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Algorithms and Practice Zhu pdf download

The document is a comprehensive overview of the book 'Machine Reading Comprehension: Algorithms and Practice' by Chenguang Zhu, detailing its structure, content, and the author's background in natural language processing. It covers foundational concepts, architectures, common models, and applications of machine reading comprehension, emphasizing its significance in AI and practical uses. The book aims to provide insights into the latest research and future directions in the field, making it a valuable resource for understanding machine reading comprehension.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
110 views

Algorithms and Practice Zhu pdf download

The document is a comprehensive overview of the book 'Machine Reading Comprehension: Algorithms and Practice' by Chenguang Zhu, detailing its structure, content, and the author's background in natural language processing. It covers foundational concepts, architectures, common models, and applications of machine reading comprehension, emphasizing its significance in AI and practical uses. The book aims to provide insights into the latest research and future directions in the field, making it a valuable resource for understanding machine reading comprehension.

Uploaded by

maddogisin
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Machine Reading
Comprehension

Algorithms and Practice

Chenguang Zhu
Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, United States
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page
g

Copyright

About the author

Foreword by Xuedong Huang

Foreword by Zide Du

Preface

Acknowledgment

Recommendation
Part I: Foundation

Chapter 1. Introduction to machine reading comprehension


Abstract

1.1 The machine reading comprehension task

1.2 Natural language processing

1.3 Deep learning

1.4 Evaluation of machine reading comprehension

1.5 Machine reading comprehension datasets

1.6 How to make an machine reading comprehension dataset

1.7 Summary

References

Chapter 2. The basics of natural language processing

Abstract

2.1 Tokenization

2.2 The cornerstone of natural language processing: word


vectors

2.3 Linguistic tagging

2.4 Language model

2.5 Summary

Reference

Chapter 3. Deep learning in natural language processing


Abstract

3.1 From word vector to text vector

3.2 Answer multiple-choice questions: natural language


understanding

3.3 Write an article: natural language generation

3.4 Keep focused: attention mechanism

3.5 Summary
Part II: Architecture

Chapter 4. Architecture of machine reading comprehension models

Abstract

4.1 General architecture of machine reading comprehension


models

4.2 Encoding layer

4.3 Interaction layer

4.4 Output layer

4.5 Summary

References

Chapter 5. Common machine reading comprehension models

Abstract

5.1 Bidirectional attention flow model


5.2 R-NET

5.3 FusionNet

5.4 Essential-term-aware retriever–reader

5.5 Summary

References

Chapter 6. Pretrained language models

Abstract

6.1 Pretrained models and transfer learning

6.2 Translation-based pretrained language model: CoVe

6.3 Pretrained language model ELMo

6.4 The generative pretraining language model: generative pre-


training (GPT)

6.5 The phenomenal pretrained language model: BERT

6.6 Summary

References
Part III: Application

Chapter 7. Code analysis of the SDNet model

Abstract

7.1 Multiturn conversational machine reading comprehension


model: SDNet
7.2 Introduction to code

7.3 Preprocessing

7.4 Training

7.5 Batch generator

7.6 SDNet model

7.7 Summary

Reference

Chapter 8. Applications and future of machine reading


comprehension

Abstract

8.1 Intelligent customer service

8.2 Search engine

8.3 Health care

8.4 Laws

8.5 Finance

8.6 Education

8.7 The future of machine reading comprehension

8.8 Summary

References
Appendix A. Machine learning basics

A.1 Types of machine learning

A.2 Model and parameters

A.3 Generalization and overfitting

Appendix B. Deep learning basics

B.1 Neural network

B.2 Common types of neural network in deep learning

B.3 The deep learning framework PyTorch

Index
Copyright
Elsevier
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The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United
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Copyright © 2021 Beijing Huazhang Graphics & Information Co.,


Ltd/China Machine Press. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any


form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are


protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing.
As new research and experience broaden our understanding,
changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own


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About the author
Dr. Chenguang Zhu is a Principal Research Manager in the
Microsoft Corporation. Dr. Zhu obtained his PhD in Computer
Science from Stanford University, United States. He is leading efforts
in the research and productization of natural language processing in
Azure Cognitive AI. He is proficient in artificial intelligence, deep
learning, and natural language processing, specializing in machine
reading comprehension, text summarization, and dialogue
understanding. He has led teams to win the first place in the SQuAD
1.0 Machine Reading Comprehension Competition held by Stanford
University, and reach human parity in the CoQA Conversational
Reading Comprehension Competition. He has 40 papers published
in top AI and NLP conferences, such as ACL, EMNLP, NAACL, and
ICLR, with more than 1000 citations.
Foreword by Xuedong Huang
Xuedong Huang Dr. , CTO of Artificial Intelligence, Microsoft, Redmond, WA,
United States

There are two levels of intelligence. One is perceptual intelligence,


which enables the computer to see, hear, and touch. In these areas,
artificial intelligence has made many breakthroughs, such as speech
recognition, speech synthesis, and computer vision. A higher level is
cognitive intelligence, which requires computers to understand and
analyze concepts, relationships, and logic. At this level, artificial
intelligence is still in its infancy.
As an important medium for human communication and
information dissemination, language is at the core of human
intelligence. From the Turing Test in the 1950s to the deep learning
era today, the understanding and application of natural language
has always been a hot research topic. If AI is the crown, speech and
language technologies are the jewels on top of the crown. It is fair to
say that if computers can fully understand human language, we’ll
have achieved strong artificial intelligence.
In recent years, machine reading comprehension has become one
of the most popular and cutting-edge directions in natural language
processing research. It has significant scientific and practical values
to enable computer models to read articles, analyze semantics, and
answer questions like humans. Machine reading comprehension
technology can automate plenty of time-consuming and laborious
text analysis work and greatly improve the productivity of many
applications, ranging from intelligent customer service to search
engines, from automatic essay scoring to intelligent finance.
With the development of deep learning technology, the research of
machine reading comprehension has made tremendous progress. In
some specific tasks, the answers of computer models are already
comparable to the human level. Some media reports have even
claimed that the computer is superior to humans in reading
comprehension. However, existing models are still far from a
genuine and thorough understanding of text. In many cases, these
models still rely on simple matching of words and phrases, rather
than on a thorough understanding of the syntactic structure and
semantics.
In general, there are three key factors to the success of an artificial
intelligence system: platform, data, and algorithm. As the computing
power and magnitude of data continue to soar, the exploration and
improvement of algorithms have become a hotly contested spot for
artificial intelligence research.
Currently there are very few books on the market which have a
complete introduction to machine reading comprehension. Dr.
Chenguang Zhu in our team has worked deeply in this direction for
many years and has led the team to achieve top places in a number
of international contests. The purpose of his book is to objectively
show the field of machine reading comprehension to readers. The
book includes a detailed introduction to the latest research results
and thoughts on the future directions of machine reading
comprehension. I hope this book will inspire readers to work
together to achieve human-level machine reading comprehension.
Foreword by Zide Du
Zide Du, Former Researcher at the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Secretary General of the Chinese Computer
Federation, Beijing, China

Natural language processing aims to solve the problem of


understanding and generating natural language. Natural language is
the jewel in the crown of artificial intelligence. It is one of the most
important abilities of computers, but is also a challenging direction
to study. Every human language has its own grammar, but because
of the different styles of usage, coupled with factors such as dialects
and idioms, the resulting forms of language have a large variation.
These variations usually do not interfere much with the
communication between humans, but it is very difficult for
computers to understand. This is because the current von Neumann
computer architecture is good at handling information with clear
rules, but is less capable of handling constantly evolving forms of
information.
Over the years, researchers have proposed and developed many
methods, ranging from rule-based linguistic techniques to models
based on statistical machine learning. In recent years, researchers
have developed end-to-end deep learning frameworks for natural
language processing, including word embeddings, attention
mechanisms, encoder–decoder architecture, and the recent,
pretraining models. These techniques have greatly improved
models’ ability to understand text and brought new interesting ideas
to natural language processing.
Machine reading comprehension is one of the most popular and
cutting-edge research topics in natural language processing. Reading
is the basic means for people to obtain information. Without reading
there is no understanding, and without understanding one cannot
communicate. There are already many chatbots in the market, but
people often find them responding off the point. The reason is that
the current technology is a black box approach based on text
matching. So the chatbot does not really understand what people
mean. As we know, humans communicate with context, so that we
can easily understand what other people are talking about via
referencing. However, it is very difficult to make machines
understand the context. In order to solve these problems, researchers
have proposed many ways to improve models’ ability to understand
dialog and articles. Moreover, the release of many reading
comprehension datasets have played an important role in promoting
the development of technology.
In addition to its research values, machine reading comprehension
has many meaningful applications. For example, machine-generated
article summaries can save a lot of time of reading the full text, and
the QA system can accurately find answers to user questions from a
large number of documents. Machine reading comprehension is also
the basis for translation and dialog, which are of great value to
computer-assisted services.
Chenguang’s book systematically introduces the key technologies
and progress in this area as well as existing challenges. I believe that
readers will have a clear understanding of the research and
application of this field after reading this book.
During high school, Chenguang participated in the National
Olympiad in Informatics (NOI) organized by the China Computer
Federation (CCF), winning gold medals in the national competition.
He was also a candidate for the Chinese team for the International
Olympiad in Informatics. As I was the chairman of NOI, I got to
know him back then. He later went to Tsinghua University to study
computer science, got a PhD at Stanford University, and now works
at Microsoft on natural language processing. We rarely see each
other, but constantly keep in touch. I think he is a talented young
scholar with a rigorous and very sensible style. I am therefore very
happy to discuss various issues with him. He asked me to write the
ppy
foreword for his new book and I am very glad to see his research
progress. I also want to express my congratulations to him.
Preface
Chenguang Zhu
Reading is an important means for humans to acquire knowledge
and understand the world. For thousands of years, language has
been the carrier of human civilization, containing a wealth of
information, experience, and wisdom. Language’s nature of high
concentration makes reading ability a vital intelligence. The famous
science fiction writer, Mr. Liu Cixin, described the efficiency of
human language communication in his novel The Rural Teacher:

You’re trying to tell us that a species that has no memory inheritance,


communicates with each other in sound waves at an incredible rate of 1
to 10 bits per second, can create a 5B-level civilization?! And this
civilization has evolved on its own without any cultivation from
external advanced civilization?!

It is estimated that the average reading speed of humans is about


two to three times the speed of speech. Thus, under a rough
estimate, even if a person reads for 8 hours a day for 50 years, he or
she can only get about 1.5 GB of information out of reading.
However, human civilization has far exceeded this magnitude.
Therefore reading is a complex process of abstracting text into
concepts, ideas, and derived knowledge through understanding.
In today’s wave of artificial intelligence, it is very important to
enable the computer learn to read. On the one hand, reading ability
lies at the core of human intelligence, which is indispensable in the
ultimate form of artificial intelligence. On the other hand, with the
explosion of text data, computer models can automate the process of
text understanding, save a lot of cost and time, and have a wide
range of applications in many industries.
Thus in recent years machine reading comprehension (MRC) has
been one of the most cutting-edge research topics in natural
language processing. The goal of the study is to teach computers to
read articles and answer related questions like humans. Lots of AI
technologies have been applied to this field, and there have emerged
many MRC tasks. I was fortunate enough to be among the first
group of researchers in this field, designing and implementing
several models to win the first place in the SQuAD competition
hosted by Stanford University, and surpass human level
performance for the first time in the conversational MRC
competition CoQA.
However, as computer models outperform humans on more
datasets, many media reports use headlines like Computer has beaten
humans in reading, which contributes to the so-called claim that AI
has replaced humans. As a researcher in this area, I deeply feel that
computers are far from humans’ ability of reading and
understanding. Although current reading comprehension models
have achieved huge progress compared with a decade ago, they are
above the human level only in specific datasets under various
constraints. Studies have shown that the performance of these
models will significantly drop when a confusing sentence is
appended to the article, while humans find it very easy to judge.
In contrast to the boom of machine reading comprehension
research, there are so far no books on the market in this field. Most
progress is published in the form of academic papers, and little
information can be found about the application of MRC in industry.
Therefore the purpose of this book is to objectively show the status
quo of machine reading comprehension research. Starting from the
basic modules, the architecture of models, and to cutting-edge
algorithms, the book details the design and implementation of
machine reading comprehension models. There are numerous code
examples in Python and PyTorch by the author, showcasing the
model building process, which has a high practical value. All the
code is available at https://github.com/zcgzcgzcg1/MRC_book_en. In
p g g g g
addition, the book introduces the landing of machine reading
comprehension technology in various industrial applications, such
as intelligent customer service and search engines, and points out
the challenges and future directions of MRC research.
Although currently machines are still inferior to humans in terms
of reading ability, we can leverage the high speed and large storage
of computers to overtake humans. As said in the ancient Chinese
proverb, When one learns 300 poems of the Tang Dynasty by heart, he is
sure to be able to write poetry. Nowadays, computers can read a million
poems in a split second. So there is every reason to expect a
breakthrough in machine reading comprehension. For example, the
BERT model combines the merits of massive data and large models
to make breakthroughs in many areas of natural language
processing including machine reading comprehension. I hope that
this book can inspire readers to make computers achieve and exceed
the reading ability of humans in the near future.
The book is divided into three parts, with a total of eight chapters.
The first part is Foundation (Chapters 1–3), which introduces the
basics of machine reading comprehension and key technologies.
These include the definition of the MRC task, natural language
processing techniques used in MRC models, and related deep
learning network modules, such as how to represent articles and
questions in computers, how to answer multiple-choice questions,
and how to generate freestyle answers.
The second part is Architecture (Chapters 4–6), which introduces
the basic model architecture and popular models for machine
reading comprehension. It also analyzes the state-of-the-art
pretrained models, for example, GPT and BERT, that have had a
revolutionary impact on machine reading comprehension research.
The third part is Application (Chapter 7: Code Analysis of SDNet
Model and Chapter 8: Applications and Future of Machine Reading
Comprehension), including the code analysis of the SDNet model
which won first place in the CoQA MRC competition in 2018, the
process of landing machine reading comprehension technology in
various industrial applications, as well as challenges and future
directions of MRC research.
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Dix gravures sur bois

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dans les régions boueuses où
les oiseaux se collent en silence
chevalier astral
tapisseries fanées
acide qui ne brûle pas à la manière
des panthères dans les cages
le jet-d'eau s'échappe et monte
vers les autres couleurs

tremblements
souffrance ma fille du rien bleu
et lointain
ma tête est vide corne une armoire d'hôtel
dis-moi lentement les poissons
des humbles tremblent et se cassent
quand veux-tu partir
le sable
passe-port
désir
et le pont rompre à tierce résistance
l'espace
policiers
l'empereur
lourd
sable
quelle meuble quelle lampe inventer
pour ton âme
septembre de papier gaz
dans l'imprimerie

je t'aime les citrons qui gonflent


sur la glace nous séparent ma
mère mes veines le long du seigneur
ma mère
ma mère ma mère tu attends dans
la neige amassée électricité
fabuleux
discipline
les feuilles se group en constructions
d'ailes nous tranquillisent
sur une île et monte comme
l'ordre des archanges

feu blanc

verre traverser paisable

la joie des lignes vent autour de


toi calorifère de l'âme
fumée vitesse fumée d'acier
géographie des broderies en soie
colonisée en floraison d'éponges
la chanson cristallisée
dans le
vase du corps avec la fleur de
fumée

vibration du noir
dans ton sang
dans ton sang d'intelligence et de
sagesse du soir
un œil ridé bleu dans un verre clair
je t'aime je t'aime
une verticale descend dans ma
fatigue qui ne m'illumine plus
mon cœur emmitouflé dans un
vieux journal
tu peux le mordre: siffler
partons
les nuages rangés dans la fièvre
des officiers
les ponts déchirent ton pauvre
corps est très grand voir ces
ciseaux de voie lactée et découper
le souvenir en formes vertes
dans une direction toujours dans
la même direction
s'agrandissant toujours s'agrandissant

droguerie—conscience

de la lampe d'un lys naîtra un


si grand prince
que les jets-d'eau agrandiront les usines
et la sangsue se transformant en
arbre de maladie
je cherche la racine seigneur immobile
seigneur immobile
pourquoi alors oui tu apprendras
viens en spirale vers la larme
inutile

perroquet humide
cactus de lignite gonfle-toi entre
les cornes de la vache noire
le perroquet creuse la tour le
mannequin saint
dans le cœur il y a un enfant—une lampe
le médecin déclare qu'il ne passera
pas la nuit

puis il s'en va en lignes courtes


et aigues silence formation silencieuse

quand le loup chassé se repose


sur le blanc
l'élu chasse ses enfermés
montrant la flore issue de la mort
qui sera cause
et le cardinal de france apparaîtra
les trois lys clarté fulgurale vertu
électrique
rouge long sec peignant poissons
et lettres sous la couleur

le géant le lépreux du paysage


s'immobilise entre deux villes
il a des ruisseaux cadence et les
tortues des collines s'accumulent lourdement
il crache du sable pétrit ses poumons
de laine s'éclaircir
l'âme et le rossignol tourbillonnent
dans son rire—tournesol
il veut cueillir l'arc-en-ciel mon
cœur est une astérie de papier

à missouri au brésil aux antilles


si tu penses si tu es content lecteur
tu deviens pour un instant
transparent
ton cerveau éponge transparente
et danc cette transparence il y
aura une autre transparence plus lointaine
lointaine quand un animal nouveau
bleuira dans cette transparence

retraite

oiseaux enfance charrues vite


auberges
combat aux pyramides
18 brumaire
le chat le chat est sauvé
entrée
pleure
valmy
vive vire rouge
pleures
dans le trou trompette lent grelots
pleure
les mains gercées des arbres ordre
pleure
lui
postes
vers le blanc vers l'oiseau
pleurons
vous pleurez
glisse

tu portes clouées sur tes cicatrices


des proverbes lunaires
lune tannée déploie sur les horizons
ton diaphragme
lune œil tanné dans un liquide
visqueux noir
vibrations le sourd
animaux lourds fuyant en cercles
tangents
de muscles goudron chaleur
les tuyaux se courbent tressent
les intestins
bleu
sainte

formation marine pierreuse ascendance


arborescente
multiplication mon souvenir dans
les guitares du trembles mon souvenir
le caphre le clown le gnou
enguirlandent l’engrenage
l’ange se liquéfie dans un
médicament et dissonances
grimpent sur le paratonnerre
devenir panthères navires engrenage
arc-en-ciel qui les aspire
les sons tous les sons et les sons
imperceptibles et tous les sons
se coagulent
ma chère si tu as mal à cause
des sons tu dois prendre une pilule

concentration intérieure craquement


des mots qui crèvent
crépitent les décharges électriques
des gymnotes l’eau qui se déchire
quand les chevaux traversent les
accouplements lacustres
toutes les armoires craquent
la guerre
là-bas
o le nouveau-né qui se transforme
en pierre de granit qui
devient trop dur et trop lourd pour
sa mère le chant du lithotomiste
broie la pierre dans la
vessie il y enfonce des lilas et
des journaux

silence fleur de soufre


fièvre typhoïde silence
le cœur horloge microbes sable
mandragore
au vent tu l'agites comme la torche
de mercure vers le nord
l'herbe lézards pourris ô mon
sommeil attraper les mouches caméléon
astronomique
ô mon sommeil d'aniline et de
zoologie
ta tête sectionnée pourrait siffler
de belles couleurs
jadis la nuit jardin chimique
mettait les ordres de l'ambassadeur
la lumière propre circulaire verdie
dans le cœur des icônes
quand tu marches dans l'eau les
poissons multicolores se composent
autour des pieds comme la fleur
les rayons solaires de l'accouchement
l'oniromancienne au cœur boréal
la grande chandelle dans le puits
les fruits les œufs et les jongleurs
se rangent dans nos nuits
autour du soleil gélatineux pour
notre lumière qui est une maladie
sage danse mars

la glace casse une lampe fuit


et la trompette jaune est ton
poumon et carré les dents de
l'étoile timbre poste de jésus-fleurchemise
la montre tournez
tournez pierres du noir
dans l'âme froide je suis seul
et je le sais je suis seul et danse
seigneur tu sais que je l'aime
vert et mince car je l'aime grandes
roues broyant l'or fort voilà celui
qui gèle toujours
marche sur les bouts de mes pieds
vide tes yeux et mords l'étoile
que j'ai posée entre tes dents
siffle
prince violon siffle blanc d'oiseaux

sage danse deux

accroissement d'un brouillard d'hélices imprévues


arc voltaïque impassible visse
les corridors échine des maisons
et la fumée
gradation du vent qui déchire le linge
dans un tiroir la tabatière écorces
d'oranges et des ficelles
ô soupape de mon âme vidée
la fiole liée au cou
les trains se taisent tout d'un coup

pélamide

a e ou o youyouyou i e ou o youyouyou
drrrrrdrrrrdrrrrgrrrrgrrrrrgrrrrrrrr
morceaux de durée verte voltigent
dans ma chambre
a e o i ii i e a ou ii ii ventre
montre le centre je veux le prendre
ambran bran bran et rendre
centre des quatre
be ng bong be ng ba ng
où vas-tu iiiiiiiiupft
machiniste l'océan a o u ith
a o u ith i o u ath a o uith o u a ith
les vers luisants parmi nous
parmi nos entrailles et nos directions
mais le capitaine étudie les indications
de la boussole
et la concentration des couleurs
devient folle
cigogne litophanie il y a ma
mémoire et l'ocarina dans la pharmacie
sériciculture horizontale des bâtiments
pélagoscopiques
la folle du village couve des
bouffons pour la cour royale
l'hôpital devient canal
et le canal devient violon
sur le violon il y a un navire
et sur le bâbord la reine est
parmi les émigrants pour mexico

la grande complainte
de mon obscurité trois

chez nous les fleurs des pendules


s'allument et les plumes encerclent
la clarté
le matin de soufre lointain les
vaches lèchent les lys de sel
mon fils
mon fils

traînons toujours par la couleur


du monde
qu'on dirait plus bleue que le
métro et que l'astronomie
nous sommes trop maigres
nous n'avons pas de bouche
nos jambes sont raides et s'entrechoquent
nos visages n'ont pas de forme
comme les étoiles
cristaux points sans force feu
brûlée la basilique
folle: les zigzags craquent
téléphone
mordre les cordages se liquéfier
l'arc
grimper
astrale
la mémoire
vers le nord par son fruit double
comme la chair crue
faim feu sang

froid jaune

nous allons nuages parmi les


esquimaux
embellir la convalescence de nos
pensées botaniques
sous les crépuscules tordus
ordure verdie vibrante
blan

j'ai rangé mes promesses confiserie


hôtelier dans sa boutique
paulownias définitives
l'éloignement se déroule glacial
et coupant comme une diligence
éloignement pluvieux
adolescent
ailleurs sonore
piéton fiévreux et pourri et
rompu et broderies réparables
je pensais à quelque chose de
très scabreux
calendrier automnal dans chaque arbre
mon organe amoureux est bleu
je suis mortel monsieur bleubleu
et du cadavre monte un pays étrange
monte monte vers les autres astronomies
le dompteur de
lions se souvient

regarde-moi et sois couleur


plus tard
ton rire mange soleil pour lièvres
pour caméléons
serre mon corps entre deux lignes
larges que la famine soit lumière
dors dors vois-tu nous sommes
lourds antilope bleue sur glacier
oreille dans les pierres belles
frontières—entends la pierre
vieux pêcheur froid grand sur
lettre nouvelle apprendre les filles
en fil de fer et sucre tournent
longtemps les flacons sont grands
comme les parasols blancs entends
roule roule rouge
aux colonies
souvenir senteur de propre pharmacie
vieille servante
cheval vert et céréales
corne crie
flûte
bagages ménageries obscures
mords scie veux-tu
horizontale voir

printemps
à h arp

placer l'enfant dans le vase au


fond de minuit
et la plaie
une rose des vents avec tes doigts
aux belles ongles
le tonnerre dans des plumes voir
une eau mauvaise coule des
membres de l'antilope

souffrir en bas avez-vous trouvé


des vaches des oiseaux?
la soif le fiel du paon dans la cage
le roi en exil par la clarté du
puits se momifie lentement
dans le jardin de légumes
semer des sauterelles brisées
planter des cœurs de fourmis le
brouillard de sel une lampe tire
la queue sur le ciel
les petits éclats de verreries dans
le ventre des cerfs en fuite
sur les points des branches noires
courtes pour un cri
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