Smart Trolley with Automatic Billing

System through RFID using Arduino

ATTINY

Introduction

In the world of Internet of Things (IOT), interactions among physical

objects have become a reality. Day to day items would now be able to be
outfitted with computing power and communication functionalities,
permitting objects everywhere to be associated with one another. This has
bought a new revolution in industrial, financial and environmental systems
and triggered great challenges in data management, wireless
communications and real-time decision making. There are many
researches of IOT on different applications. One of the biggest IOT
applications is the Smart shopping cart. The Smart Shopping system comes
with the smart which is an embedded device with RFID reader for scanning
the RFID tag of products, an LCD display for displaying the bill, a data
modem module for manipulation and sending data to the billing unit using
wireless communication. Thermal printer attached with billing unit to print
the invoice. People tend to overshoot their budget when they are shopping
at a big shopping centre. Moreover, they end up in long queues at the end of
their shopping waiting for the products to be scanned based healthcare
systems in smart spaces, “The group of authors has explained about the use
of RFID for personal healthcare, the device is used for personal healthcare,
the device is used for monitoring the users health and gives remote
assistances, the users can interact through any wireless communication
medium, the sensors are able to detect the physical parameter of
environment such as humidity, temperature and presence of toxic agent.
Their design was similar to a mail receptacle: where items are inserted and
scanned, then dropped into a closed chamber. The chamber had a door on
the top which can only be opened if the user has paid for the items. The
design indirectly guarded against wireless communication security threats
by not allowing any wireless communication - the cart was physically wired
up to a point-of-sales system to pay when the user was done shopping. All
designs a smart cart system with navigation the authors have presented a
work in which each commodity in the Mall will be attached with a RFID tag,
and each trolley will be attached with RFID Reader which would be
working on the wireless protocol. A centralized system would be there for
any help and queries and for the billing transaction of the products by the
customers. Even the exit gates of the mall will be laced up with the RFID
readers for detecting any theft. There is less user interface. Project have
featured a cart equipped with an RFID reader, a data transceiver and an
LCD display. This smart shopping cart keeps an account of the bill made by
keeping running total of their purchases. LCD screen will show the total bill
of the items present in the cart. Another unit gets cart data and print the
bill.
Literature Survey

In the authors have developed a smart shopping cartfitted with facial

recognition and information retrieve features. They have also used an
automated billing system to avoid queues during checkouts to provide a
comfortable shopping experience with the integration of the Internet of
Things into the cart for a smart system that assists the customers. In the
authors succeeded in implementing a low budget, smart and fully
functional system to make the experience of shopping convenient and
comfortable for customers. They made use of RFID technology because of
its efficient tracking capabilities and security features. The system
deployed features like setting a budget, product addition, and removal,
recommendation, as well as addition and deduction of the cost of the
product depending upon its presence in the cart. The authors of devised a
smart shopping trolley by installing RFID readers on the trolley which were
connected to a centralized server using a mode of wireless communication
known as data modems. It facilitated automatic bill generation on scanning
the products, which was transmitted to a central department for billing.
The drawback of this system was that it only allowed payments over the
counter which compromised on user experience. Authors conceptualized
an advanced shopping trolley, wherein each trolley had an RFID reader and
RFID tags were present for each product. Once the product is scanned, the
information is displayed on the LCD screen to show all product related
information to the consumer. The aim was to help customer evade long
queues but it also posed the disadvantage of possible thefts as well as
collisions. The authors of accomplished in creating a centralized system for
automatic billing. Every trolley was fitted with a Product Identification
Device(PID) containing an RFID reader, LCD, EEPROM, a microcontroller
and Data modem Module for wireless transmission. The biggest advantage
of this system was that enabled the customer to auto scan, thus,
successfully implementing a method to avoid queues.
Problem Definition

The current system involves a large amount of manual handling on the part
of the customer. It helps in tracking and identification of trolleys, which is
useful for the management of the shop but does nothing for the customer. It
does not provide a feasible solution to reduce the time spent by the
customer in the store, mainly while standing in line for billing and payment.
This is because of a lack of alternative mode of payments and collision
issues as signals are easily intercepted. The main drawback is the lack of
satisfaction and ease of use on the part of the customer.
 Block Diagram

A) SMART TROLLY UNIT

LCD DISPLAY

DATA
RFID MODEM

READER ATTINY
MICROCONTROLLER

EEPROM
MEMORY

RFID Cards

POWER SUPPLY
 B) BILLING UNIT

DATA
THERMAL MODEM

PRINTER ATTINY
MICROCONTROLLER

POWER SUPPLY
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

ATTINY MICROCONTROLLER
An Arduino core for the tinyAVR 0-series, 1-series, and now the 2-series.
These parts have an improved architecture compared to the "classic"
tinyAVR parts (which are supported by ATTinyCore), with improved
peripherals and improved execution time for certain instructions (these are
similar in both regards to the advanced AVR Dx-series, as well as megaAVR
0-series chips like the ATmega4809 as used on the official Nano Every and
Uno Wi-Fi Rev. 2 - although the Arduino team has done their best to
kneecap them) in the low-cost, small packages typical of the ATtiny line. All
of these parts feature at least one hardware UART, and an SPI and TWI
interface (none of that USI garbage like, for example, the ATtiny85 has), a
powerful event system, configurable custom logic, at least one on-chip
analogue comparator, a surprisingly accurate internal oscillator, and in the
case of the 1-series, an actual DAC output channel, and in the case of the 2-
series, a fancy differential ADC.

Moreover, the 0/1/2-series parts are cheap - the highest end parts, the
3216 and 3217, with 32k of flash and 2k of SRAM (same as the atmega328p
used in Uno/Nano/ProMini) run just over $1 USD, and under $.90 in
quantity - less than many 8k classic AVR ATtiny parts (AVR instruction set,
at a PIC price). All of these parts are rated to run at 16 MHz or 20 MHz (at
4.5-5.5v) without an external crystal, and the internal oscillator is accurate
enough for UART communication.

These use UPDI programming, not traditional ISP like the classic ATtiny
parts did. You can use a classic 328p-based Arduino as programmer v
jtag2updi, a serial adapter and a resistor (and preferably a diode) via
included pymcuprog tool, one of the Microchip programmers (the
mEDBG/nEDBG/EDBG-based programmers on their development board,
Atmel-ICE or SNAP) or any UPDI programming tool that emulates one of
those (which, to my knowledge, all of them do - if there is one that needs
support added. please open an issue to let me know!)

A serial boot loader, Optiboot_x (based on the same codebase as the

classical Arduino Uno boot loader) is supported on these parts (0/1-series
support is currently live, 2-series is expected by the first week of May;
adjustments for the new parts are trivial), allowing them to be
programmed over a traditional serial port. Installing the boot loader does
require a UPDI programmer. The user experience with Optiboot is a little
disappointing on the 0/1-series parts as well as the 14-pin 2-series parts
due to their lack of a hardware reset pin that could be used with the usual
auto reset circuit to automatically reset into the boot loader when the serial
port is opened - you need to either disable UPDI programming entirely
(requiring an HV programmer if fuse settings or boot loader need to be
change after initial boot loading) or leave UPDI enabled, but start any
upload within 8 seconds of applying power. The 20-pin and 24-pin 2-series
parts support an "alternate reset pin" allowing these to act more like a
traditional Arduino.

The UPDI programming interface is a single-wire interface for

programming (and debugging - Universal Programming
and Debugging Interface) used on the tinyAVR 0/1/2-series, as well as all
other modern AVR microcontrollers. While one can always purchase a
purpose-made UPDI programmer from Microchip, there are two very low-
cost approaches to creating a UPDI programmer, both of which the Arduino
community has more experience with than those official programmers.

The ATtiny1606 is a microcontroller using the 8-bit AVR® processor with a

hardware multiplier, running at up to 20 MHz and 16 KB Flash, 1 KB SRAM,
and 256B of EEPROM in 20-pin packages. The series uses the latest
technologies from Microchip with a flexible and low-power architecture,
including Event System and Sleepwalking, accurate analogue features, and
advanced peripherals.

• 135 instructions
• Hardware multiplier
• Ultra Low Power (ULP)
• Idle
• Standby
• Power Down
• 3 Channels Event System
• Configurable Custom Logic (CCL)
• 12 Channel 10-bit ADC with Voltage Reference
• Comparators
• 2x 16-bit Timer (TCA / TCB)
• Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC/SCAN)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT)
• Power-On Reset (POR)
• Brown-Out Detection (BOD)
 • Single pin programming and debugging interface (UPDI)
• Operation Voltage: 1.8V – 5.5V

MEMORY
When larger amounts of static data are to be stored (such as in USB flash
drives) a specific type of EEPROM such as flash memory is more
economical than traditional EEPROM devices. EEPROMs realized as arrays
of floating-gate transistors. EEPROM is user-modifiable read-only memory
(ROM) that can be erased and reprogrammed (written to) repeatedly
through the application of higher than normal electrical voltage generated
externally or internally in the case of modern EEPROMs.

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION

RFID is a dedicated short range communication technology. The term

RFID is used to describe various technologies that use radio waves to
automatically identify people or objects. RFID technology is similar to the
bar code identification systems. It consists of reader and tag. RFID tags
support a larger set of unique IDs than bar codes

An RFID system consists of transceiver, which read the radio frequency and
transfer the information to a processing device (reader) and a transponder,
or RF tag, which contains the RF circuitry and information to be
transmitted.

When an RFID tag passes through the field of the scanning antenna, it
detects the activation signal from the antenna. That "wakes up" the RFID
chip, and it transmits the information on its microchip to be picked up by
the scanning antenna.

In addition, the RFID tag may be of one of two types. Active RFID tags have
their own power source; the advantage of these tags is that the reader can
be much farther away and still get the signal. Even though some of these
devices are built to have up to a 10 year life span, they have limited life
spans. Passive RFID tags, however, do not require batteries, and can be
much smaller and have a virtually unlimited life span.
RFID tags can be read in a wide variety of circumstances, where barcodes
or other optically read technologies are useless.

• The tag need not be on the surface of the object (and is therefore not
subject to wear)
• The read time is typically less than 100 milliseconds
• Large numbers of tags can be read at once rather than item by item.

In essence, that's how RFID works.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and wireless RF sensors are the

conduit between the physical world and the digital world. These
technologies provide the ability to Identify, Locate, and Sense the
Conditions of animate and inanimate entities and their surrounding
environment, and enable real-time decisions to be made based on that
information.

Of course, RFID also is changing the way companies do business. Cutting

through all the hype, the basic business benefit of RFID technology is
improved asset visibility. There is no company in the world that cannot
profit from having a more accurate picture of what it has and where it’s
located.

How does RFID work?

A Radio-Frequency Identification system has three parts:

• A scanning antenna
• A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data
• A transponder - the RFID tag - that has been programmed with
information.

The scanning antenna puts out radio-frequency signals in a relatively short

range. The RF radiation does two things:

• It provides a means of communicating with the transponder (the

RFID tag) AND
• It provides the RFID tag with the energy to communicate (in the case
of passive RFID tags).
1) RFID Tags

RFID tags are affixed to assets. Each has a unique numerical identifier so
differentiation is possible. For supply chain operations, it is common for the
tag identifier to contain the Serialized Global Trading Identification Number
(SGTIN) of the item to which it is affixed. This allows differentiation of
identical items.

2) Interrogators (or readers)

An interrogator, or more often called a reader, is a radio frequency

transmitting and receiving device used to communicate with an RFID tag.
The device was named an interrogator because it interrogates the tags.The
term "reader" is a morecolloquial term, but is sometimes misleading in that
many of these devices also have the ability to encode, or write information
to an RFID tag. A reader basically acts as a sensor because it senses what
tags are within its range and is designed to interface with an information
process system, which we'll explain more about below.

3) Antennas
One or more antennas are connected to the reader and are required for the
radio frequency communications between the tag and the reader. Antennas
come in a variety of size and shapes and have a significant impact on read
range and performance.

RFID Reader:

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Card Readers provide a low-cost

solution to read passive RFID transponder tags up to 7 cm away.

This RFID Card Reader can be used in a wide variety of hobbyist and
commercial applications, including

Access control, automatic identification, robotics navigation, inventory

tracking, payment systems, and car immobilization. The RFID card reader
read the RFID tag in range and outputs unique identification code of the tag
at baud rate of 9600. The data from RFID reader can be interfaced to be
read by microcontroller or PC.

Features:

• Low-cost method for reading passive RFID transponder tags

• 9600 bps serial interface at 5V TTL level for direct interface to
microcontrollers Buzzer & LED indicate valid RFID Tag detection
• Range up to 7 cm for 125 KHz RFID Cards or Key chains

Specification:

Parameter Value

• Input Voltage : 5V DC regulated

• Output Data Speed: 9600 BPS 8 Bit Data/No-Parity/1 Stop Bit
• Output Data Level: 5V TTL level
• Detection Range: 7 cm contact-less
• Valid Tag in Range: Indicated by Buzzer and LED
Information

• Each transponder tag contains a unique identifier (one of 240, or

1,099,511,627,776 possible combinations) that is read by the RFID
Card Reader and transmitted to the host via a simple serial interface.

Communication

When the RFID Card Reader is active and a valid RFID transponder tag is
placed within range of the activated reader, the unique ID will be
transmitted as a 12-byte printable ASCII string serially to the host in the
following format:
Start Byte
(0x0A) Unique ID
Digit 1 Unique ID
Digit 2 Unique ID
Digit 3 Unique ID
Digit 4 Unique ID
Digit 5 Unique ID
Digit 6 Unique ID
Digit 7 Unique ID
Digit 8 Unique ID
Digit 9 Unique ID
Digit 10 Stop Byte
(0x0D)
The start byte and stop byte are used to easily identify that a correct string
has been received from the reader (they correspond to a line feed and
carriage return characters, respectively). The middle ten bytes are the
actual tag's unique ID.
For example, for a tag with a valid ID of 0F0184F07A, the following ASCII
data would be sent 0F0184F07A
Same data in HEX bytes can be interpreted as:
0x0A, 0x30, 0x46, 0x30, 0x31, 0x38, 0x34, 0x46, 0x30, 0x37, 0x41, 0x0D
All communication is 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and least significant
bit first (8N1). The baud rate is configured for 9600 bps, a standard
communications speed supported by most any microprocessor or PC, and
cannot be changed. The RFID Card Reader initiates all communication. This
allows easy access to the serial data stream from any programming
language that can open a COM port.

Using RFID Reader

When powered on the RFID reader will activate a RF field waiting for a tag
to come into its range. Once tag is detected, its unique ID number is read
and data is sent via serial interface. The valid tag detecting is indicated by
LED blink and Buzzer beep. The face of the RFID tag should be held parallel
to the front of the antenna (where the majority of RF energy is focused). If
the tag is held sideways (perpendicular to the antenna) you may have
difficulty getting the tag to be read. Only one transponder tag should be
held up to the antenna at any time. The use of multiple tags at one time will
cause tag collisions and confuse the reader. The tags available with us have
a read distance of approximately 7 cm. Actual distance may vary slightly
depending on the size of the transponder tag and environmental conditions
of the application.

RFID Technology Overview

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a generic term for non-contacting

technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or
objects. There are several methods of identification, but the most common
is to store a unique serial number that identifies a person or object on a
microchip that is attached to an antenna. The combined antenna and
microchip are called an "RFID transponder" or "RFID tag" and work in
combination with an "RFID reader" (sometimes called an "RFID
interrogator"). An RFID system consists of a reader and one or more tags.
The reader's antenna is used to transmit radio frequency (RF) energy.
Depending on the tag type, the energy is "harvested" by the tag's antenna
and used to power up the internal circuitry of the tag. The tag will then
modulate the electromagnetic waves generated by the reader in order to
transmit its data back to the reader. The reader receives the modulated
waves and converts them into digital data.
There are two major types of tag technologies. "Passive tags" are tags that
do not contain their own power source or transmitter. When radio waves
from the reader reach the chip’s antenna, the energy is converted by the
antenna into electricity that can power up the microchip in the tag (known
as "parasitic power"). The tag is then able to send back any information
stored on the tag by reflecting the electromagnetic waves as described
above. "Active tags" have their own power source and transmitter. The
power source, usually a battery, is used to run the microchip's circuitry and
to broadcast a signal to a reader. Due to the fact that passive tags do not
have their own transmitter and must reflect their signal to the reader, the
reading distance is much shorter than with active tags. However, active
tags are typically larger, more expensive, and require occasional service.
The RFID Card Reader is designed specifically for passive tags. Frequency
refers to the size of the radio waves used to communicate between the
RFID systems components. Just as you tune your radio to different
frequencies in order to hear different radio stations, RFID tags and readers
must be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate effectively.

There really is no such thing as a "typical" RFID tag. The read range of a tag
ultimately depends on many factors: the frequency of RFID system
operation, the power of the reader, environmental conditions, physical size
of the tags antenna and interference from other RF devices. Balancing a
number of engineering trade-offs (antenna size v. reading distance v.
power v. manufacturing cost), the RFID Card Reader's antenna was
designed with a RFID operation at a tag read distance of around 7 cm.

LCD DISPLAY
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and
find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module
and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules
are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The
reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD, each character is displayed in 5x7-pixel matrix. This
LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling
display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand
witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated
with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or
patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the
electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules
to maintain a defined orientation angle. One each polarizer are pasted
outside the two glass panels. These polarizer would rotate the light rays
passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction. When the
LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizer and the
liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any
orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal

molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing
through the LCD would be rotated by the polarizer, which would result in
activating / highlighting the desired characters. The LCD’s are lightweight
with only a few millimetres thickness. Since the LCD’s consume less power,
they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be
powered for long durations.

The LCD does not generate light and so light is needed to read the
display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s
have long life and a wide operating temperature range. Changing the
display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCD’s
more customer friendly.
MINI THERMAL PRINTER

A mini printer can be interface to any micro-controller project. Just send

data to it serially and it will print it. No need of any complex coding or
hardware. Has both TTL as well as RS232 interface.

Thermal printers are also known as receipt printers, they're what you get
when you go to the ATM or grocery store. Now you can embed a little
printer of your own into an enclosure. This printer is ideal for interfacing
with a microcontroller, you simply need output from your microcontroller
to print text, barcodes, bitmap graphics, even a QR code!

This package comes with a thermal printer including the print head (it does
not require ink, a set of power and data cables). The thermal paper used in
printer, you can buy from nearby stationary store for around 20-25/- each.
Overview

• Interface with Arduino /raspberry pi/8051/pic/arm with serial

interface
• Operate on 5V to 9V /1A DC
• TTL as well as RS232 Interface
• Paper width : 58mm
• 76.8mmx77.4mmx47.5mm

Features

• Compatible with APS ELM205-CH

• Easy paper loading
• Low noise thermal printing
• Different interfaces optional
• Easily embedded to any kinds of instruments and meters

Applications
 • Token System
• Logger Output
• Medical equipment
• Measuring equipment
• Security equipment
• EFTs POS
• Retail
• Student Projects
• Retail shops.
• Hotel bulling and orders.
• Shopping malls.
• Automotive.
• ID automation and instruments
• Billing machines.
• Gas pumps.

Printing method Line thermal printer

Printing speed 50~80mm/s
Dot pitch 8dots/mm, 384 dots/line
Printing width 48mm
Paper width 57.5±0.5mm
Paper roll
40mm (Max.)
diameter
Paper thickness 60-80um
Overall dimension 76.8*77.4*47.7mm (WxDxH)
Printing
ANK: 9X17, 12x24 GBK:24x24
characters
Characters/line ANK:48, 42, 32 GBK:24, 16
50km(printing density under 12.5%)/100 million
Life cycle time
pulses
1D: UPC-A,UPC-E,EAN-13,EAN-
Barcode type 8,CODE39,CODE93,CODE128,CODEBAR,ITF25

2D: QR CODE
Interface RS232+TTL or USB Via USB-Serial Adapter Cable
Power 5-9V DC @ 1A
Command Compatible with ESC/POS command set
Text and graphic
Figure, symbol, graph, curve, icon, multi-languages
support
RF DATA MODEM (RF LINK)
Based on proven Silab's SI4463 RF Chip and STM8 MCU on single module
making it easy to use with serial UART data. The serial RF module is a low
cost, high performance transparent FSK transceiver with operating at 433
MHz, It features small size, high output power, high sensitivity, long
transmission distance and high communication data rate with auto set up
for communication change and data receiving and transmission control.
With the UART interface, it is easy to setup the wireless data transmission
with only providing the UART data. It is flexible for the users to set the
UART baud rate, frequency, output power, data rate, frequency deviation,
receiving bandwidth etc. parameters. It is your ideal choice for designing
wireless data transmission products which can be widely used on wireless
data transmission field.

Its wireless working frequency band is 433.4-473.0MHz, multiple channels

can be set, with the stepping of 400 KHz, and there are totally 100 channels.
The maximum transmitting power of module is 100mW (20dBm), the
receiving sensitivity is -117dBm at baud rate of 5,000bps in the air, and the
communication distance is 1,000m (1 Km) in open space (600 meters
indoor).

The single module cannot work on its own, please get two or more of these
modules to setup working link.
Features

• Frequency band is 433 MHz

• Multiple types of serial port transparent transmission modes have

respective features, and the mode is changed by command

• No need to program the modules. Ready to use out of box

• Low current consumption; the idle current is 3.5mA(RX mode) or

100mA(TX mode during transmit maximum output)

• All functions and parameters are changed by command, and can be

saved in case of power failure

• The number of bytes sent to serial port of module unlimited to one

time

Specification

• Working frequency: 434Mhz433.4-473.0MHz, up to 100

communication channels

• Supply voltage: 3.3V to 5VDC

• Communication distance: 1m to 1000m (1KM open space) (500-600

mts indoor)
 • Serial baud rate: 1.2Kbps to 115.2Kbps （default 9600 Kbps）

• Receiving sensitivity: -117dBm to -100dBm

• Transmit power adjustable: -1dBm to 20dBm (default maximum)

• Interface protocol: UART/TTL

• Operating temperature: -40℃ to +85℃

• Dimensions: 27.8mm x 14.4mm x 4mm

Application

• Sensor Networks / Data collection

• Wireless metering

• Access control / Identity discrimination

• IT home appliance

• Smart house products / Security Systems

• Remote control / Remote measurement system

• Weather stations
POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply block consists of following units:

• Step down transformer

• Bridge rectifier circuit
• Input filter
• Voltage regulators
• Output filter
• Indicator unit

Step down transformer:

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of

230v ac from mains to lower values, as the various IC’s used in this project
require reduced voltages. The transformer consists of primary and
secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is
designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary core. The outputs
from the secondary coil which is center tapped are the ac values of 0v, 15v
and 15v. The conversion of these ac values to dc values to dc values is done
using the full wave rectifier unit.

Rectifier Unit:

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge

circuit. That provides the polarity of output voltage of any polarity of the
input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of
alternating current (A.C) input into direct current (D.C) output, it is known
as a bridge rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as
a full wave rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C.
when no transformer center tap is available. A bridge rectifier makes use of
four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full wave rectification. This
is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown
and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired
internally.

For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a

forward path through the diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause
current to flow in the same direction through the load resister,
accomplishing full-wave rectification. While one set of diodes is forward
biased, the other set is reversing biased and effectively eliminated from the
circuit.

Input Filter: -

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the dc voltages are
removed and pure dc voltage is obtained. The primary action performed
by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of
the ac voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only
ac voltage and does not allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixed before the
regulator. Capacitors used here are of the value 470uF

Regulator unit: -

Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output

voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input dc
voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltage fluctuations, the dc voltage also
changes, and to avoid this regulators are used.

Regulators can be classified as: -

1. Positive regulator, which regulates the positive voltage(7805,7812)
1. >input pin

2. > ground pin

3. > output pin

Regulators used in this application are -

7805 that provides 5v dc

Output Filter: -

This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly
found ripples in the output received finally. Capacitors used here are of
value 10uF.
Working of System

The aim of project is to design a smart shopping cart which helps of RFID
based technology. ATTINY Microcontroller is used in this project. RFID
reader and LCD display is interfaced with it. Project is basically divided into
two parts, one is Smart Trolley unit and another one is billing unit.
RFID reader mounted on the trolley unit and RF tags are mounted over the
products covers or enclosures. Prices of products already entered into the
data base of microcontroller corresponding to the RF tag ID. Whenever
buyer select any product and drop it to the trolley then the RFID reader
automatically senses the price of it and at the same time display it on the
LCD. When he select another product and drop it into the trolley same
function will be executed and get recorded on the memory.
At the end of shopping he need to go to the billing counter. At counter there
is another unit equipped with RF Data Link and Mini Thermal Printer and
GSM Modem. Whenever he presses the finish button, the total invoice
amount transferred to that billing unit.
Billing unit also consist of Microcontroller along with thermal printer,
finally invoice automatically get printed by using that thermal printer. At
the same time Payment link SMS also transmitted to the user.
Designing and Planning:

The first step in the process of designing any electronic circuit, is

the construction of the layout of that electronic circuit for the
circuit board. This preliminary and for most objective is necessary
to avoid further confusion in the rest of proceeding.

By using above procedure we have to make the circuit most

compact but with designer look we have to most careful while
working with high frequency which is very much existent in our
project because the problem coupling between PCB tracks is very
critical and hence to solve this problem ground tracks between
two signal tracks of a double side PCB whose one side acts as a
ground. This help in decoupling the signal or eliminating the
instability and interference.

Layout Planning:

The layout of PCB has to in co-operate all possible information

and components on the circuit board, as given in the circuit
diagram. After that one can proceed to artwork preparation.

Layout Scale:

Depending upon the accuracy in the layout artwork is done

according to scale selected. Scales selected may be 1:1, 2:1 or4:1
which is four times or sixteen times of the actual PCB. The layout
is best prepared using the same scale.

Layout Procedure:

While preparing any layout of an electronic circuit the first rule is

to be remembered is not to start the designing of the layout
unless and until an absolutely clear and is not available. Another
important note is to prepare a before a hand PCB layout from
component side. This minimizes any further complication. Among
the larger ones are placed first and the space in between is filled
with smaller ones. All components are not necessary if they have
to be replaced.
• To take distance between terminal leads of each component.
• To take size of the components into consideration.
Smaller components like IC’s resistance etc. are placed in the
center of the layout and bigger component like electronic
capacitor are placed in the outskirts. All components are placed in
such a manner that disordering is possible. This they help in fast
testing of circuit.

Layout Sketch:

The end product of layout designing is a pencil sketch on the

copper clad sheet and conductor draw in which is labeled as
layout sketch which contain of reluctant information for
preparation of artwork.

Artwork Preparation:

The preparation of artwork is considered as the first step in

preparation of PCB, different procedure is available to prepare a
good network. Some of them are listed below.

• Use of paint or marker for preparation of artwork.

• Use of black tape on transparent base toil.
• Use of PCB drifting aid.
• Screen-printing.

Etching:

After the artwork is prepared on the circuit board, all excessive

copper on the copper clad sheet is to be removed, only copper
tracks remaining on the copper clad. The copper clad sheets are
the once on etching tape of paint is applied.
During the etching process it is understood that the process
happen vertically however practically, the etching action is
always sideways.

Etchants:

Among the etchants uses ferric chloride (Fecl3) is the most

common etchants used because of its hygroscopic non-volatile
and good solubility with wafer. The following reaction takes place
during the etching process.

Fecl3 + Cu = Fecl2 +cucl

Due to high corrosiveness of fecl3 etching is faster.

Rinsing:

After etching is done fecl2 contaminated surface should be

cleaned. The usual practice follow rinsing by wafer and cleaning
by oxalic acid. A vigorous final wafer rinse has to follow.

Drilling:

Drilling mechanical holes is also an important operation. Drilling

is done by using drill bits from 0.8mm to 2mm as per
components, drilling can be done by using hand drill or an electric
drill. To compensate for the lamination a drill bit 0.04mm bigger
than the hole diameter is chosen.

Soldering:

Soldering is the stage for completion of any circuit. It is the

process in which the alloy of tin and lead is heated of about 300 to
melt and set itself around the components lead surface.

There are two types of soldering techniques:

 • Manual Soldering: Manual soldering is the technique which
is operated by us for soldering very few components
whereas wave soldering is used to solder mass number of
components.
• Wave Soldering: Wave soldering is done by special
machines. Care should be taken that flux or solder paste is
applied to surface where soldering to be done so as to
quicken the process.

Project Applications
1) It helps the customer in ensuring that he does not overshoot his pre
decided budget.
2) The system aids in eliminating the long queues at the billing counter.
3) The Smart Shopping Cart has RFID reader to scan the product where the
product details are stored in the Firebase Cloud. And LCD which displays
the total bill.
4) The Smart cart also eliminates the tedious process of scanning the
products at the counter as this process is already done by the customer
during the shopping itself.
5) It helps shoppers manage shopping lists, pay for items, and find products
in the store.
Project Outcomes
1] This would reduce the checkout time of a customer from the billing
counter.
2] An added advantage for the shop owner is that there is reduced amount
of man power required at the billing counter.
3] Hence, the Smart Shopping Cart stands apart from existing designs.
References
A) Project Hardware & Software reference by Mr. Aashish Gupta,
Embedded Engineer Tiara Technologies, Gondia Maharashtra.
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Song, Nicholas Capurso, Jiguo Yu,
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[11] Ferguson, Renee Boucher. ―Wal-Mart's CIO Dishes on RFID at
NRFTech Conference.‖ EWeek.com,Aug. 9, 2006.
[12] Johnsen, Edward L. "Shopping cart." U.S. Patent 5,250,789, issued
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