CREATING PRIMARY KEY TABLE:

create table food

2 (fid number(2) primary key,
3 item varchar(20) not null,
4 price number(5) not null);

Table created.

SQL> set lines 100 pages 100;

SQL> select *
2 from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
FOOD TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

CREATING FORIEGN KEY TABLE :

create table hotel

2 (hid number(2) primary key,
3 hname varchar(30) not null,
4 loc varchar(20) not null,
5 fid number(2),
6 foreign key(fid) references food(fid));

Table created.

creating the duplicate table:

create table employee

2 as
3 select * from emp;

Table created.

SQL> select *
2 from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEE TABLE
FOOD TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

7 rows selected.
ALTER :

alter table food

2 add colour varchar(10) not null;

Table altered.

desc food
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- --------
------------------------------------
FID NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
ITEM NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
PRICE NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
COLOUR NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

alter table food

2 rename column price to amt;

Table altered.

desc food
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- --------
------------------------------------
FID NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
ITEM NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
AMT NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
COLOUR NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

alter table food

2 drop column colour;

Table altered.

SQL> desc food

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- --------
------------------------------------
FID NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
ITEM NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
AMT NOT NULL NUMBER(5)

select *
2 from tab;

RENAME COMMAND :

rename food to dish;

Table renamed.

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
DISH TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEE TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

7 rows selected.

TRUNCATE COMMAND:

truncate table employee;

Table truncated.

select *
2 from employee;

no rows selected

DROP COMMAND:

drop table employee;

Table dropped.

SQL> select *
2 from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BIN$alW92kFnSLGjh157xhrGsg==$0 TABLE
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
DISH TABLE
EMP TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

7 rows selected.

flashback table employee to before drop;

Flashback complete.

SQL> select *
2 from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
DISH TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEE TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

7 rows selected.

drop table employee purge;

Table dropped.

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
DISH TABLE
EMP TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

6 rows selected.

rename dish to food;

Table renamed.

DML:

INSERT CPMMAND:

insert into food values(10,'idli',30);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into food values(20,'dosa',50);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into food values(30,'pulav',50);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into food values(40,'puliyogare',40);

1 row created.

select *
2 from food;

FID ITEM AMT

---------- -------------------- ----------
10 idli 30
20 dosa 50
30 pulav 50
40 puliyogare 40
 50 bbb 40

SQL> insert into food values(50,'bbb',40);

1 row created.

UPDATE COMMAND:

update food
2 set item = 'rice bath'
3 where fid = 50;

1 row updated.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID ITEM AMT

---------- -------------------- ----------
10 idli 30
20 dosa 50
30 pulav 50
40 puliyogare 40
50 rice bath 40

DELETE COMMAND:

delete from food

2 where fid=30;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID ITEM AMT

---------- -------------------- ----------
10 idli 30
20 dosa 50
40 puliyogare 40
50 rice bath 40
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Mon Apr 7 13:56:53 2025

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Enter user-name: SCOTT

Enter password:

Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> select *
2 from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
DISH TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEES TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
LAPTOP TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

8 rows selected.

SQL> RENAME DISH TO FOOD

2 RENAME DISH TO FOOD;
RENAME DISH TO FOOD
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended

SQL> RENAME DISH TO FOOD;

Table renamed.

SQL> select *
2 from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEES TABLE
FOOD TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
LAPTOP TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

8 rows selected.

SQL> select *
2 FROM LAPTOP;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
DEPTNO
----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800
20

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300

30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500

30

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
DEPTNO
----------
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400

30

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850

30

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
DEPTNO
----------
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000

20

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000

10

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
DEPTNO
----------
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100

20

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950

30

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
DEPTNO
----------
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300

10

14 rows selected.

SQL> SET LINES 100 PAGES 100

SQL> select *
2 from food;

no rows selected

SQL> insert into food('10','DOSA',40);

insert into food('10','DOSA',40)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00928: missing SELECT keyword

SQL> insert into food values('10','DOSA',40);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into food values('20','IDLI',20);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into food values('30','PULAV',50);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into food values('40','POORI',40);

1 row created.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
30 PULAV 50
40 POORI 40

SQL> UPDATE FOOD

2 SET.FNAME='POORI'
3
SQL> UPDATE FOOD
2 SET.FNAME='PONGAL'
3 WHERE FID=30;
SET.FNAME='PONGAL'
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-01747: invalid user.table.column, table.column, or column specification

SQL> UPDATE FOOD

2 SET FNAME='POORI'
3 WHERE FID=30;

1 row updated.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
30 POORI 50
40 POORI 40
SQL> COMMIT
2 COMMIT;
COMMIT
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-02185: a token other than WORK follows COMMIT

SQL> UPDATE FOOD

2 SET FNAME='PONGAL'
3 WHERE FID=30;

1 row updated.

SQL> DELETE FROM FOOD

2 WHERE FID=30;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
40 POORI 40

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SQL> ROLLBACK
2 ROLLBACK;
ROLLBACK
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-02181: invalid option to ROLLBACK WORK

SQL> ROLLBACK;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
40 POORI 40

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
 10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
40 POORI 40

SQL> insert into food values('30','PULAV',50);

1 row created.

SQL> SAVEPOINT I;

Savepoint created.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
40 POORI 40
30 PULAV 50

SQL> UPDATE FOOD

2 SET FNAMAE ='CURDRICE'
3 WHERE FID=40;
SET FNAMAE ='CURDRICE'
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00904: "FNAMAE": invalid identifier

SQL> UPDATE FOOD

2 SET FNAME ='CURDRICE'
3 WHERE FID=40;

1 row updated.

SQL> SAVEPOINT U;

Savepoint created.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
40 CURDRICE 40
30 PULAV 50

SQL> ROLLBACK TO U;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
40 CURDRICE 40
30 PULAV 50

SQL> ROLLBACK TO I;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select *
2 from food;

FID FNAME AMT

---------- --------------- ----------
10 DOSA 40
20 IDLI 20
40 POORI 40
30 PULAV 50

----> DCL

SQL>SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Tue Apr 8 12:34:04 2025

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Enter user-name: scott

Enter password:

Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> SET LINE 100 PAGES 100

SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM TAB;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEES TABLE
FOOD TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
LAPTOP TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

8 rows selected.

SQL> GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO HR;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> CONN
Enter user-name: HR
Enter password:
Connected.
SQL> select *
 2 from emp;
from emp
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

SQL> select *
2 from scott.emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800
20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300
30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850
30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000
20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000
10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100
20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950
30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
10

14 rows selected.

SQL> conn
Enter user-name: scott
Enter password:
Connected.
SQL> select *
2 FROM TAB;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
EMPLOYEES TABLE
FOOD TABLE
HOTEL TABLE
LAPTOP TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE

8 rows selected.

SQL> REVOKE SELECT ON EMP FROM HR;

Revoke succeeded.

SQL> CONN
Enter user-name: HR
Enter password:
Connected.
SQL> select *
2 from scott.emp;
from scott.emp
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist