Lecture 21
Lecture 21
⃗ ⃗ q enc
Gauss's Law: ∮S E ⋅ d A= ϵ 0
⃗ ⋅ d A=0
∮S B ⃗
Gauss's Law for B:
⃗ d ΦB
∮L E ⋅ d ⃗s =−
Faraday's Law: dt
⃗ d ΦE
∮L B ⋅ d ⃗s =μ0 I enc +μ 0 ϵ0
dt
Ampere's Law:
Maxwell's Equations in English
⃗ ⃗ q enc
∮S E ⋅ d A= ϵ 0
Left side is ∮S B ⃗
⃗ ⋅ d A=0
the field
that is being
produced. d ΦB
⃗
∮L E ⋅ d ⃗s =−
dt
⃗ d ΦE
∮L B ⋅ d ⃗s =μ0 I enc +μ 0 ϵ0
dt
Maxwell's Equations in English
⃗ ⃗ q enc
∮S E ⋅ d A= ϵ 0
Right side
∮S B ⃗
⃗ ⋅ d A=0 is the
source.
⃗ d ΦB
∮L E ⋅ d ⃗s =−
dt
⃗ d ΦE
∮L B ⋅ d ⃗s =μ0 I enc +μ 0 ϵ0
dt
Maxwell's Equations in English
Left side is q enc Right side
⃗ ⃗
∮S E ⋅ d A= ϵ0
the field is the
that is being source.
produced.
⃗ ⃗ q enc
Gauss's Law: ∮S E ⋅ d A= ϵ 0
⃗ ⋅ d A=0
∮S B ⃗
Gauss's Law for B:
⃗ d ΦB
∮L E ⋅ d ⃗s =−
Faraday's Law: dt
⃗ d ΦE
∮L B ⋅ d ⃗s =μ0 I enc +μ 0 ϵ0
dt
Ampere's Law:
Today’s agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Recall:
q enclosed
E dA o B dA 0
d B dΦ E
E ds dt B ds=μ 0 Iencl +μ 0ε 0 dt
q enclosed
E dA o B dA 0
d B dΦ E
E ds dt B ds=μ 0 Iencl +μ 0ε 0 dt
Example:
wave propagating in x-direction
E field in y-direction
B field in z-direction
values of E and B depend only upon x and t
x direction of
propagation
z
Wave equation
Wave equation:
2E y 2E y (x, t) 2B z 2B z (x, t)
= 0 0 2
= 0 0
x 2
t 2 x t 2
E y B z
• E and B are not independent: =-
x t
Solutions of the wave equation
2
Wave number k, wave length k=
1
Wave speed f = = c c=
k 0 0
E y B z
=-
x t
Emax E 1
= = =c= .
B max B k 0 0
x direction of
propagation
z
1
S = E B This is derived from
0 Maxwell’s equations.
E
S
x because B = E/c
B c
E2 cB 2
z S= = .
0 c 0
B z = Bmax sin kx - t
along x-direction
2
E
1 B2 1 c 1 0 0E2 1
uB = = = = 0E2
2 0 2 0 2 0 2
2
1 1 B
uB = uE = 0E2 = remember: E and B are
sinusoidal functions of time
2 2 0
total energy density:
2
B instantaneous energy densities
u = uB +uE = 0E2 = (E and B vary with time)
0
2
1 1 Bmax 1 1 B 2
2
uE = 0Emax , uB = , and 2
u = 0Emax = max
4 4 0 2 2 0
E or B individually:
1 2 1 B 2 (t)
At time t: uB (t) = uE (t) = 0E (t) =
2 2 0
2
1 2 1 Bmax
Average: uE = 0Emax uB = ,
4 4 0
Total:
2
2 B (t)
At time t: u(t) = 0E (t) =
0
2
1 2 1 Bmax
Average: u = 0Emax =
2 2 0
Example: a radio station on the surface of the earth radiates a
sinusoidal wave with an average total power of 50 kW.*
Assuming the wave is radiated equally in all directions above
the ground, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic
fields detected by a satellite 100 km from the antenna.
*In problems like this you need to ask whether the power is radiated into all space or into just part of space.
Example: a radio station on the surface of the earth radiates a
sinusoidal wave with an average total power of 50 kW.*
Assuming the wave is radiated equally in all directions above
the ground, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic
fields detected by a satellite 100 km from the antenna.
Area=4R2/2
All the radiated power passes Satellite
through the hemispherical
R
surface* so the average power
per unit area (the intensity) is
Station
power
I= =
P
=
5.00 10 W 4
= 7.96 10-7 W m2
2 1.00 10 m
2 2
area average 2R 5
Today’s lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.
*In problems like this you need to ask whether the power is radiated into all space or into just part of space.
2
1 Emax Satellite
I= S =
2 0 c R
= 2.45 10-2 V
m
Bmax =
Emax
=
2.45 10-2 V
m = 8.17 10-11 T
c 3 10 8
m s
You could get Bmax from I = c Bmax2/20, but that’s a lot more work
Example: for the radio station in the previous example,
calculate the average energy densities associated with the
electric and magnetic field at the location of the satelite.
2
1 1 Bmax
2
uE = 0Emax uB =
4 4 0
1 8.17 10 J
-11 2
1 -2 2 J
uE = 8.85 10 2.45 10 3
-12
uB =
4 m 4 4 10-7 m3
-15 J J
uE =1.33 10 uB =1.33 10 -15
m3 m3
If you are smart, you will write <uB> = <uE> = 1.33x10-15 J/m3 and be done with it.
Today’s agenda:
Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an
Electromagnetic Wave.
Momentum of electromagnetic wave
S
• Newton’s 2nd Law (F = dp/dt): force F =2 A
c
F S I
• Radiation exerts pressure Prad = =2 2
A c c
(for total reflection)
I incident
Prad = (total absorption)
c
absorbed
2I incident
Prad = (total reflection)
c
reflected
Power = IA = 1.4 103 W
m2 4.0 m2
= 5.6 10 3
W = 5.6 kW
I m = 4.7 10 Pa
S average 1.4 103 W 2
Caution! The letter P
-6 (or p) has been used
Prad = = =
c c 3 108 m
s in this lecture for
power, pressure, and
momentum!
F = Prad A = 4.7 10-6 N
m2 4.0 m2
=1.9 10 -5
N
Light Mill (Crookes radiometer)