NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - DASMARIÑAS

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

ABUTLI2S – BUILDING UTILITIES 2:

ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (EEMS)

MODULE 01: ELECTRICITY AND ITS SOURCES

Prepared by: Ar. Jason Siochi | Ar. Ulysses Eduardo De Guia
• Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems
• Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity
• Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems
• Different Units of Measurement in Electrical System Components

CONTENTS
1

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC CHARGE

Form of energy generated by friction, induction, or chemical charge, having magnetic, chemical, and radiant
effect. In short, electricity is Electrons in motion.

One of the most useful discovery of man which paved the way to the numerous invention inventions from the
simple tools to the most sophisticated gadgets making what originally seemed to be impossible become a
reality.

Contrary to some belief, electricity is not new. It has been here with us ever since and its existence is as old
as the universe which was discovered accidentally, by the ancient Greeks sometime in 600 B.C. However,
the title of “Father of Electricity” was accredited to William Gilbert, an English Physicist after publishing his
studies on the “Electric Attraction” and “The Electric Force”.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Electricity is a property of the basic particles of matter which like an atom, consists of:

1. ELECTRON
2. PROTON
3. NEUTRON

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

-
ELECTRON

+
Negatively charged particle of an Atom which is sometimes referred to as the negative charge of electricity.

PROTON
Positively charged particle of an Atom which is sometimes referred to as the positive charge of electricity
that weighs about 1850 times as much as the Electron.

NEUTRON
Particle of an Atom which is not electrically charged and weighs slightly more than the Proton.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Types of Electricity

STATIC ELECTRICITY
• Static electricity is when electrical charges build up on the surface of a material.
• It is usually caused by rubbing together two or more objects/materials and making friction.
• The result of a build-up of static electricity is that objects may be attracted to each other or may even
cause a spark to jump from one to the other.
• Before rubbing, all materials have a neutral charge. This is because they each have an equal number of
positively charged subatomic particles (protons) and negatively charged subatomic particles (electrons).
• When materials are rubbed with each other, electrons are transferred from one material to the other
because of differences in the attraction of the two materials for electrons. One material becomes
negatively charged because it gains electrons from the other material, while the other material becomes
positively charged because it loses electrons.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Types of Electricity

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
• Current electricity is the flow of electric charge across an electrical field.
• Unlike static electricity, current electricity must flow through a conductor, usually copper wire.
• Current with electricity is just like current of a river. The river flows from one spot to another, and the
speed it moves is the speed of the current.
• With electricity, current is a measure of the amount of energy transferred over a period of time. That
energy is called a flow of electrons. One of the results of current is the heating of the conductor. When an
electric stove heats up, it's because of the flow of current.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Theory:

1. That, all matters are made up of molecules.

2. That, molecules are made up of atoms.
3. That, atom contains neutrons, electrons, and protons.
4. That, neutron is neutral. It is neither positive or negatively charged.
5. That, the electron of an atom of any substance could be transformed into another atom.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

ELECTRIC CURRENT

By definition, Electric Current is the flow or rate of flow of electric force in a conductor. A current will only
flow if a circuit is formed comprising a complete loop and contains all the following required components.

1. Source of voltage
2. A closed loop of wiring
3. An electric load
4. A means of opening and closing the circuit

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Electric Current is Classified as:

1. Direct Current (DC)

The DC electricity, flows in one direction. The flow is said to be from negative to positive. The normal
source of a DC electricity, is the dry cell or storage battery.

2. Alternating Current (AC)

The AC electricity constantly reverses its direction of flow. It is generated by machine called generator.
This type of current is universally accepted because of its unlimited number of applications with the
following advantages.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

1. It is easily produced
2. It is cheaper to maintain
3. It could be transformed into higher voltage
4. It could be distributed to far distance with low voltage drop
5. It is more efficient compared with the direct current

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Power Distribution
Battery-Powered Devices
• National Grids: AC is used for transmitting electricity over long distances due to its ability to be easily
• Portable Electronics: Smartphones, laptops, tablets, and digital cameras use batteries that provide
transformed to different voltages.
DC power.
• Household Electricity: Most homes and businesses receive AC power from the grid, typically at 110V
• Remote Controls: Devices like TV remotes and garage door openers use small batteries to operate.
or 220V depending on the region.
• Flashlights: Handheld flashlights rely on batteries to power their bulbs or LEDs.
Appliances and HVAC Systems
Solar Power Systems
• Household Appliances: Refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, and microwaves operate on
• Solar Panels: Generate DC electricity from sunlight, which can be stored in batteries or converted to
AC power.
AC for home use.
• Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC): AC is used to power systems that regulate
• Solar-Powered Devices: Calculators, garden lights, and other small devices that directly use DC from
indoor climates.
solar panels.
Industrial Machinery
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
• AC Motors: Widely used in industrial applications for driving pumps, compressors, conveyor belts, and
• Battery Packs: EVs use large DC battery packs to power electric motors and onboard electronics.
other machinery.
• Transformers: Used to step up or stepdown voltages in power distribution systems.
Electronic Devices
• Microcontrollers and Microprocessors: DC is used to power integrated circuits in computers,
Lighting:
smartphones, and other electronics.
• Fluorescent and Incandescent Lights: Operate on AC power.
• LED Lighting: LEDs operate on DC power, making them compatible with battery-powered systems
• Street Lighting: Often powered by AC due to its availability and efficiency for widespread use.
and solar applications.
Entertainment and Communications
Industrial Applications
• Televisions and Radios: Traditionally operate on AC power.
• Electroplating and Electrolysis: DC is used in processes like electroplating, where a constant current
• Amplifiers and Audio Equipment: Use AC power for operation and sound amplification.
is needed.
• DC Motors: Used in applications requiring precise speed control, such as in robotics and industrial
Medical Equipment
automation.
• Imaging Devices: MRI machines, X-ray machines, and other medical imaging devices often use AC
power.
Transportation
• Life Support Systems: Hospital equipment like ventilators and dialysis machines rely on the
• Rail Systems: Some electric trains and trams use DC for propulsion.
consistent supply of AC power.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Comparison of AC and DC Electricity

Under the principles of DC electricity, Power is the product of Voltage and Current.

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒙 𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔

Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of volts and amperes is equal to the quantity called volt-
ampere (v.a.) which is not the same as watts. Thus;

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕 𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒙 𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

And to convert volt-ampere to watts or power, a power factor (pf) is introduced. And to get power in an AC
circuit, we have the following formula:

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒙 𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒙 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

𝑾 = 𝑽 𝒙 𝑰 𝒙 𝒑𝒇

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems
VOLTAGE (ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE)

Also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression of the potential difference in charge between two
points in an electrical field. It is the force that drives electric current through a conductor. Voltage is measured
in volts (V).

Examples of Voltage
Battery
A 1.5-volt AA battery has a potential difference of 1.5 volts between positive and negative terminals.

Wall Outlet
Standard household outlets provide around 110-120 volts AC in the United States and around 220-240 volts
AC in many other countries.

Car Battery
A typical car battery provides 12 volts DC to power the vehicle’s electrical systems.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Voltage in Circuits

Series Circuits
In a series circuit, the total voltage is the sum of the voltage across each component.

Parallel Circuits
In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch is the same as the source voltage.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

RESISTANCE

In a hydraulic system, the flow of fluid is impeded or resisted by friction between the wall of the pope, fittings
and other turns and offsets. In the same manner, the flow of current in a circuit (electrical wiring installation) is
also impeded or resisted by the wire, transformer and other devices. This is called impedance, the electrical
term for Friction in AC electricity. In a direct current DC circuit, this Impedance is called Resistance.
However, both are expressed in the unit of measure called Ohms.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Just as in a hydraulic system, the amount of water flowing, is proportional with the pressure and inversely
proportional with the friction. Similarly, in electric circuit, the current is proportional with the voltage and
inversely proportional with the circuit resistance or load. Thus:

1. The Higher the Voltage, the Larger the Current.

2. The Higher the Resistance, the Lower the Current.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Their relationship may be expressed by the following equation known as the Ohms Law.

𝑰 = 𝑽
𝑹
Where:
I = Current
V = Voltage
R = Resistance for DC Electricity

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

For AC electricity, the Ohms Law is expressed as:

𝑰 = 𝑽
Where:
𝒁
I = Current
V = Voltage
Z = Impedance

The unit of current is the ampere (amp. or a.)

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

POWER AND ENERGY

Power and Energy is too frequently interchangeably used. Power is the technical term for the common word
work, and Work, is the product of Power and Time expressed in the following equation:

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑜𝑟 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑥 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

What is Power?

Power is the rate at which energy is used or alternatively, the rate at which work is done. Since energy and
power is synonymous, power implies continuity. That is, the use of energy at particular rate over a
given span of time. The concept of power involves time at the rate at which work is done. Thus, multiplying
power by time gives energy.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

What is Energy?

In electrical terms, energy is synonymous with Fuel. It is associated with work. Energy can be expressed in
gallons, liters, barrels, or tons of oil, coal, kilowatt hour, or consumed electricity and cost of operations. In
technical terms, Energy is expressed in units of BTU (calories), foot pound (joules) or kilowatt hour.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Under the English Unit System, the unit of power is expressed in horsepower, BTU per hour, watt and
kilowatt. Under the Metric System of SI, it is correspondingly expressed as joules per second, calories per
second, watts and kilowatts. In physical terms, power is also the rate at which fuel or energy is used and
expressed as liters of fuel per hour, cubic meter of gas per minute, or tons of coal per day, etc.

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

Power in Electric Circuit

The measuring unit of electric power is the Watt. When multiplied by a thousand (1,000), the product is called
Kilowatt. Thus, 1,000 watts is One Kilowatt. Power has several forms: an electric motor produces
mechanical power that is measured in terms of horsepower. An electric heater produces heat or thermal
power, and light bulb produces both heat and light that is measured in terms of candle power. Watt is the
power term. It is a measure of the power consumed. The power input (in watt) to any electrical device having
a resistance R with the current I is expressed in the following equations:

𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐭 = 𝑰𝟐 × 𝑹

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

By Ohms Law:

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
Since

𝑾 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
𝑾 = 𝑽𝑰
Where:
W is in Watts
R is in Ohms
I is in Amperes
V is in Volts

Introduction to Electricity and Electrical Systems

2

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

Electricity is a common form of energy used for domestic and commercial purposes, and it is mainly utilized
in electrical appliances like fridges, televisions, washing machines, and air conditioning units.

There are conventional sources of electricity which are well-established and provide the bulk of the
world’s electricity but often come with significant environmental and sustainability challenges.

On the other hand, alternative sources of electricity are more environmentally friendly and sustainable,
though some face technological and geographical limitations.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 ELECTRICITY

CONVENTIONAL ALTERNATIVE

1. Fossil Fuels 1. Solar Power

a. Coal
b. Natural Gas 2. Wind Power
c. Oil
3. Geothermal Energy
2. Nuclear Power
4. Biomass Energy
3. Hydropower
a. Conventional (Dammed) 5. Tidal and Wave Energy
b. Run-of-the-River
6. Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

FOSSIL FUELS

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 FOSSIL FUELS

Fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil, have been the dominant sources of electricity generation for
decades. They are derived from ancient organic matter subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years.

TYPES PROCESSES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

High carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,

contributing significantly to climate change.
Abundant and relatively inexpensive. Coal
Burned down to produce steam, which Also releases pollutants like sulfur dioxide
COAL plants can provide consistent, base-load
drives turbines connected to generators. (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
power.
mercury, which can harm human health
and the environment.
Still emits greenhouse gases, though less
Burned to produce steam or directly drive Cleaner than coal with lower CO2 and
than coal. Methane leaks during extraction
NATURAL GAS turbines in a combined cycle plant, which pollutant emissions. Flexible and can
and transportation can offset some of the
increases efficiency. quickly adjust output to meet demand.
climate benefits.
Burned to produce steam for turbines,
Useful in regions without access to coal or High CO2 emissions and cost. Limited
though it’s less commonly used for
OIL natural gas infrastructure. Can provide reserves and subject to price volatility. Also
electricity compared to coal and natural
reliable power. releases pollutants like SO2 and NOx.
gas.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 FOSSIL FUELS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cost

Significant contributor to global warming due to high CO2 Generally lower initial costs and established infrastructure Declining Use
output. make fossil fuels economically attractive. Increasingly being replaced by cleaner energy source due
to environmental concerns and advancements in
Air Pollution Job Creation renewable technologies.
Produces harmful pollutants affecting air quality and Provides employment in extraction, processing, and
health. power generation sectors. Transition
Many countries are investing in carbon capture and
Resource Extraction Price Volatility storage (CCS) technologies to mitigate emissions from
Mining and drilling can lead to habitat destruction, water Subject to market fluctuations, geopolitical issues, and fossil fuel plants.
pollution, and other environmental issues. changing regulations.

Fossil fuels have played a crucial role in industrial development and modern electricity generation, but their
environmental impact is driving a shift towards more sustainable energy sources.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

NUCLEAR POWER

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 NUCLEAR POWER
Nuclear power generates electricity through nuclear fission, the process of splitting atomic nuclei (usually uranium or plutonium), which
releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat. This heat is used to produce steam that drives turbines connected to
generators.
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Radioactive Waste
Nuclear Fission Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions Spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste require
In the reactor core, uranium-235 or plutonium-239 atoms Nuclear power produces minimal CO2 and other long-term management and storage, posing
are bombarded with neurons, causing them to split and greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels, making it a environmental and security risks.
release energy. cleaner alternative.
High Initial Costs
Heat Generation High Energy Density Building nuclear power plants requires substantial
The energy released from fission heats water to create A small amount of nuclear fuel can produce a large investment, including safety systems and regulatory
steam. amount of energy, making it highly efficient. compliance

Turbine Operation Reliable and Stable Accident Risk

The steam drives turbines connected to electrical Nuclear power plants provide a steady and reliable source Although rare, accidents such as those at Chernobyl and
generators. of electricity, suitable for base-load power generation. Fukushima have had significant environmental and health
impacts
Electricity Generation Long-term Fuel Supply
The turbines generate electricity, which is transmitted to Uranium and thorium reserves can potentially provide fuel Nuclear Proliferation
the power grid. for centuries with advanced reactor technologies. The spread of nuclear technology raises concerns about
the potential for developing nuclear weapons.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 NUCLEAR POWER

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Advanced Reactors
Job Creation Development of next-generation reactors, such as small
Low Emissions
Nuclear power plants create jobs in construction, modular reactors (SMRs) and thorium reactors, promises
Significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions compared
operation, maintenance, and regulation. enhanced safety and efficiency.
to fossil fuels.
Energy Security Fusion Research
Waste Management
Reduces dependence on fossil fuels, enhancing energy Ongoing research into nuclear fusion aims to provide a
Long-term storage solutions for radioactive waste are
security for countries without abundant natural resources. nearly limitless and cleaner energy source, though
necessary to avoid environmental contamination.
commercial viability is still years away.
High Operating Costs
Land and Water Use
While fuels costs are relatively low, operational and Regulatory and Public Perception
Nuclear plants require substantial amounts of water for
maintenance costs, including waste management, are Stricter safety regulations and public concerns about
cooling, which can impact local water resources.
high. nuclear power continue to influence its adoption and
development.

Nuclear power offers a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels with the potential for high energy output and reliability. However, challenges
related to safety, waste management, and public acceptance must be addressed to fully realize its potential.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

HYDROPOWER

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROPOWER

Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, generates electricity by harnessing the energy of moving water. It is one
of the oldest and most widely used forms of renewable energy.

Types:
1. Conventional (Dammed) Hydropower
• Reservoirs – Store water for controlled release, providing a consistent and reliable power supply.
• Pumped Storage – Pumps water to a higher elevation during low demand periods and releases it
during high demand to generate electricity.

2. Run-of-the-River
• Uses the natural flow and elevation drop of rivers without significant storage. It has less
environmental impact but may be less reliable due to fluctuating water levels.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROPOWER

PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Environmental Impact
Renewable
Water Flow Dams can disrupt local ecosystems, fish migration, and
Utilizes the natural water cycle, making it a sustainable
Water is stored in a reservoir behind a dam or diverted river flow patterns, affecting wildlife and human
energy source.
from a river. communities.
Low Emissions
Turbine Operation High Initial Cost
Produces very low greenhouse gas emissions compared
The water flows through turbines, causing them to spin. Building dams and hydroelectric plants requires
to fossil fuels
substantial investment and time.
Electricity Generation
Reliable and Flexible
The spinning turbines drive generators that convert the Geographic Limitations
Can provide consistent base-load power and quickly
kinetic energy of the water into electricity. Suitable sites for large-scale hydropower are limited to
adjust output to meet demand fluctuations.
regions with significant water flow and elevation changes.
Transmission
Energy Storage
The electricity is then transmitted to the power grid for Social Impact
Pumped storage hydropower acts as a large-scale energy
distribution. Large dams can displace communities and alter water
storage system, balancing supply and demand.
availability for downstream users.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROPOWER

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Small-Scale and Micro Hydropower

Job Creation
Low Operational Emissions Development of smaller, less invasive hydropower
Construction, operation, and maintenance of hydropower
Minimal emissions during electricity generation. systems for local or remote communities.
facilities create employment opportunities.
Ecosystem Disruption Environmental Mitigation
Low Operating Costs
Changes in water flow and temperature can impact Improved technologies and practices to reduce
Once built, hydropower plants have low operating and
aquatic habitats and biodiversity. environmental impacts, such as fish ladders and habitat
maintenance costs.
restoration.
Sedimentation
Long Lifespan
Reservoirs can accumulate sediment, reducing water Climate Change Resilience
Hydropower facilities can operate for many decades with
storage capacity and affecting downstream environments. Addressing the potential impacts of climate change on
proper maintenance, providing long-term energy security.
water availability and hydropower production.

Hydropower is a crucial component of the global renewable energy mix, offering a reliable and low-emission
source of electricity. Balancing its benefits with environmental and social considerations is key to its
sustainable development.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 SOLAR POWER

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 SOLAR POWER
Solar power harnesses energy from the sun to generate electricity. It is a clean, renewable source of energy that has become increasingly popular due to advances in technology and
decreasing costs.

PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Renewable and Abundant Intermittent

Solar energy is virtually limitless and available globally, Solar power is dependent on sunlight, which is not
Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
although with varying intensity depending on location. available at night and can be affected by weather
Solar panels made up of PV cells convert sunlight directly
conditions.
into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
Low Emissions
Solar power generates electricity without producing Energy Storage
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
greenhouse gases or other pollutants. Requires efficient storage solutions, like batteries, to
Uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a
provide continuous power when sunlight is not available.
small area, producing heat that generates steam to drive a
Scalable
turbine connected to an electricity generator.
Systems can range from small residential setups to large Land Use
utility-scale solar farms. Large solar farms require significant land area, which can
Solar Farms
impact local ecosystems and land availability.
Large-scale solar installations that generate significant
Energy Independence
amounts of electricity for distribution to the power grid.
Reduces reliance on imported fuels and enhances energy Initial Costs
security. While costs are decreasing, the initial investment for solar
Residential Solar Systems
panels and installation can still be substantial
Smaller-scale installations on homes or businesses to
Decreasing Costs
provide electricity for on-site use, often with excess power
Advances in technology and economies of scale have Material Use
fed back into the grid.
significantly reduced the cost of solar panels and Production of solar panels involves mining and processing
installation. materials, which can have environmental impacts.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 SOLAR POWER
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Technological Advances
Continued innovation in PV efficiency, energy storage,
and CSP technology.
Low Operational Impact Job Creation
Minimal emissions and pollution during operation. Growing solar industry provides employment in
Grid Integration
manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research.
Improved integration with smart grids and energy storage
Resource Use
systems to manage intermittent supply.
Manufacture of PV cells involves mining and processing Energy Costs
materials like silicon, silver, and rare earth elements. Reduces electricity bills for homeowners and businesses
Policy Support
with solar installations.
Government incentives, subsidies, and regulations to
End-of-Life
promote solar power adoption.
Disposal and recycling of solar panels at the end of their Grid Stability
lifespan need to be managed to minimize environmental Distributed solar power can enhance grid resilience and
Global Adoption
impact. reduce transmission losses.
Increased deployment in both developed and developing
countries to meet energy needs and reduce carbon
footprints.

Solar power is a key component of the transition to renewable energy, offering a clean, sustainable, and increasingly
affordable source of electricity. Its widespread adoption is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating
climate change.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 WIND POWER

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 WIND POWER
Wind power generates electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of wind. Wind turbines convert the wind’s energy into mechanical power, which is then
transformed into electrical energy.
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Renewable and Abundant Intermittent

Wind is an inexhaustible resource available in many parts Wind power is variable and dependent on wind conditions,
of the world. which can fluctuate daily and seasonally.

Wind Turbines Low Emissions Energy Storage

Consist of blades attached to a rotor, which turns a Wind power produces no greenhouse gases or air Requires storage solutions, such as batteries, to provide a
generator to produce electricity. pollutants during operation. consistent power supply when the wind is not blowing.

Onshore Wind Farms Cost-Effective Visual and Noise Impact:

Located on land, often in areas with strong and consistent Once installed, wind turbines have low operating costs Wind turbines can be considered unsightly by some and
winds. and can provide cost-competitive electricity. produce noise that may disturb nearby residents.

Offshore Wind Farms Scalable Wildlife Impact

Situated in bodies of water where wind speeds are Can range from small individual turbines to large wind Can pose risks to birds and bats if not properly sited and
typically higher and more consistent. farms supplying power to the grid. managed.

Land Use Initial Costs

Wind farms can coexist with agricultural land and other High upfront costs for turbine installation and
uses, allowing for dual-purpose land use. infrastructure.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 WIND POWER
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Technological Advances
Continued improvements in turbine efficiency, size, and
materials.

Offshore Expansion
Low Operational Impact Job Creation
Growth in offshore wind farms to take advantage of
Produces no emissions or pollutants during operation. Employment opportunities in manufacturing, installation,
stronger and more consistent winds.
maintenance, and research.
Habitat Disruption
Grid Integration
Construction and operation can impact local wildlife and Energy Costs
Enhanced integration with smart grids and energy storage
ecosystems, particularly birds and bats. Can reduce electricity costs over time due to low
systems to manage variable supply.
operational expenses.
Material Use
Policy Support
Manufacturing turbines requires materials like steel, Rural Development
Government incentives, subsidies, and regulations to
concrete, and rare earth metals, which have Wind farms can provide economic benefits to rural areas
promote wind power development.
environmental impacts. through land lease payments and local tax revenues.
Global Adoption
Increased deployment in both developed and developing
countries to meet energy needs and reduce carbon
footprints.
Wind power is crucial component of the global shift to renewable energy, offering a clean, sustainable, and increasingly affordable source of electricity. Its continued expansion is
essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy harnesses heat from the Earth’s interior to generate electricity. It is a renewable and
reliable energy source that can provide continuous power.

Types:
1. Dry Steam Plants
Use steam directly from geothermal reservoirs to turn turbines.

2. Flash Steam Plants

Use high-pressure hot water from the Earth, which “flashes” into steam when pressure is reduced.

3. Binary Cycle Plants

Use geothermal water to heat a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point, which vaporizes and drives
the turbine.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Renewable and Sustainable

Taps into the Earth's internal heat, which is virtually
Heat Extraction
inexhaustible. Geographic Limitations
Wells are drilled into geothermal reservoirs to access hot
Viable only in regions with significant geothermal activity,
water and steam.
Low Emissions such as volcanic areas or tectonic plate boundaries.
Produces minimal greenhouse gases and pollutants
Steam Production
compared to fossil fuels. High Initial Costs
The heat is used to produce steam, either directly from the
Drilling and plant construction can be expensive, though
reservoir or through a secondary fluid in binary cycle
Base-load Power operational costs are low.
plants.
Provides consistent and reliable electricity, operating 24/7
regardless of weather conditions. Resource Depletion
Turbine Operation
Local depletion of geothermal resources can occur if not
The steam drives turbines connected to generators,
Small Footprint managed sustainably.
producing electricity.
Requires less land compared to solar or wind farms and
has a relatively low environmental impact. Earthquakes
Reinjection
Drilling and reinjection processes can induce seismic
Used water and steam are reinjected into the Earth to
Energy Security activity, though typically of low magnitude.
sustain the reservoir.
Reduces dependence on imported fuels and enhances
energy independence.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Technological Advances
Improvements in drilling techniques, reservoir
management, and binary cycle efficiency.
Low Operational Emissions
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
Minimal emissions and pollution during operation.
Development of EGS, which involves creating artificial
Job Creation
reservoirs in hot dry rocks, expanding geothermal
Land Use Provides employment in drilling, plant construction,
potential to new regions.
Smaller land footprint compared to other renewable operation, and maintenance.
energy sources.
Grid Integration
Energy Costs
Enhanced integration with smart grids to optimize the use
Water Use Competitive electricity prices due to low operational costs.
of geothermal power.
Requires water for steam production and cooling, which
can impact local water resources. Local Development
Policy Support
Can stimulate economic growth in regions with
Government incentives, subsidies, and regulations to
Induced Seismicity geothermal resources.
promote geothermal energy development.
Potential for induced earthquakes due to drilling and fluid
reinjection.
Global Expansion
Increased adoption in both developed and developing
countries to diversify energy sources and reduce carbon
footprints.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy is a valuable component of the renewable energy mix, offering a clean, reliable, and
sustainable source of electricity. Its continued development and expansion are crucial for achieving global
energy and climate goals.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 BIOMASS ENERGY

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass energy generates electricity by burning organic materials, such as wood, agricultural residues, and waste. It is
considered renewable if the biomass is sustainably sourced and managed.

Types:
1. Direct Combustion
Burns biomass directly to produce heat and steam.

2. Gasification
Converts biomass into a combustible gas (syngas) that can be burned to generate electricity.

3. Pyrolysis
Decomposes biomass at high temperature in the absence of oxygen to produce bio-oil, syngas, and biochar, which
can be used for energy production.

4. Anaerobic Digestion
Breaks down organic matter in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, which can be used to generate electricity.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 BIOMASS ENERGY

PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Renewable
Emissions
Biomass Collection Biomass is a renewable resource if sourced sustainably,
Combustion of biomass releases CO2 and other
Organic materials are collected from various sources, with the potential for continuous replenishment.
pollutants, though generally less than fossil fuels.
including forestry, agriculture, and waste management.
Carbon Neutral
Land Use
Fuel Preparation Biomass can be nearly carbon-neutral if the CO2 released
Large-scale biomass production can compete with food
Biomass is processed to improve combustion efficiency, during combustion is offset by the CO2 absorbed during
crops for land and water resources.
which may involve drying, grinding, or pelletizing. the growth of the biomass.
Supply Chain
Combustion Waste Reduction
Requires a consistent and reliable supply of biomass,
Biomass is burned in a boiler to produce heat. Utilizes waste materials that would otherwise contribute to
which can be logistically challenging.
landfill and methane emissions.
Steam Production
Efficiency
The heat generates steam, which drives turbines Energy Security
Biomass power plants typically have lower efficiency
connected to generators, producing electricity. Reduces dependence on fossil fuels and enhances
compared to fossil fuel plants.
energy security.
Cogeneration
Sustainability
Some systems use combined heat and power (CHP) to Rural Development
Ensuring sustainable sourcing and avoiding deforestation
simultaneously generate electricity and useful heat. Can stimulate economic growth and job creation in rural
and habitat loss are critical for long-term viability.
areas through biomass production and processing.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 BIOMASS ENERGY

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Advanced Technologies
Development of more efficient combustion, gasification,
and pyrolysis technologies.
Lower Emissions
Generally lower CO2 and pollutant emissions compared to
Sustainable Practices
coal and oil. Job Creation
Enhanced focus on sustainable sourcing and land
Provides employment in biomass production, processing,
management practices.
Carbon Cycle and power generation.
Can be carbon-neutral if biomass regrowth offsets
Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)
emissions. Energy Costs
Combining biomass energy with carbon capture and
Can be cost-competitive with fossil fuels, particularly in
storage to achieve negative emissions.
Land and Water Use regions with abundant biomass resources.
Competes with other land uses and can impact water
Policy Support
resources. Local Economies
Government incentives, subsidies, and regulations to
Supports rural economies and reduces waste disposal
promote biomass energy adoption.
Biodiversity costs.
Large-scale monoculture biomass plantations can reduce
Global Expansion
biodiversity and disrupt ecosystems.
Increased deployment in regions with abundant biomass
resources to diversify energy sources and reduce carbon
footprints.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 BIOMASS ENERGY

Biomass energy is a versatile and renewable source of electricity that offers environmental and economic
benefits. Ensuring sustainable practices and improving efficiency are key to its long-term success and
contribution to a low-carbon energy future.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

Tidal and wave energy harness the power of ocean tides and waves to generate electricity. These are
emerging forms of renewable energy that utilize the natural movements of water to produce power.
PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Tidal Barrages
Predictable and Reliable High Initial Costs
Dams built across tidal estuaries capture water at high
Tidal patterns are highly predictable, providing a reliable Building tidal barrages and other infrastructure requires
tide, which is then released through turbines during low
source of energy. significant investment.
tide to generate electricity.
Low Operational Emissions Environmental Impact
Tidal Stream Generators
Generates electricity with minimal greenhouse gas Can affect marine habitats and local ecosystems,
Underwater turbines placed in tidal streams capture the
emissions. particularly with large-scale installations.
kinetic energy of moving water, similar to wind turbines.
Longevity Location-Specific
Tidal Lagoons
Tidal power installations have long lifespans, providing Effective only in areas with significant tidal ranges and
Enclosed areas of water where turbines are installed to
sustainable energy over many decades. suitable geography.
harness the energy from rising and falling tides.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Technological Advances
Continued research and development to improve
efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

Hybrid Systems
Job Creation
Low Operational Emissions Integration with other renewable energy sources and
Development and maintenance of tidal and wave energy
Minimal greenhouse gas emissions during operation. storage solutions to enhance reliability.
infrastructure create jobs.
Marine Life Policy Support
Energy Costs
Potential risks to marine organisms, including collision and Government incentives, subsidies, and regulatory
Potential for cost-competitive electricity as technology
habitat disruption. frameworks to promote tidal and wave energy adoption.
advances and scales up.
Aesthetic Impact Environmental Mitigation
Local Economies
Visible structures near coastlines may affect the visual Improved methods to minimize impacts on marine
Can stimulate economic growth in coastal and island
landscape. ecosystems and coastal environments.
communities.
Global Expansion
Increased deployment in regions with suitable tidal and
wave conditions to diversify energy sources and reduce
carbon footprints.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

Tidal and wave energy hold significant potential as renewable sources of electricity. While still in the early
stages of development, these technologies offer promising opportunities for sustainable and reliable energy
production. Addressing environmental concerns and technological challenges will be key to their successful
integration into the global energy mix.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. They are
a clean and efficient technology that can be used for a variety of applications, including stationary power
generation and transportation.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Hydrogen Production Zero Emissions

Hydrogen is produced through various methods, including The only byproducts of the electrochemical reaction are
Hydrogen Production
electrolysis (splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen) and water and heat, making it a clean energy source.
Current methods of hydrogen production can be energy-
reforming natural gas.
intensive and may rely on fossil fuels, producing
High Efficiency
greenhouse gases.
Fuel Cell Operation Fuel cells can be more efficient than traditional
Hydrogen fuel cells consist of an anode, cathode, and an combustion engines and power plants.
Infrastructure
electrolyte membrane. Hydrogen gas is fed into the
Developing infrastructure for hydrogen production,
anode, where it splits into protons and electrons. Scalability
storage, and distribution is costly and complex.
Fuel cells can be scaled for various applications, from
Electricity Generation small portable devices to large power plants.
Cost
Protons pass through the electrolyte membrane to the
High costs of fuel cell technology and hydrogen
cathode, while electrons flow through an external circuit, Energy Storage
production remain a barrier to widespread adoption.
generating electricity. Hydrogen can be stored and transported, providing
flexibility and energy security.
Durability and Longevity
Water Production
Fuel cell components can degrade over time, affecting
At the cathode, protons and electrons combine with Quiet Operation
performance and requiring maintenance.
oxygen from the air to produce water and heat as Fuel cells operate quietly, making them suitable for urban
byproducts. and residential areas.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT FUTURE OUTLOOK

Green Hydrogen
Increasing focus on producing hydrogen using renewable
energy sources to minimize environmental impact.
Job Creation
Low Operational Emissions Technological Advances
Growth in the hydrogen economy can create jobs in
Produces no direct emissions during operation. Ongoing research to improve fuel cell efficiency, durability,
production, distribution, and maintenance of hydrogen
and cost-effectiveness.
technologies.
Hydrogen Production Impact
Depending on the production method, hydrogen can have Infrastructure Development
Energy Costs
varying environmental impacts. Green hydrogen Expansion of hydrogen refueling stations and distribution
Potential for cost-competitive electricity as hydrogen
(produced using renewable energy) has the least impact. networks to support wider adoption.
production and fuel cell technologies advance.
Resource Use Policy Support
Market Growth
Production of fuel cells involves materials like platinum, Government incentives, subsidies, and regulations to
Can stimulate economic growth by creating new markets
which are limited and expensive. promote hydrogen fuel cell technology.
for hydrogen production and fuel cell applications.
Integration with Renewable Energy
Use of hydrogen as a storage solution for intermittent
renewable energy sources like wind and solar.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

 HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

APPLICATIONS

Stationary Power Generation

Fuel cells can provide backup power, off-grid power, and
support for renewable energy systems. Hydrogen fuel cells offer a promising pathway to a clean and
Transportation sustainable energy future. Their versatility and potential for zero
Hydrogen fuel cells are used in fuel cell electric vehicles
(FCEVs) for cars, buses, trucks, and trains.
emissions make them an attractive option for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and enhancing energy security. Overcoming challenges
Portable Power
Small fuel cells can power electronic devices and remote related to hydrogen production, infrastructure, and costs will be key to
equipment. their widespread adoption.
Industrial Uses
Hydrogen is used in various industrial processes,
including ammonia production and refining.

Conventional and Alternative Sources of Electricity

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems
DEFINITION OF TERMS

ION
Term applied to an atom or molecule which is not electrically balanced. It is an atom or molecule that is
electrically charged. It simply mean there is a loss or gain of one or more electrons. Occur when the electrons
in the atom is loosened through friction by another atom. Therefore, the presence of electrons in any organic
or inorganic substance is a fact, that electricity is always present.

VOLT or VOLTAGE
The electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move through a conductor (wire). In other words,
voltage is the electromotive force. Comparatively, to have 12 volts is like having 12 pounds of water
pressure inside the pipe of a water system. Thus, the higher voltage, the more electricity will be forced to flow.

VOLT
Named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist who discovered that electrons flow when two different
metals are connected by a wire and the dipped into a liquid that conduct or carry electrons.

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

AMPERE
Standard unit used in measuring the strength of an electric current. Named after Andre M. Ampere. It is
the amount of current flow, sent by one volt through the resistance of one Ohm. When there is too much flow
of electricity in a small conductor or wire, heat is produced which eventually may blow-off the protective
devise called fuse or burn the wire insulator and create fire.

WATT
The rate or measure of power used or consumed. It represents the equivalent heat volts and ampere
consumed by lights, appliances or motors. A term commonly labeled on light bulbs or appliances, giving us an
idea of what kind of circuit would be installed. The term is named after James Watt a Scottish inventor.

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

CIRCUIT
Refers to the wire installations that supply current to light and convenient outlets.

RESISTANCE
The friction or opposition to the flow of current by the wires and transformers, analogous to plumbing
installation, where the flow of water is subjected to resistance caused by friction between the water and the
inside wall of the pipe, and the various form of turns and fittings. For direct current (DC electricity), the term
Resistance is used for friction, and Impedance for alternating current (AC electricity).

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

ELECTRIC CHARGE
A fundamental property of matter that exhibits electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other
charges.

ELECTRIC CURRENT
The flow of electric charge through a conductor.

CONDUCTANCE
The ease with which electric current flows through a material, the inverse of resistance

POWER
The rate at which electrical energy is converted into another form of energy.

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

ENERGY
The capacity to do work, measured in electrical systems as the product of power and time.

CONDUCTOR
A material that allows the flow of electric charge with low resistance (e.g., copper, aluminum).

INSULATOR
A material that resists the flow of electric charge (e.g., rubber, glass).

SEMICONDUCTOR
A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator (e.g., silicon).

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

CAPACITOR
A component that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

INDUCTOR
A component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.

TRANSFORMER
A device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

RELAY
An electrically operated switch used to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal.

SWITCH
A device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
An automatic device for stopping the flow of current in an electric circuit as a safety measure.

FUSE
A protective device that melts or breaks when current exceeds a certain level, preventing damage to the
circuit.

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

GROUNDING (EARTHING)
Connecting parts of an electrical system to the earth to prevent electric shock and equipment damage.

REACTANCE
The opposition to the flow of alternating current caused by the inductance and capacitance in a circuit.

FREQUENCY
The number of complete cycles per second in an alternating current (AC) or wave.

PHASE
The position of a point in time on a waveform cycle, important in AC circuits.

Definition of Important Terms in Electrical Systems

Different Units of Measurement in Electrical System Components
 TERM UNIT DESCRIPTION
The quantity of electric charge transferred by
ELECTRIC CHARGE Coulomb (C)
a current of one ampere in one second.
The flow of electric charge per unit time. One
ELECTRIC CURRENT Ampere (A)
ampere equals one coulomb per second.
The difference in electric potential between
VOLTAGE (ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Volt (V) two points. One volt is equal to one joule per
DIFFERENCE)
coulomb.
The opposition to the flow of electric current.
RESISTANCE Ohm (Ω)
One ohm equals one volt per ampere.
The ease with which an electric current flows.
CONDUCTANCE Siemens (S)
It is the inverse of resistance.

Different Units of Measurement in Electrical System Components

 TERM UNIT DESCRIPTION
The rate at which electrical energy is
POWER Watt (W) consumed or produced. One watt equals one
joule per second.
The capacity to do work. One joule is the
energy transferred when one watt of power is
ENERGY Joule (J), Kilowatt-hour (kWh) used for one second. One kilowatt-hour is the
energy transferred when one kilowatt of
power is used for one hour.
The ability of a system to store an electric
CAPACITANCE Farad (F) charge. One farad equals one coulomb per
volt.
The property of a conductor by which a
change in current induces an electromotive
INDUCTANCE Henry (H)
force. One henry equals one volt-second per
ampere.
The number of cycles per second in an
FREQUENCY Hertz (Hz)
alternating current (AC) signal.

Different Units of Measurement in Electrical System Components

 TERM UNIT DESCRIPTION
The total opposition to the flow of alternating
IMPEDANCE Ohm (Ω) current, including both resistance and
reactance.
The opposition to the flow of alternating
REACTANCE Ohm (Ω) current caused by inductance and
capacitance.
The measure of magnetic field strength
MAGNETIC FLUX Weber (Wb) through a given area. One weber equals one
volt-second.
The amount of magnetic flux in a unit area
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY Tesla (T)
flow. One tesla equals one weber per square
meter.
The force per unit charge exerted on a
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH Volt per meter (V/m)
charged object in an electric field.

Different Units of Measurement in Electrical System Components

 TERM UNIT DESCRIPTION
The electric potential energy per unit charge
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL Volt (V)
at a point in a field.
The amount of energy stored in a given
ENERGY DENSITY Joules per cubic meter (J/m³)
system or region of space per unit volume.
A measure of a material's ability to conduct
CONDUCTIVITY Siemens per meter (S/m)
electric current.
A measure of how an electric field affects,
PERMITTIVITY Farads per meter (F/m)
and is affected by, a dielectric medium.
The measure of the ability of a material to
PERMEABILITY Henry per meter (H/m) support the formation of a magnetic field
within itself.

Different Units of Measurement in Electrical System Components

END OF MODULE 01