Computer Graphics

BV Prasanthi
Assistant Professor
CSE Dept
Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION:
Application areas of computer graphics, overview of graphics systems,
video-display devices and raster-scan systems, random scan systems, graphics
monitors, workstations and input devices, graphics standards.
UNIT II OUTPUT PRIMITIVES:
Points and lines, line drawing algorithms, midpoint circle and ellipse
algorithms. Filled area primitives - scan line polygon fill algorithm, boundary
fill and flood fill algorithms.
UNIT III 2D - GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMS:
Translation, scaling, rotation, reflection and shear transformations, matrix representations and
homogeneous coordinates, composite transforms transformations between coordinate systems.
2D - VIEWING: The viewing pipeline, viewing coordinate reference frame, window to
view-port coordinate transformation, viewing functions, Cohen-Sutherland and Cyrus-beck
line clipping algorithms, Sutherland– Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm.
UNIT IV 3D - GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS: Translation, rotation,
scaling, reflection and shear transformations, composite transformations. 3D -
VIEWING: Viewing pipeline, viewing coordinates, view volume and general
projection transforms and clipping. 3D - OBJECT REPRESENTATION: Polygon
surfaces, quadric surfaces, spline representation, Hermite curve, Bezier curve and
B-spline curves, Bezier and B-spline surfaces.
UNIT V VISIBLE SURFACE DETECTION METHODS: Classifications, back
face detection, depth buffer, scan line and depth sorting.
COMPUTER ANIMATION: Design of animation sequence, general computer
animation functions, raster animation, computer animation languages, key frame
systems, motion specifications.
TEXTBOOKS: 1. Donald Hearn, M. Pauline Baker (2011), Computer
Graphics with Open GL, 3rd edition, Pearson Education, India.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. David F. Rogers (1998), Procedural elements for Computer Graphics,
2nd edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi, India.
2. Steven Harrington (1987), Computer Graphics, 2nd edition, Tata Mc
Graw Hill, New Delhi, India. 3. Zhigand xiang, Roy Plastock (2000),
Computer Graphics, 2nd edition, Schaum’s outlines
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION:
Application areas of computer graphics,
overview of graphics systems,
video-display devices and raster-scan systems, random scan systems,
graphics monitors,
workstations and input devices,
graphics standards.
Types of Computer Graphics
● Raster Graphics
● Vector Graphics
 Engineering and architecture

desktop/laptop computers, smartphones, GPS devices

used for the design, modification, and development of different

machine parts and the whole machine
Data visualization

film, TV shows, music video animated cartoon movies and

creation
to summarize the accounting, numerical, political, mathematical,
science and management reports, research reports
VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES cathode-ray tube (CRT) design
Basic design of a magnetic-deflection CRT.
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes (CRTs)
Raster-Scan Displays
Random-Scan Displays
Color CRT Monitors
Flat-Panel Displays

Operation of an electron
gun with an accelerating anode.
Electrostatic deflection of the electron beam in a CRT.
bit per pixel is commonly called a bitmap frame buffer with multiple bits per pixel is pixmap.
In a raster-scan system, the electron beam
Raster-Scan Displays is swept across the screen, one row at a time, from top to bottom.

BMP, .TIF, .GIF, .JPG scan line

pixel or pel color buffer aspect ratio
refresh buffer or frame buffer, where the term frame refers to
the total screen area.
Bits per pixel-depth/bit plane
ADVANTAGES:
Real life images with different shades can be
displayed.
Color range available is bigger than random scan
display.
DISADVANTAGES:
Resolution is lower than random scan display.
More memory is required.
Data about the intensities of all pixel has to be stored.
Refresh rate is 60 to 80 frames per second and is independent of picture complexity.
 Random-Scan Displays A CRT has the electron beam
directed only to those parts of the screen where a picture is to
be displayed.
vector displays (or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic displays).
display list, refresh display file,vector file, or display program.
vector displays produce smooth line drawings because the CRT beam directly follows the line
path.

Refresh rate depends on

the number of lines to be
displayed i.e. 30 to 60
times per second.
ADVANTAGES:
Higher resolution as compared to raster scan display.
Produces smooth line drawing.
Less Memory required.

DISADVANTAGES:
Realistic images with different shades cannot be drawn.
Colour limitations.
Color CRT Monitors

Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) is the most common display device

— High resolution
— Good color fidelity
Techniques for producing color :
— Beam penetration method
— Shadow mask method
Advantages
Less expensive
Disadvantages
Quality of images are not good as comparable
with other methods
Four colors are allowed only(orange,yellow,red,green)
 Shadow Mask Method

In this, CRT has three phosphor color dots. One phosphor dot emits a
red light, second emits a green light and third emits a blue light.

Advantages
— produce realistic images
— also produced different colors
— and shadows scenes.
Disadvantages
— low resolution
— expensive
— electron beam directed to whole screen
Flat Panel Displays

Instead of utilizing the cathode-ray tube technology flat-panel displays use

Liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology or other alternative making them much lighter
and thinner when compared with a traditional monitor.

Two Categories Plasma panels, thin-film electroluminescent

Emissive displays displays, and light-emitting diodes
Nonemissive displays.
liquid-crystal device
Non-emissive displays rely on external
light sources (backlight or ambient light) to
illuminate the screen.

Emissive displays produce their own light to create images.

Each pixel emits light directly.
 RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS

Architecture of a simple raster-graphics system.

Architecture of a raster system with a fixed portion of the system memory reserved
for the frame buffer.
Architecture of a raster-graphics system with a display processor.
Random Scan System
GRAPHICS WORKSTATIONS

Graphics workstations range from small general-purpose computer systems to

multi-monitor facilities, often with ultra-large viewing screens.
INPUT DEVICES

Graphics workstations can make use of various devices for data input
These include a mouse, trackball, spaceball, and joystick. Some other input devices used in
particular applications are digitizers, dials, button boxes, data gloves, touch panels, image
scanners, and voice systems.
Graphic Design and Animation,Audio Production,Video Editing,Gaming and
Simulation, Industrial Control and Automation, Medical Devices, Scientific
Research, Broadcasting and Live Production,Automotive and Aerospace, Virtual
Reality (VR) and Augmented
 Z mouse

Applications of the Z mouse include virtual reality, CAD, and animation.

 Trackballs and Spaceballs
A trackball is a ball device that can be rotated with the fingers or palm of the hand
to produce screen-cursor movement.
An extension of the two-dimensional trackball concept is the spaceball which provides
six degrees of freedom.
Data Gloves
Figure 2-44 shows a data glove that can be used to grasp a “virtual object”. The
glove is constructed with a series of sensors that detect hand and finger motions.
Trackballs1. CADand 3D Modeling
2. Graphic Design and Digital Art
3. Gaming
Spaceball 1. 3D Modeling and CAD
2. (VR) and (AR)
3. Simulation and Training Systems
4. Robotics and Remote Control
5. Medical Imaging and Surgery Planning
Joysticks
Another positioning device is the joystick, which consists of a small, vertical
lever(called the stick) mounted on a base. We use the joystick to steer the
screen cursor around. 1.Gaming
2. Flight Simulation
3. Robotics Control
4. Medical Surgery
5. Heavy Machinery Operation
6. Military and Defense
7. Assistive Technology
8. Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
9. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
10. Entertainment and Media Production
11. Marine Navigation
Digitizers
A common device for drawing, painting, or interactively selecting positions is a digitizer.
These devices can be designed to input coordinate values in either a two-dimensional or a
three-dimensional space.
Image Scanners
Touch Panels
As the name implies, touch panels allow displayed objects or screen positions to
be selected with the touch of a finger.
Light Pens
pencil-shaped devices are used to select screen positions by detecting the light
coming from points on the CRT screen.
Voice Systems
Speech recognizers are used with some graphics workstations as input devices
for voice commands