 
References 

Part I Signal Enhancement 

2 Single-channel Signal Enhancement in the Time Domain 

. Signal Model and Problem Formulation 
. Wiener Method 
.. Linear Filtering 
.. Performance Measures 
.. Optimal Filters 
. Spectral Method 
.. Joint Diagonalization and Reformulation of the Problem 
.. Noise Reduction with Gains 
.. Performance Measures 
.. Determination of the Gains from the Fullmode Output SNR 
Problems 
References 

3 Single-Channel Signal Enhancement in the Frequency Domain 

. Signal Model and Problem Formulation 
. Noise Reduction with Gains 
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vi Contents

. Performance Measures 

. Optimal Gains 
. Constraint Wiener Gains 
. Implementation with the Short-time Fourier Transform 
Problems 
References 

4 Multichannel Signal Enhancement in the Time Domain 

. Signal Model and Problem Formulation 
. Conventional Method 
.. Joint Diagonalization 
.. Linear Filtering 
.. Performance Measures 
.. Optimal Filtering Matrices 
. Spectral Method 
.. Temporal Joint Diagonalization and Reformulation of the Problem 
.. Spatial Joint Diagonalization 
.. Spatial Linear Filtering 
.. Performance Measures 
.. Optimal Filters 
. Case of a Rank Deficient Noise Correlation Matrix 
.. Eigenvalue Decompositions 
.. Maximization of the Output SNR 
.. Minimization of the Output SNR 
Problems 
References 

5 Multichannel Signal Enhancement in the Frequency Domain 

. Signal Model and Problem Formulation 
. Linear Filtering 
. Performance Measures 
.. Input SNR 
.. Output SNR 
.. Noise Rejection and Desired Signal Cancellation 
.. Desired Signal Distortion Index 
.. MSE Criterion 
. Optimal Filters 
.. Maximum SNR 
.. Wiener 
.. MVDR 
.. Tradeoff 
.. LCMV 
. Generalized Sidelobe Canceller Structure 
. A Signal Subspace Perspective 
.. Joint Diagonalization 
.. Estimation of the Desired Signal 
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Contents vii

. Implementation with the STFT 

Problems 
References 

6 An Exhaustive Class of Linear Filters 

. Signal Model and Problem Formulation 
. Linear Filtering for Signal Enhancement 
. Performance Measures 
. Optimal Filters 
.. Wiener 
.. MVDR 
.. Tradeoff 
.. LCMV 
.. Maximum SINR 
.. Maximum SIR 
. Filling the Gap Between the Maximum SINR and Wiener Filters 
Problems 
References 

Part II Array Signal Processing 

7 Fixed Beamforming 

. Signal Model and Problem Formulation 
. Linear Array Model 
. Performance Measures 
. Spatial Aliasing 
. Fixed Beamformers 
.. Delay and Sum 
.. Maximum DF 
.. Superdirective 
.. Robust Superdirective 
.. Null Steering 
. A Signal Subspace Perspective 
.. Joint Diagonalization 
.. Compromising Between WNG and DF 
Problems 
References 

8 Adaptive Beamforming 

. Signal Model, Problem Formulation, and Array Model 
. Performance Measures 
. Adaptive Beamformers 
.. Wiener 
.. MVDR 
.. Tradeoff 
.. Maximum Array Gain 
.. LCMV 
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viii Contents

. SNR Estimation 

. DOA Estimation 
. A Spectral Coherence Perspective 
.. Definitions 
.. Derivation of Optimal Beamformers 
Problems 
References 

9 Differential Beamforming 

. Signal Model, Problem Formulation, and Array Model 
. Beampatterns 
. Front-to-back Ratios 
. Array Gains 
. Examples of Theoretical Differential Beamformers 
. First-order Design 
.. Principle 
.. Design Examples 
. Second-order Design 
.. Principle 
.. Design Examples 
. Third-order Design 
.. Principle 
.. Design Examples 
. Minimum-norm Beamformers 
.. Principle 
.. Design Examples 
Problems 
References 

10 Beampattern Design 

. Beampatterns Revisited 
. Nonrobust Approach 
. Robust Approach 
. Frequency-invariant Beampattern Design 
. Least-squares Method 
. Joint Optimization 
Problems 
References 

11 Beamforming in the Time Domain 

. Signal Model and Problem Formulation 
. Broadband Beamforming 
. Performance Measures 
. Fixed Beamformers 
.. Delay and Sum 
.. Maximum DF 
.. Distortionless Maximum DF 
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ix
Contents

Differential Beamformers 

Adaptive Beamformers 

Maximum SNR 

General Order 

Superdirective 

Hypercardioid 
Supercardioid 
Second Order 
Null Steering 

First Order 

References 
Problems 
Tradeoff 
Wiener 
MVDR 

LCMV 


Index
..
..

..
..
..

..
..

..
..

..

..
..

.
.
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xi

Preface

Signal enhancement and array signal processing concern the problems of signal
estimation, restoration, parameter estimation, and decision-making. These topics lie at
the heart of many fundamental applications, such as hands-free voice communications,
sonar, radar, ultrasound, seismology, autonomous cars, robotics, and so on. This book
is designed as a textbook and its principal goal is to provide a unified introduction
to the theory and methods of signal enhancement and array signal processing. The
targeted readers are advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are taking – or
instructors who are teaching – courses in signal enhancement, array signal processing,
and their applications. Of course, practitioners and engineers can also use this book as
a reference in designing signal-enhancement and/or array systems.
Since the primary users of this book may come from many different fields, with
different background knowledge, we choose to focus on the key principles, theory and
methods of signal enhancement and array signal processing from a signal processing
perspective without discussing in detail the introductory material related to specific
applications. Students are encouraged to read background material from the specialized
academic books and research papers in their own field while studying this book.
In most, if not all, application systems, signals are acquired in the time domain.
Therefore, comprehensive coverage of the formulation, methods, and algorithms of
signal enhancement and array beamforming is provided for this domain. Likewise, thor-
ough coverage of the material in the frequency domain is also presented as the formula-
tion, derivation, analysis, and implementation of signal-enhancement and beamforming
algorithms are often carried out in this domain. Readers are assumed to be familiar
with Fourier transforms and the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) by which a time-
domain signal is mapped to an equivalent sequence in the frequency domain. Readers
are also assumed to have some prior knowledge on discrete-time linear systems, linear
algebra, statistical signal processing, and stochastic processes.
A solid theoretical understanding always goes hand-in-hand with practical imple-
mentations. Therefore, this textbook includes a large number of examples to illustrate
important concepts and show how the major algorithms work. MATLAB functions for
all the examples can be found on the authors’ websites. Besides examples, exercises and
problems are provided at the end of every chapter to challenge readers and facilitate
their comprehension of the material.
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With the long experience of the authors (especially the first one) in both the industry

Jacob Benesty
and academia, we hope that this book has been written in such a way that it is easy and

Jingdong Chen
pleasant to read without compromising on the rigor of the mathematical developments.

Israel Cohen
Preface
xii
Trim size: mm x mm Single Column_BW book.tex // : page xiii

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xiii

About the Companion Website

Don’t forget to visit the companion website for this book:

www.wiley.com/go/benesty/arraysignalprocessing

There you will find valuable material designed to enhance your learning, including:
) Matlab codes used in the book
) Slides for lectures
Scan this QR code to visit the companion website