MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI

A Project Report
On
“TRANSMISSION MEDIA: ANALYSIS OF THE GUIDED
AND UNGUIDED MEDIA”

DIPLOMA
In
ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Submitted by,

MR. BALGONDA NINGAPPA MAGDUM

MR. PRITHVIRAJ PANDURANG KANADE
MR. SANSKAR TUSHAR SUTAR
MR. OM AMOL PATIL
MR. GIRISH APPASAHEB PATIL

Under guidance of,

Mr. V.T. MASURKAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIS & COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC,

MAHAGAON
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025
 SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL HOSPITAL & RESEARCH CENTER,
MAHAGAON

“SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC”

A/P –MAHAGAON, SITE –CHINCHEWADI, TAL-GADHINGLAJ, DIST-KOLHAPUR
Certificate
This is to certify that the following students of FIFTH semester of Diploma in
Electronics &Computer Engineering of Institute SANT GAJANAN RURAL
POLYTECHNIC, MAHAGAON-416503 (CODE-0965) has completed micro-
project on “TRANSMISSION MEDIA: ANALYSIS OF THE GUIDED AND
UNGUIDED MEDIA” satisfactory in subject CNM subject code 22516 for
academic year 2024 to 2025 as prescribed in the curriculum.

ROLL ENROLLMENT SEAT STUDENT NAME

NO NO NO
07 2209650077 BALGONDA NINGAPPA MAGDUM
12 2209650083 PRITHVIRAJ PANDURANG KANADE

13 2209650084 SANSKAR TUSHAR SUTAR

15 2209650087 OM AMOL PATIL
56 2209650088 GIRISH APPASAHEB PATIL

DATE: PLACE: MAHAGAON

PROF. V .T . MASURKAR PROF.M.P.PATIL PROF. R. S. PATIL

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and outcome of this report required a lot of guidance and assistance from many
people, and we are extremely privileged to have got this all through the completion of my
report. All that we have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and we would
not forget to thank them. We are extremely thankful to our project guide Prof. V. T. Masurkar
and Head of Electronics and Computer Department Prof. M. P. Patil who took keep interest on
our project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our report work by providing
all the necessary information for developing a good system and for providing such a nice
support and guidance, although he had busy schedule. We would also like to remember
Principal Madam Prof. R. S. Patil for encouragement and moreover for timely support
and guidance till the completion of our report work. We are thankful to and fortunate enough
to get constant encouragement, support, and guidance from all teaching staff of
ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT which helped us
in successfully completing our report work. Also, we would like to extend our sincere esteems
to all staff in laboratory for their timely support.
 INDEX
Sr. No. Content
1 Certificate
2 Acknowledgement
3 PART A - Micro-Project Proposal

1.0 Rationale
2.0 intended course Outcome
3.0 Literature review
4.0 Proposed Methodology
5.0 Resources Required
6.0 Action Plan

4 PART B – Micro-Project Report

1.0 Rationale
2.0 Aim of Micro-Project Creation
3.0 Course Outcome Addressed
4.0 Literature review
5.0 Conclusion
6.0 References
 PART A- Micro-Project Proposal

TRANSMISSION MEDIA: ANALYSIS OF THE GUIDED AND

UNGUIDED MEDIA

1.0 Rationale:-
A TRANSMISSION MEDIA: ANALYSIS OF THE GUIDED AND UNGUIDED MEDIA
micro project provides hands-on experience with the core mechanisms between guided and
unguided transmission media depends on various factors. This project builds practical
skills by allowing students to analyze, compare, and work with different transmission media
and apply them in real-world networking scenarios. This focused project allows students to
explore guided (e.g., twisted pair, coaxial cables, optical fiber) and unguided media (e.g.,
radio waves, microwaves, infrared) used in communication systems.

2.0 intended course Outcome:-

The knowledge and practical skills to analyze, apply, and troubleshoot guided and unguided
transmission media in real-world networking scenarios.

3.0 Literature review:-

explores various studies on guided and unguided transmission media, focusing on their
characteristics, applications, and performance in modern communication systems..
Type of transmission media :-

1. GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA

2. UNGUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA

4.0 Proposed Methodology;-

Transmission media can be classified into guided (wired) and unguided (wireless) types.
Guided media, such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optics, use physical
connections to transmit data, offering high speed and reliability. Unguided media, including
radio waves, microwaves, and infrared, enable wireless communication, providing flexibility
but being more prone to interference.

To analyze these media, factors like bandwidth, attenuation, latency, and interference are
measured. Guided media are ideal for high-speed, secure connections, while unguided media
suit mobile and remote applications. A comparative study helps determine the best option
based on performance and application needs.
5.0 Resources Required :-

Sr. Name Of Resource Specifications Qty Remarks

No.
1 Desktop PC I3, 4GB RAM, 500GB HDD, LCD 1 Used
screen, KBD, Mouse
2 Internet Connection Browser Google chrome 1 Used

3 Software MS-Office (MS-word,) 1 Used

6.0 Action Plan :-

Sr. Details of activity Planned Start Planned Finish Name of Responsible

No. date date Team member

1 Search and select the title of 05/11/2024 06/11/2024 Balgonda magdum

project
2 Search the information 06/11/2024 07/11/2024 All member
related to micro-project
3 Collect the data from all the 08/11/2024 09/11/2024 Sanskar sutar
group member
4 Edit the information 10/11/2024 12/11/2024 Om patil
required to project
5 Edit & create report of 13/11/2024 15/11/2024 Girish patil
project
6 Demonstration of project & 16/11/2024 16/11/2024 All member
final Submission
 PART B – Micro-Project Report
TRANSMISSION MEDIA: ANALYSIS OF THE GUIDED AND
UNGUIDED MEDIA

1.0 Rationale :-
The transmission media is to explore and analyze the role of transmission media in
modern communication networks, focusing on guided and unguided media. With the
increasing demand for high-speed, secure, and reliable data transfer, it is crucial to
understand the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of different transmission
media. Guided media, such as fiber optics and coaxial cables, offer stability and high
bandwidth, while unguided media, including radio waves and microwaves, provide
flexibility and mobility. By studying these transmission methods, this project aims to
provide insights into their practical applications, performance factors, and
advancements in technology. The findings will help in making informed decisions
regarding the selection of transmission media for various networking requirements,
ensuring efficiency, security, and cost-effectiveness in communication systems.

2.0 Aim of Micro-Project Creation:-

Not appliacable

3.0 Course Outcome Addressed :-

 Enhances the understanding of transmission media, their applications, performance and

advancement

4.0 Literature review :-

Transmission media serves as the backbone of communication networks,

enabling the transfer of data across various platforms. They are broadly classified
into guided and unguided media, each with distinct characteristics, applications,
and performance factors. This literature review examines existing research on
guided and unguided transmission media, evaluating their advantages, limitations,
and technological advancements

4.1 Introduction :-
Transmission medium is the physical path among transmitter and receiver in a
facts transmission gadget. Transmission media may be categorized as guided or
unguided. In both cases, communique is in the form of electromagnetic waves.
With guided media, the waves are guided along a solid medium, consisting of
copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, and optical fibre. The atmosphere and
outer area are examples of unguided media that offer a means of transmitting
electromagnetic alerts but do no longer guide them; this shape of transmission is
normally known as wireless transmission. The characteristics and excellent of a
records transmission are decided each by means of the traits of the medium and
the characteristics of the signal. Within the case of guided media, the medium itself
is extra vital in figuring out the limitations of transmission. For unguided media,
the bandwidth of the signal produced via the transmitting antenna is more essential
than the medium in determining transmission characteristics. One key belongings
of indicators transmitted by antenna is directionality. In well known, alerts at lower
frequencies are omnidirectional; that is, the sign propagates in all guidelines from
the antenna. At better frequencies, it's miles feasible to awareness the sign
directional beam.

4.2 Types of Transmission media :-

Fig.4.2 Transmission media

There are commonly two types of Transmission media. These are as follows:

1. Guided Media

a) Twisted pair cable

b) Coaxial cable
c) Optic fibre cable

2. Unguided Media

a) Radio wave
b) Micro wave
c) Infrared

Now, you will learn about all the different types of Transmission media one-by-one.

 TWISTED PAIR CABLE

Twisted pair cables are pretty literally a pair of insulated wires which can be twisted
together to assist lessen noise from outdoor resources. Twisted-pair cabling was
invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881.while this does assist some, those cables
are nonetheless very liable to out of doors noise. Twisted pair cables are the most cost-
effective choice of the 3 but that also brings about decrease bandwidth and excessive
attenuation. Experts factor out that twisted pair cabling is often used to assist keep away
from positive kinds of sign interference. Two extraordinary kinds of twisted pair cable,
unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) are utilized in special
styles of installations. UTP is not unusual in ethernet installations, whilst STP is utilized
in various forms of networks to save you cross talk and electromagnetic interference.
STP cable can also assist to provide grounding .In widespread, twistedpair cabling can
be preferred over a common opportunity, coaxial cable, for one-of-a-kind motives.
Coaxial cable involves a single, thicker wire. A lot of individuals who use this type of
cable declare that twisted pair has a more accommodating bend radius, is less difficult
to terminate, and presents more versatility in selecting community topologies. One of a
kind styles of twisted-pair cable are rated by means of industry requirements along with
ISO/EIC and EIA/TIA.

 COAXICAL CABLE:
Coaxial cable, or coax, is a sort of electric cable that has an internal conductor
surrounded with the aid of a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular
undertaking defend.Many coaxial cables additionally have an insulating outer sheath or
jacket. The time period coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield
sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented with the aid of english engineer
and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in 1880. Coaxial cable
differs from other shielded cables because the scale of the cable are controlled to give a
particular, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to characteristic
successfully as a transmission line.
 A coaxial cable consists of these layers, starting from the innermost –
 Stiff copper wire as core
 Insulating cloth surrounding the core
 Closely woven braided mesh of carrying out fabric surrounding the insulator
 Protecting plastic sheath encasing the cord

 FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

An optical fiber cable, additionally referred to as fiber optic cable, is an meeting much
like an electrical cable, but containing one or greater optical fibers which are used to
hold mild. The optical fiber elements are normally for my part coated with plastic layers
and contained in a shielding tube appropriate for the surroundings wherein the cable
might be deployed. Different types of cable are used for unique programs, for example
long distance telecommunication, or presenting a high-speed information connection
between specific components of a constructing.

 RADIO WAVES
Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies among three khz and 1 ghz are generally
called radio waves. Radio waves are omnidirectional. when an antenna transmits radio
waves, they may be propagated in all directions. Which means the sending and receiving
antennas do not ought to be aligned. a sending antenna send waves that can be acquired
with the aid of any receiving antenna. The omnidirectional assets has downside, too.
The radio waves transmitted by using one antenna are at risk of interference with the
aid of any other antenna which can send signal suing the equal frequency or band. radio
waves, especially with the ones of low and medium frequencies, can penetrate walls.
This characteristic may be both an advantage and a drawback. It's far an advantage
because, an am radio can acquire signals interior a building. It's far a drawback due to
the fact we cannot isolate a conversation to simply inside or outside a constructing
.Radio waves use omnidirectional antennas that send out signals in all directions.

 MICROWAVES
Electromagnetic waves having frequencies among 1 and three hundred ghz are referred
to as micro waves. micro waves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits
microwaves, they may be narrowly focused. because of this the sending and receiving
antennas need to be aligned. The unidirectional belongings has an obvious gain. A
couple of antennas can be aligned without interfering with every other pair of aligned
antennas.

 INFRARED
Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 ghz to 400 thz, can be used for brief-range
communique. Infrared waves, having high frequencies, can't penetrate walls. This
tremendous feature prevents interference between one gadget and any other, a brief-
variety communication system in on room can't be laid low with any other system inside
the subsequent room.whilst we use infrared far off manipulate, we do now not intrude
with using the remote via our neighbours. However, this equal function makes infrared
indicators useless for lengthy-range communique. Further, we cannot use infrared
waves out of doors a constructing because the sun's rays incorporate infrared waves
which could intervene with the communication.
4.3 : Comparison of guided and unguided media:-

Basis for Guided media Unguided media

comparison
Basic The signal calls for a bodily The signal is broadcasted
course for transmission. via air or once in a while water.

Alternative name It is referred to as wired It's far referred to as wireless

communication or bounded communique
transmission media. or unbounded transmission media.

Direction It gives path to signal for traveling. It does not offer any direction.

Types Twisted pair cable, coaxical Radio wave ,

cable, fibre optic cable. microwave
and infrared

4.4 Comparison of wired transmission media: :-

UNSHIE SHIELED COAXI CAL FIBRE OPTIC

LED (STP)
(UTP)
COST least low moderate excessive
SPEED low low moderate high
DISTANCE short short Moderate Long
distance
RELIABI LITY least low moderate high
SECURITY low low moderate High
REAL Telephone Telephone networks TV Data
LIFE networks cable transmission ,
APPLICATION telephone lines
4.5 Advantages of Guided Transmission Media:

1. High data transmission speed

2. Better security
3. Minimal interference
4. Reliable and stable connection
5. Higher bandwidth
6. Reduced signal attenuation
7. Less susceptible to environmental factors
8. Cost-effective for short distances

4.6 Advantages of Unguided Transmission Media:

1. Wireless communication enables mobility

2. Easier and faster deployment
3. Cost-effective for large areas
4. Supports long-distance communication
5. Scalable for expanding networks
6. Suitable for remote and inaccessible locations
7. No physical infrastructure required
8. Allows multiple devices to connect simultaneously

4.7 Disadvantages of Guided Transmission Media

1. High installation and maintenance cost

2. Limited mobility
3. Difficult to deploy over long distances
4. Susceptible to physical damage
5. Complex installation process
6. Limited scalability compared to wireless networks
7. Requires regular maintenance
8. Prone to cable congestion in large networks
4.8 Disadvantages of Unguided Transmission Media

1. Susceptible to interference
2. Security risks
3. Limited bandwidth
4. Signal attenuation
5. Weather dependence
6. Higher latency
7. Network congestion
8. High power consumption
5.0 Conclusion :-

In Conclusion, transmission media play a crucial role in communication networks, with

guided and unguided media offering distinct advantages and limitations. Guided media,
such as fiber optics and coaxial cables, provide high-speed, secure, and stable
connections, making them ideal for structured networks. On the other hand, unguided
media, including radio waves and microwaves, enable mobility, scalability, and cost-
effective long-distance communication. Both media types are essential in modern
networking, and their selection depends on factors like speed, security, cost, and
application requirements. Advancements in technology continue to improve the
efficiency of both guided and unguided media, shaping the future of global
communication networks.

6.0 References :-

1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-transmission-media/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission-media
3. https://www.scaler.in/types-of-transmission-media/
4. https://www.chatgpt.com