Ch-1 Introduction to

IT-ITes Industry
 Information technology
Information Technology (IT) means creating,
managing, storing, and exchanging
information. Computer takes data as input,
processes it and results as output. Data
refers to the facts or raw material, which are
processed to get the information. IT is tightly
integrated part of business.

 Information Technologies enabled

Services (ITeS)
Information Technology that enables the
business by improving the quality of
service is Information Technology
enabled Services (ITes). These services
provide a wide range of career options
that include opportunities in all offices
like call centers, payrolls, logistics
management, revenue claims
processing, medical billing, coding,
medical transcription, legal databases,
backoffice operations, content
development, GIS (geographical
information system), web services and
human resource (HR) services, etc.

 BPO services

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)

services means performing business
operations through an outside service
provider. BPO also comes under IT
services as IT plays a very useful role
 in optimizing the business
performance.
Some of the BPO services are:
a) Financial and accounting services
b) Taxation and insurance services
c) E-publishing and web promotion
d) Legal Services and content
writing

 BPM industry in INDIA

The IT BPM (Business Process

Management) industry has been fueling
India’s growth. In addition to
contributing towards the country’s Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and exports.
BPO service industry is doing
exceptionally well in India because of
the following advantages:
a) BPO service providers in India
invest in hi-tech hardware and
software to delivery the best of
services.
 b) Government of India is
encouraging the BPO Industry in
India by providing necessary
infrastructure and logistical
support.

 IT applications

In technologically developed nations,

Information Technology has become
a part of everyday life. For a user,
computer is a tool that provides the
desired information, whenever
needed. Computers and ICT is used
in industries, in offices, and in house
also.

 IT in home computing
A personal computer (PC) is used to
work at home, to do household
accounts, play games, surf web, use
e-mail, create music, and pursue a
range of other hobbies.
 IT in everyday life
In our daily life, we use washing
machines, microwave oven and
many other products using which
have embedded software.

 IT in library
Nowadays many libraries are
computerized. Each book has a
barcode associated with it. This
makes it easier for the library to a
keep track of books and the
availability of a specific book.

 IT at workplace
In the office environment, Computers
and computer applications are used
to perform office work more
effectively. Internet and Office
applications form the basis of
modern business.

 IT in education
Computers and Information
Technology are extensively used in
 education for teaching -learning and
assessment. The software and
hardware technology is used for
creation and transmission of
information in various forms
including still pictures, audio, video
and animation to the learners.

 IT in communication
Communication is used to convey
messages and ideas, pictures, or
speeches. A person who receives this
must understand clearly and
correctly.

 IT in business
 Computers are used in business
organisations for payroll calculation,
budgeting, sales analysis, financial
forecasting, managing and
maintaining stocks.

 IT in science and engineering

Scientists and engineers use
computers for performing complex
scientific calculations, Computer
Aided Design (CAD) or Computer
Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
applications are used for drawing,
designing and for simulating and
testing the designs.

Ch-2 Data Entry and

Keyboarding Skills

 Keyboarding Skills
Keyboard is the most common text-
based input device. Computer
keyboards are similar to electronic
 typewriter keyboards with additional
keys. A keyboard generally has more
than 100 keys. Each key of a
keyboard corresponds to a single
symbol.

 Types of keys
Though there are several input devices
viz. mouse, touchscreen, character or
voice recognition, etc., used for giving
input to the computer, yet the use of
keyboard is the most common method
adopted for input of data into a
computer. A computer keyboard
contains the following types of keys: •
Alphanumeric keys: All of the
alphabet (A-Z) and numbers (0-9) on the
keyboard.

Punctuation keys: All of the keys

associated with punctuation, such as the
comma (,), period (.), semicolon (;),
brackets ([]), and parenthesis ({ }) and
so on. Also, all of the mathematical
operators such as the plus sign (+),
minus sign (-), and equal sign (=).
• Alt key: Short for Alternate, this key
is like a second control key.

• Arrow keys: There are four arrow

keys to move the cursor (or insertion
point) up (↑), down (↓), right (→), or left
(←). Arrow keys can be used in
conjunction with the

• Shift or Alt keys: To move the

cursor in more than one position at a
time. •

Backspace key: Deletes the

character just to the left of the cursor
(or insertion point) and moves the
cursor to that position. • Caps
Lock key: It is a toggle key, which
when activated, causes all alphabetic
characters to be uppercase.
•Ctrlkey: The control key is used in
conjunction with other keys to produce
control characters. The meaning of each
control character depends on which
program is running.

• Delete key: The Del key deletes

the character at the current cursor
position, or the selected object, but does
not move the cursor. For graphics-based
applications, the delete key deletes the
character to the right of the insertion
point.

• Enter key or Return key: It is

used to enter commands or to move the
cursor to the beginning of the next line.

• Esc key: The Escape key is used

to send special codes to devices and to
exit (or escape) from programs and
tasks.
 • Function keys: Special keys labelled
F1 to F12. These keys have different
meaning depending on which program
is running.

 Numeric Keypad
Numeric keypad is used when
enormous numeric data is to be
entered. This keypad is just like a
simple calculator. It is normally
located on the righthand side of
computer keyboard. It contains
numbers 0 to 9, addition (+),
subtraction (–), multiplication (*) and
division (/) symbols, a decimal point
(.) and Num Lock and Enter keys.

 Home keys
Alphabets ASDF are home keys for
the left hand and; (semi-colon) LKJ
for the right hand. The fingers are
trained to make the correct
movement to other keys and each
finger returns immediately to its
 respective home key after it has
depressed the corresponding key in
any other row.

 Guide Keys
On a computer keyboard, keys ‘F’
and ‘J’ are called guide keys for left
and right hand, respectively. Both
contain a small raised tangible mark
with the help of which the touch
typist can place the
fingers correctly on the home keys.

 Pointing devices
Instead of typing, directly some
items can be selected from computer
screen, for example "print" or "close"
button. This can be done using point
and draw devices, such as mouse.
Not only to select, but drawing of
line, curve and shapes is also
possible with such devices.

 Mouse
 Mouse is a pointing device used to
point a particular place on the screen
and select to perform one or more
actions. It can be used to select
menu commands, resize windows,
selecting actions from screen icons,
etc.

 Mouse operations
All mouse do not use the same
mechanical operation but all of them
accomplish the same task. Some of
them use a tracking ball at the
bottom and some of them use a type
of light beam to detect the motion of
mouse.

 Typing ergonomics
Typing ergonomics provides the
logistic support for efficient and
effective typewriting. They are
important to attain and maintain
accuracy and speed. Some of these
factors included are as given below:
 Sitting Posture

While operating the computer

keyboard, sit straight, slightly
bending your neck forward. Check
your comfort and sitting position of
body.

 Position of hands
Put your forearms at level with the
keyboard and palms down. Keep
your wrists straight and hang your
elbows naturally. Don’t touch the
elbows to the body nor be too far
away from the body.

 Monitor placement
 Do not bend your neck while working
on the monitor and keep the upper
border of screen at eye level. The
distance of screen from the user
depends on the size of the screen.

 Mouse and Keyboard placement

Keep the keyboard and mouse
together at an approximate distance
of 20cm, which will help in smooth
and effortless operation of keyboard.

 Chair and table placement

Adjust computer chair and table to
an optimal height. The chair of the
computer user must be supportive to
his/her lower back.

 Positioning of fingers on the

keyboard
As typing is equivalent to pen or
pencil now-a-days, mastery of
computer keyboard has become
obvious. Mastery typewriting skills
means to attain necessary
 knowledge and skill of keyboard
operation by correct positioning of
fingers.

 Allocation of keys to fingers

The keyboard learning process starts
from Allocation of keys to fingers the
second row (Home Row) followed by
the Third Row (Upper Row), First Row
(Bottom Row) and the Fourth Row
(Number Row).
 Allocation of keys to fingers on the second
row (home row)
Place four fingers of each hand on Home
Keys as shown . The remaining two keys ‘g’
and ‘h’ on the second row are operated by
the forefingers (Index Finger) of left and right
hand, respectively.

 Using numeric keypad

Efficient and effective use of numeric keypad
is important in numeric data entry. The
numeric keypad has four columns and five
rows. The row which has 4, 5, 6 and + is
called Home Row. This is the row which is
initially practiced by a touch typist.

 Successful keyboarding tips

• Press the keys with feather touch and do

not put undue pressure.

• Rest your fingers on Home row while

typing.

• Allow your fingers to fall naturally on the

keys so that each rests on top of the next key
along the same horizontal row.

• While typing, release the key immediately

as soon as you press it. Holding the key for
 long time, will repeatedly type the same
character.

• Do not look at the keyboard while

practicing.

 Introduction to Rapid Typing Tutor

Touch typing improves typing speed and
accuracy. A touch typist never looks at the
keyboard. The fingers hit the right keys by
habit. The typist is entirely focused on the
text being typed, reading the words and
phrases as the fingers type the text
reflexively.

 Calculating the typing speed

The typing speed can be measured with
different accuracies. Type using the Numeric
Keypad

• How many words are typed for a certain

time period (the least accurate)?

• How many characters are typed for a

certain time period?

• How many keystrokes are made for a

certain time period (the most accurate)? Also
there are
 • Simple speed (Gross speed)

• Net speed (takes into account the errors)

CH-3 Digital Documentation

 LibreOffice writer word processer

Several word processing software
are available to prepare the
report. But we will prefer to use
LibreOffice Microsoft OneDrive
Word 48 Writer, because it is free
and an open source software
(FOSS) with rich features of word
processing. Some word
processors are also available
freely on the web. A school
teacher arranged a field visit of
Class IX students to a National
level IT job fair.

 Starting LibreOffice Writer

In general, you will find a shortcut
of LibreOffice on the desktop or
on the Quick Launch Taskbar. The
process may slightly differ
according to the operating system
you are using (Windows or Linux).

(i) To start LibreOffice Writer in

Windows, double click
LibreOffice Writer shortcut,
which is usually found on the
computer desktop .
(ii) Alternatively, click on the
Start or Windows button,
select LibreOffice →
LibreOffice Writer from
application window.
(iii) Using the Search command,
type the word ‘writer’ in the
search field, and select
LibreOffice Writer from the
offered results.
 (iv) In Ubuntu Linux, find the
LibreOffice Writer icon on the
application launcher, or
search it by clicking on ‘Show
Applications’.

 Creating a document

Step 1 Create a new text

document by using File Menu →
New → Text Document.

Step 2 Now save the file by

clicking on the File Menu → Save.
Give the name of the file (for
example: report). By default, the
file is saved in .odt format.
Different file formats are as under

Step 3 Saving the file by another

name It is possible to make
another copy of the file by saving
it with another name using the
Save As option. Once the user
saves the document by giving a
name, it is called a ‘File’. The user
can save the file with another
name To create a new document:
Keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+N; Mouse
options: File → New → Opening a
New Text Document in Writer in
other location using the Save As
option. The user will get two files
the previous one and the one with
new name.

Step 4 Closing the document—

After finishing the work, close the
f ile, as too many opened files will
cause a disturbance in working.
To close the file, select File →
Close

Step 5 Opening the document—It

may further require to open a file
for editing. Select File → Open
 (Ctrl+O) and the document will be
open for editing .

 Parts of the Writer window

The various parts of the Writer
window have been briefly
explained below.

(a) Title bar: Title bar is located

on the top of Writer window. It
shows the title of the currently
opened document. The name of
the document means the file
name of the document saved on
the disk. For a new document, it
shows the title of the document
as Untitled X, where ‘X’ is the
document number Untitled 1,
Untitled 2, Untitled 3... etc., as we
go on opening the new document.
(b) Menu bar: It appears below
the Title Bar. It shows the menu
items File, Edit, View, Insert,
Format, Tables, Tools, Window
and Help. On selecting a menu
item, its submenu will open below
the menu item. We can select any
item in the submenu as per the
requirement. As an example the
submenu for File menu.

(c)Toolbars: the tool bar appears

below menu bar. By default, the
standard tool bar and formatting
tool bar will appear. The other tool
bars can be activated by clicking
on ‘View’ menu, and selecting the
‘Toolbars’ of submenu.

(d) Standard toolbar: It contains

commands in the form of icons.

(e) Formatting toolbar: It contains

the various options for formatting
a document. A graphical
representation of commands is
shown in the form of icons.

(f) Status bar: This is positioned at

the left bottom of the Writer
window and displays the number
of pages, words, the language
used, zooming, etc. It is located at
the bottom of the workspace.

(g) Scroll button and scroll bar: It

is used to scroll the document.
 (h) Zoom: It allows to change the
scale of the text and pictures in
the document only for view. It
does not affect the physical
document.

 Formatting a document
The first step in document
preparation is to use page setup.
The Page Formatting is explained
in the next section. But for the
document preparation, Page
setup is taken here.

 Formatting text
Formatting Text refers to the
formatting of paragraphs and
characters. To do the formatting,
first select the text and then
apply the required text formatting
features.

 Creating and managing tables

In a document it is normally seen
that some data are represented in
tabular form. So we collect the
similar data and keep it under one
heading. The representation of
data in a tabular format is called
as table.

(a) Creating a table

The simplest way to create a
table is, click the Table icon on
the Standard toolbar. On the
drop-down graphic, choose the
size of the table. To create the
table, click on the cell
representing the last row of
the last column that you want.

(b) Deleting rows and columns

To delete one or more rows or
columns, place the cursor in
the row or column you want to
delete and do one of the
following:

• Click on the Rows or

Columns icons on the Table
toolbar

• Right-click and choose

Delete → Rows or Delete →
Columns.

• Press Alt+Delete on the

keyboard and use the arrow
keys to delete rows or columns
as described above for
inserting.

CH-4 Electronic
Spreadsheet
 Getting Started with Libreoffice
Calc
There are various types of
spreadsheet applications
developed by various software
corporation. LibreOffice Calc is
the spreadsheet application of
LibreOffice suite.

 Starting LibreOffice Calc

 When installing the operating
system Linux (Ubuntu), the
LibreOffice gets installed by
default along with the icons for
each component of LibreOffice
(Writer, Calc, Impress, etc.).
These icons are then placed on
the launcher. In Windows, you
need to download LibreOffice
from its official website and install
it on your computer.

 Parts of LibreOffice Calc

 Entering data
To enter any data in a worksheet,
practically in the cell, it is
required to select the cell. Cell
can be selected by positioning the
pointer in a cell. The data to be
entered can be the label, values
or formula.

 Mathematical operators used in

formulae
Spreadsheet Software has the
most powerful features to
calculate numerical data using
formulae. As we use a calculator
for calculation, Calc can add,
subtract, divide, multiply and
much more. LibreOffice Calc uses
standard operators for formulae,
such as a plus(+), minus(-),
multiplication (*), a division (/) for
arithmetic operation.
 Use of dialog boxes to format
values
The format cells dialog box in the
toolbar can be used to find more
about formatting a cell or range
of cell. You can open this Format
Cell dialog box by pressing
the shortcut key Ctrl+1.

 Speeding up data entry

The most important ability of a
spreadsheet is to drag and drop
the contents of one cell to
another by using a mouse. Calc
includes several other tools for
automating input, especially of a
repetitive task. They include the
fill tool, selection lists, and the
ability to input information into
multiple sheets of the same
document.

Ch-5 Digital Presentations

 A presentation includes
• Regular text
• Lists items
• Table
• Graphics elements
• Sound and Video
• Animation
 Characteristics of a good quality
presentation
A good quality presentation is
required to convey the message
clearly to the audience. The
following points or guidelines
have to be taken care of while
preparing a good quality
presentation.

(a) Number of lines: On one page

or slide try to include 5 to 8
lines. Adding more number of
lines or a paragraph may take
more time to read as the font
size may become too small.

(b)Font-size: While preparing the

presentation, you need to take
care of the room size, distance
between the screen and the
audience. Accordingly the font
size of the texts in the
presentation may be decided.

c) Correct use of grammar and

language: The grammar and
language should be correct in
your presentation, because if you
make a mistake that will replicate
to the number of persons in the
audience. So you must present
the contents error free in terms of
grammar, spellings of language
by reading the slides carefully.

(d) Inserting images, drawings,

tables or graphs: Try to avoid
inserting more than two graphics
(images, drawings, tables or
charts) in any slide. Inserting too
many graphics becomes
confusing for the audience.
(e) Use of colours: Try to use dark
colours, bold letters with different
fonts to highlight certain points.
Use fair or silent background
colours and dark colours for fonts.
Give attention to the contrast of
background and foreground
colours. Bring the variation in
colours of the fonts as per the
readability. Use of dark-coloured
fonts over a dark background, or
taking only one colour red
throughout the whole
presentation is not a good
practice. Consider the factor that
which colour will be more
comfortable for the human eyes
to see. Use different colours
somewhere in between the
presentation to show the
importance of words.
 (f) Animation and videos: Do not
include more than one animation
or video in one slide. Including
more than one, will overlap the
sounds and may cause confusion
to the audience.

(g) Pay attention to target group:

While creating the presentation,
give attention to meet the
requirements of the target
audience. Focus on the contents,
sequence of the topics in such a
way that it makes a flow to attract
the attention of the audience
from the objectives.

 Selecting slide layout

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

The appropriate layout can be

selected from Layouts section in
the Properties window. The
layouts included in LibreOffice
range from a blank slide to a slide
with six content boxes and a title.
You can also select a slide layout
by using menu, Slide → Slide
Layout → Title slide. The layout
you have selected will be
applicable in the right side of the
window. Alternatively, you can
select the slide in the Slides Pane,
it will appear in the Workspace
 and here you can select the
required layout from the Layouts
section in the Sidebar.

 Working with slides

Now to carry forward the
presentation work, the next slide
has to be added. The new slide
can be inserted into the
presentation by inserting a new
slide as well as inserting a
duplicate slide. Inserting a
duplicate slide will insert the copy
of the existing or current slide
into the presentation.

 Inserting a duplicate slide

Sometimes, you may wish to
insert the same slide as the
previous ones just like the first
page of the book has the title of
the book and the same title also
appears on the cover page of the
 book. In such a case you may
copy the slide to the next slide.

 Slide layout
After inserting a new slide, the
layout contains one or more
content boxes. Each of these
content boxes can be configured
to contain text, movies, images,
charts or tables. You can select
the icon based on the content by
clicking on the corresponding icon
that you want to display as shown
in the middle of the content box .

 Copying and moving slides

The slides once created can be
reused within the presentation or
in another presentation. To move
the slide to another location use
cut and paste process. To copy
the slide, use the process of copy
and paste.
 View a presentation
The presentation created in
Impress can be viewed in a
number of ways. One may wish to
view the presentation in larger or
smaller or in medium size. It is
possible to view the presentation
as per the user’s requirement.

 Controlling the size of the view

Zoom and View Layout dialog box
opens in the View tab. It is
possible to select among the
proposed values to increase
zoom, or enter your own value,
which must be a whole number.

 Workspace views
The various workspace views are
in the drop-down list of the View
menu. These views are Normal,
Outline, Notes, Slide Sorter, Slide
 Master, Notes Master, Handout
Master. The appropriate view can
be selected from the View menu.

 Formatting text
The contents of the slides can be
formatted in various ways. The
most common way is to use the
formatting icons on the
Formatting toolbar. Another way
is by selecting Format→Text from
the menu bar, and the third way
is by using the keyboard
shortcuts.

Working with tables

 Inserting tables
Tables are inserted by selecting
the Table icon on the Standard
toolbar, or by selecting the Table
command on the Insert tab. In the
Insert Table dialog box, the
 Number of columns and the
Number of rows are specified.

 Adjusting column width and row

height using the mouse
To change the width of the
column, position on the border
line between the two columns,
and when the cursor changes to a
(↔) sign, press the left mouse
button, hold and drag it until the
column achieves the desired
width. The same can be done for
adjusting the row height.

 Table borders and background

The various table formatting
options can be applied on the
table just like Writer. The borders
and background can be assigned
to the table. To do this, right click
on the table border, the Table
Properties dialog box will open ,
 from where you can change the
borders and background of the
table.

 Adding and formatting images

Graphics can be inserted in the
presentations for giving more
information. Images can be
inserted from the gallery ,files
stored in the computer.

 Formatting images
Formatting an image includes
moving, resizing, rotating an
image. The image inserted into a
presentation can be formatted.