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Introduction To Computers

A computer is an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, produces output, and stores results. It consists of hardware and software, with various types including microcomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Key components include the CPU, RAM, and storage devices, while software types range from operating systems to application programs.

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13 views36 pages

Introduction To Computers

A computer is an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, produces output, and stores results. It consists of hardware and software, with various types including microcomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Key components include the CPU, RAM, and storage devices, while software types range from operating systems to application programs.

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gegovskijakov
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What Is a Computer?

• An electronic device, operating under the control of


instructions stored in its own memory, that can:
– Accept data (input)
– Process the data according to specified rules (process)
– Produce results (output)
– Store the results (storage) for future use
HISTORY
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator A and Calculator)
- 1943
- Military calculations, weather forecasting and atomic energy calculations.
- 30 tons.

• PC (Personal Computer)
- 1981
- IBM
TYPES
Microcomputers
- Desktop Computers (PC)
- Notebook Computers (Laptop)
- Netbook
- Tablet PC
MAINFRAME Computers
- big, powerful, and expensive
- banks and insurance companies
SUPERCOMPUTERS
- very large capacity for processing data
- used for such research as weather forecasting, in which a huge amount
of data must be processed rapidly.
- used by the military services.
• Computers consist of two parts,

A. HARDWARE
B. SOFTWARE
1) INPUT DEVICES
2) OUTPUT DEVICES
3) STORAGE DEVICES
4) SYSTEM UNIT
a) Mouse
b) Keyboard
c) Scanner
d) Camera
e) Microphone
f) Joy stick
g) Digital pen
h) Barcode reader
a) Monitor
• CRT
• LCD
• LED

b) Projector
c) Speaker
d) Printer
• Dot Matrix
• Inkjet
• Laser
• 3D

e) Plotter
Device Capacity
Floppy Disk 1.44 MB
CD (Compact Disc) 700MB
DVD 4.7GB / 8.5GB
Blue Ray Disk 25GB / 50GB
SD / MicroSD (1TB)
USB Flash (Pen) Drive (1TB)
External Hard Disk (2.5”) (4TB)
Hard Disk Drive (3.5”) (8TB)
Solid State Drive (16TB)
Latest 8TB
Latest 4TB

SSD
Latest 4TB Latest 16TB
MEASURING DATA
We measure computer information (data) in bits and bytes.
Bit is short for binary digit. It is the smallest unit of information that a computer
can understand. One bit represents a 1 or 0 digit in a binary numeral or a true or
false logical condition.
Byte is short for binary term. A byte usually contains eight bits. It can represent a
single character, such as a letter, a digit, or a punctuation mark.
FUTURE ?
The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main components of
the computer. It houses the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), power supply,
and more.
It is like the brain of your computer, because it performs all the computer
calculations.

CPU speed is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) and has an


important effect on the overall speed of your computer.

There are 2 main processor manufacturers for personal computers:


- Intel (Atom, Celeron, Pentium, i3,i5,i7, Xeon)
- AMD (Sempron, Athlon, Phenom, Opteron)

http://www.cpubenchmark.net/
The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board.
The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.
Converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer.
It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components.
RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs
calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're
working on a document, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save
a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage.
– Video (Graphic) card
– Sound (Audio) card
– Network card
– TV card
Software, also called a program, consists of a
series of related instructions, organized for a
common purpose, that tells the computer what
tasks to perform and how to perform them.
1) Operating System

2) Application Program

3) Utility Program

4) Programming Language
- It controls how hardware resources such as memory, CPU, HDD, and other
devices are used.
- Other software accesses the hardware via the operating system.
There are two types of user interface:

1) Command Line Interface (CLI)


User types the commands with the keyboard, using a special command language
(MS-DOS).

2) Graphical User Interface (GUI)


Visual computer environment that represents
files, folders, and programs with images such as
icons, menus, and dialog boxes on the screen
(WINDOWS).
a) MS-DOS

b) Microsoft Windows
- Windows 3.1, 95, 98, 2000, ME, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10

c) Unix, Linux

d) MacOS (Macintosh Operating System)

e) Mobile Operating Systems


- Symbian OS
- Android
- BlackBerry OS
- iPhone OS
Designed to help with a specific task, such as;
- Word Processing (Notepad, WordPad, MS Word),
- Accounting or Spreadsheet (MS Excel),
- Presentation(MS PowerPoint),
- Database (MS Access, MySQL, Oracle)
- Painting and Drawing (Photoshop, CorelDraw)
- Animation (Flash, 3d Max)
- Multimedia (Media Player, VLC, PowerDVD)
- Games
Designed to help, analyze, configure, optimize, and maintain the computer.

Utility software can clean your computer’s registry, recover lost or damaged
data, generate free space on its hard drive, repair and defragment its hard drive,
optimize system processes, and back up data or protect data.

Some popular utility programs are TuneUp Utilities, Total Commander, WinZip,
WinRar, Kaspersky, and Acrobat Reader.
Computer programs are written using a special language called the programming
language. The writing process is called coding, and the result is called program code.

Some of the programming languages are Assembly, BASIC, C / C++, C#, Java, Visual
Basic, PHP and Python.

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