i rents.

Figure 1B-2 Stator and rotor poles for constant cul

if i i constant.
Consider for a moment the form of the torque if iy and iz are ipo
For the positive direction of current shown, the torque is of the

= —Ksin0, (1B-9)

Tt =
where K is a positive constant. We can visualize the production sine
considering the interaction of the magnetic poles produced we oebnia
flowing in the conductors. If both i; and iz are positive, the pol pe eS
are as shown in Fig. 1B-2. One should recall that flux issues from ae
pole. Also, the stator and rotor each must be considered as separate ps ae
magnetic systems. Thus, flux produced by the 1-1’ winding mee a vn
north pole of the stator into the air gap. Similarly, the flux produc! : y the
2-2' winding enters the air gap from the north pole of the rotor. It is left to

the reader to justify the fact that the range of @, over which stable operation
can occur for the expression of electromagnetic torque given by (1B-9)
is —2/2 < 0, < n/2.

14 MACHINE WINDINGS AND AIR-GAP MMF

For the purpose of discussing winding configurations in rotating machines and the
resulting air-gap MMF as well as the calculations of machine inductances, it is con-
venient to begin with the elementary 2-pole, 3-phase, wye-connected salient-pole
synchronous machine shown in Fig. 1.4-1. Once these concepts are established
for this type of a machine, they may be readily modified to account for all types
of induction machines and easily extended to include the synchronous machine
with short-circuited windings on the rotor (damper windings).

_e stator windings of the synchronous machine are embedded in slots around

ie circumference of the stationary member. In the 2-pole machine, each
aa aoe of the 3-phase stator winding is displaced 120° with respect to
ie foe as eae in Fig. 1.4-1. The field or fd winding is wound on the rotat-
dee by ion 4 Ie as, bs, es, and fd axes denote the Positive direction of the flux pro-

& of the windings. The as, bs, and cs windings are ide}

d ntical in that each

Winding has the same resistance and the same number of turns. When a 1e has
identical stato

r windings arranged as shown in Fig. 1.4- 1, itis often

pasic PR

NcIPLES FOR ELEC

RIG MACHINE ANA

Lysis

re ee ne ee chee

7
MACHINE WINDINGS AND AIR-GAP MMF 3

as a machine with symmetrical stator windings. We will find that the panel
cal induction machine has identical multiphase stator windings and identical mul A

hase rotor windings. An unsymmetrical induction machine has nonidentical

multiphase stator windings (generally 2-phase) and symmetrical multiphase rotor

ee 1.4-1, it is assumed that each coil spans 7 radians of the stator for a 2-pole
machine. One side of the coil (coil side) is represented by a @ indicating that the
assumed positive direction of current is down the length of the stator (into the paper).

The © indicates that the assumed positive direction of current is out of the Jeol uais

Each coil contains n, conductors. Therefore, in the case of the as winding, positive

current flows in a conductor of coil @;, then axially down the length of the stator and

back the length of the stator and out at coil side aj. This is repeated for n- conduc-
tors. The last conductor of the coil a;~ai, is then placed in the appropriate slot so as
to start coil @7—a, wherein the current flows down the stator via coil side az and then
back through a’, and so on until ai. The bs and cs windings are arranged similarly,
and the last conductors of coil sides a/,, b’,, and ci, are connected together to form the
wye-connected stator. The end turns (looping of the coils) at both ends of the stator
soas to achieve the span of z radians are not shown in Fig. 1.4-1. As mentioned, each
coil consists of n- conductors, each of which makes up an individual single conduc-
tor coil within the main coil. Thus the number of turns of each winding is determined
by the product of n, and the number of coils or the product of n, and the number of
coil sides carrying current in the same direction. In the case of the fd winding, each
coil (fi-f;, for example) consists of ny conductors. It should be mentioned that in
Example 1B, the stator and rotor coils each consisted of only one coil side with
one conductor (n- = 1) in each coil side.

One must realize that the winding configuration shown in Fig. 1.4-1 is an over-
simplification of a practical machine. The coil sides of each phase winding are con-
sidered to be distributed uniformly over 60° of the stator circumference. Generally,
the coil sides of each phase are distributed over a larger area, perhaps as much as
120°, in which case it is necessary for some of the coil sides of two of the phase
windings to occupy the same slot. In some cases, the coil sides may not be distrib-
uted uniformly over the part of the circumference that it occupies. For example, it
Would not be uncommon, in the case of the machine shown in Fig. 1.4-1, to have

more turns in coil sides ay and a3 than in a, and ay. (Similarly for the bs and cs wind-
ings.) We will find that this winding arrangement produces an air-gap MMF which
mo closely approximates a sinusoidal air-gap MMF with respect to the angular
Pac a about the air gap. Another Practical consideration is the so-called
nal-pitch winding. The windings shown in Fig. 1.4-1 span 7 radians for the
“Pole machine. This is referred to as full-pitch winding. In order to reduce voltage
ag Cutrent harmonics, the windings are often wound so that they span slightly less
i. T radians for a 2-pole machine. This is referred to as a fractional-pitch winding.
of the above-mentioned practical variations from the winding arrange}
Shown in Fig. 14-1 important to the machine designer; hi me
tes are of i “1 are very impo! ni fo the ac ine esigner, lowever, these fea-
._»_/°Ss Importance in machine analysis, where in most cases a simplified
ximation of the winding arrangement is sufficient.

A ELECTRIC MACHINE ANALYSIS

FOI

iC PRINCIPLES

38 BASI selected for consideration because th

d to account for other Maching

ould seldom be a 2., *

thine is
Aer ae be easily modifies

analysis of this tYP©

types. However, a

i cept in th
achine except In ; :
a class but which do not have a field wi

-rotor ines wi field windi

tor machines with the
pia Salient-pole machines genera lly have a large n mber of pol
al ons

posed of laminated eae the field winding is wound around the poles

bs rapes of Sei¥ing an expression for the air-gap pee 3 4 oo

to employ the so-called developed diagram of the cross-sec ional of the
machine shown in Fig, 1.4-1. The developed diagram is shown in Fig. 14-2, The
length of the air gap between the stator and rotor is exaggerated in Figs. ; 141
and 1.4-2 for clarity, The fact that the air-gap length is small relative to the inside
diameter of the stator permits us to employ the developed diagram for analysis pur-
poses. In order to relate the developed diagram to the cross-sectional view of the
machine, it is helpful to define a displacement to the left of the origin as positive.
The angular displacement along the stator circumference is denoted @, and @, along
the rotor circumference. The angular velocity of the rotor is w,, and 0, is the angular
displacement of the rotor. For a given angular displacement relative to the as axis we
can relate @,, @,, and 0, as

¢,=¢,+6, (1.4-1)
Our analysis may be simplified b: ideri indi
iusstaee Tee ip! ’y considering only one of the stator windings ata

"peat of Figs. 1.4-1 and 1.4-2 with onl indi

i of d ly the as windin,
shown. Due to the high Permeability of the stator and rotor steel the magnetic fields

as axis

| SAS bs axis
rn

'

me (39
MACHINE WINDINGS AND AIR-GAP MI

as axis

Bie
|
do
(|
|
i}
1
Ca

\
\
|
ne He a, ay eS Oo0le i
1 BiQ ® i (oroni H
eit a per
|]
ee a
a er
e3
$<—
(6)
Figure 1.4-3 The as winding. (a) Direction of Hs; (b) developed diagram.

¢ssentially exist only in the air gap and tend to be radial in direction due to the short
length of the air gap relative to the inside stator diameter. Therefore, in the air gap
the magnetic field intensity H and the flux density B have a component only in the

4r direction, and the magnitude is a function of the angle }, whereupon

H(r, b,,2) = H($,)a, (1.4-2)

and
Br(bs) = HoHt-(s) (1.4-3)

rpc MACHINE ANALYSIS.

EC
spLes FOR El! ; —
= field intensity H in th,

ee - ‘ netic
the mag)
irecti yf the current fas> tor to the’ stator
wi ae ase ire anding ecueC NO oe jel aa =
i Se rotor for s n 1.423),
air gaP due to the stator (0 the Sueuep MME" |
an/2 <5 < n/2 and ee used to determine the form of th gap te te
‘Ampere’s Jaw may nO" Kant awetel that

the as winding. In particular

(14-4) |

[aaa

sed path of integration. Let us con-

g. 1.4-3b. Applying Ampere’s law
the path be is at ¢, = 7/4, and
teel, we can write and eval-

is the net current enclosed within the clos

ation depicted in Fi,

ed as abcda, where
stator and rotor s!

where ii i
sider the closed path of integr:
around this closed path denoted ¢
neglecting the field intensity within the
uate (1.4-4) as

r(0)
H(0)dL =0

fa 8 (1.4-5)

a(j)s(@) #1) = ©

ee #() Pit

r(n/4)

where r(z/4) and r(0) are the radius of the rotor at the respective paths of integra-
tion, and g(z/4) and g(0) are the corresponding air-gap lengths.

The magnetomotive force is defined as the line integral of H. Therefore, the terms
on the left-hand side of (1.4-5) may be written as MMFs. In particular, (1.4-5) may

be written as

Te

MMF (=) + MMF(0) = 0 (1.4-6)

In (14-6) the MMF includes sign and magnitude; i

ignitude; that is, MMF(0) = —H,

Let us now consider the closed a
Rissiaryrs losed path aefda where path ef occurs at ¢,= ; here
MMF, t

167) + MMF(0) = —ncias (1.47)

The right-hand si ,
a Side of (1.4-7) is negative in accordance with the right-hand

-hand or

4s assume that MMF(0) i ts ic ae winding. For the lack of a

f S assumption, (1.4-6) and

> (a1). If we continue to perfor poe Path of integration

an

MACHINE WINDINGS AND AIR-GAP MINIT

as axis
ig a a2 ay ay as a} ai
= 4 (ONOKO)
Qn
ds
as axis
==0
an Ld
—Ndas
—2ndas
—3ndas
—4ndas
$s

Figure 1.4-4 Plot of the air-gap MMF due to the as winding with the assumption that
MMF(0) is zero.

of the conductors; actually, there would be a finite slope as the path of integration
passes through the conductors.
There are two items left to be considered. First, Gauss’s law states that

| B-dS=0 (1.4-8)

Hence, no net flux may travel across the air gap because the flux density is assumed
to exist only in the radial direction:

2n
|, Blo) 40, =0 (as)

oo and Giaibe mean radius of

. machine of an imaginary cylindrica,
we a in itself makes US ei of
iS in Fig. 1. i:
ze the ait-24P one aes fae fe .
jon that Pog ‘ -hines. In any E
Z oral w would give FSS istic of ec cal in the eae
nie second fact hegear th is ae o sncement ‘about the air gap
ee ic machine the Oe tion of dis) i
tical electric machine, "7 petodie ane cular, for a 2-pole machine
machine.
1.4-10
a) =8(6 +9 eee)

14-11

9(b, — 8) = 8(bs — 9 + n) ( )
scaeA Gl A MMF has zero avera;
saquations (Io+8) and (14-10) ae satisfied i the ir-zap MME Das =

value and, for a 2-pole machine,

MMF(¢,) = -MMEF(¢, + 7) (14-12)

Hence, the air-gap MMF wave for the as winding, which is denoted as MMF,,;, is
shown in Fig. 1.4-5. It is clear that the MMF due to the bs winding, MMF;,, is iden-
tical to MMF,, but displaced to the left by 120°. MMF,, is also identical but dis-
placed 240° to the left. The significance of the as, bs, and cs axes is now
apparent. These axes are positioned at the center of maximum positive MMF corre-
sponding to positive current into the windings,

MACHINE WINDINGS AND AIR-GAP- MMF 43

The waveform of the MMFP’s produced by the stator phase windings shown in
Fig. 1.4-1 may be considered as coarse approximations of sinusoidal functions of
,. Actually most electric machines, especially large machines, are designed so
that the stator windings produce a relatively good approximation of @ sinusoidal
air-gap MMF with respect to o, $0 a8 to minimize the voltage and current harmonics.
In order to establish a truly sinusoidal MMF waveform (often referred to as & space
sinusoid) the winding must also be distributed sinusoidally. Except in cases where

the harmonics due to the winding configuration are of importance, it is typically

scumed that all windings may be approximated as sinusoidally distributed wind
ings. We will make this same assumption in our analysis.

‘A sinusoidally distributed as winding and a sinusoidal air-gap MME, are

depicted in Fig. 1.4-6. The distribution of the as winding may be written as

Nas =Npsinds, 0<¢,<% (1.4-13)

Nas =—Npsings, Ses S 2" (14-14)

where Np is the maximum turn or conductor density expressed jn turns per radian.

If Ns represents the number of turns of the equivalent sinusoidally distributed

as axis

as axis

(0)

die ehaivalcohewthl aa (a) Equivalent distribution of as winding; (b) MMF

MACHINE WINDINGS AND AIR-GAP MMF 45

For balanced, steady-state conditions the stator currents may be expressed as

1.

Tas = V2, 008 [e,t + 0-;(0)] (1.4-21)

Ove, Ing = V21jC08 [ow a 2m if u(0)| (14-22)
a 2n
Jing Tes = V2, 008 [ot het 04(0)) (1.4-23)
ling é
ae where 0,;(0) is the phase angle at time zero, Substituting the currents into (1.4-20)
wn and using the trigonometric relations given in Appendix A yields
ign
1d- Ny 3
ng MMF, = (3) V2; G) cos [wet + ei(0) — %,] (1.4-24)
he If the argument is set equal to a constant while the derivative is taken with respect to
2 time, we see that the above expression describes a sinusoidal air-gap MMF wave
in with respect to @,, which rotates about the stator at an angular velocity of «, in
d the counterclockwise direction and which may be thought of as a rotating magnetic

pole pair. If, for example, the phase angle 0,;(0) is zero, then at the instant r = 0 the
rotating air-gap MMF is positioned in the as axis with the north pole at ¢, = 180°
and the south pole at ¢, = 0. (The north pole is by definition the stator pole from
which the flux issues into the air gap.)
The rotating air-gap MMF of a P-pole machine can be determined by considering
a4-pole machine. The arrangement of the windings is shown in Fig. 1.4-7. Each
phase winding consists of two series connected windings, which will be considered
as sinusoidally distributed windings. The air-gap MMF established by each phase is
now a sinusoidal function of 2¢, for a 4-pole machine or, in general, (P/2)#, where
P is the number of poles. In particular,

Ns, Ie

MMF: = ios C08 5-6, (1.4-25)

N,, lig 2n

MMF;, = =p iscos G = 4) (1.4-26)

Ny. P Qn

MMF; = 5 ies0s G o,+ 3) (1.4-27)

Where N, is the total equivalent turns per phase. With balanced steady-state stator
currents as given previously, the air-gap MMF becomes

: MMF, = (=) V2, G) cos [vs + 0.i(0) — 54 (1.4-28)

Here we see that the MMF produced by balanced steady-state stator currents rotates
about the air gap in the counterclockwise direction at a velocity of (2/P)ag. It may