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Lplace UNB

This document provides an overview of the Laplace transformation method, which is essential for solving linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and initial value problems in engineering. It covers the definition, basic principles, properties, and techniques for finding inverse Laplace transforms, including the use of partial fractions. Additionally, it outlines a systematic approach to solving differential equations using Laplace transforms.

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haneen.sulieman
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18 views13 pages

Lplace UNB

This document provides an overview of the Laplace transformation method, which is essential for solving linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and initial value problems in engineering. It covers the definition, basic principles, properties, and techniques for finding inverse Laplace transforms, including the use of partial fractions. Additionally, it outlines a systematic approach to solving differential equations using Laplace transforms.

Uploaded by

haneen.sulieman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit Two: LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

2.1 Definition, Basic Principles and Properties


The Laplace transform method is a powerful method for solving linear ODEs and
corresponding initial value problems, as well as systems of ODEs arising in engineering.
If f(t) is a function defined for all t ≥ 0, its Laplace transform is the integral of f(t)
times e-st from t = 0 to ∞. It is a function of s, say, F(s), and is denoted by ℒ ( f ); thus
∞
F(s)= ℒ ( f )= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Note: The Laplace transform operation can be denoted by the symbol ℒ or ℒ or L.

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2.2 Laplace Transforms of Some Basic Functions

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2.2.1 Laplace of eat f(t) (The s-shift theorem)
The Laplace transform of eat f (t) is obtained from F(s) by replacing s by s – a.
ℒ {eat f (t)} = F(s - a)
2.2.2 Laplace of t n f(t)

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Example: Find  [e3t sin(2t)].

2.3 Some Important Properties of Laplace Transforms


1. Linearity
Let the functions f1(t), f2(t), . . . , fn(t) have Laplace transforms, and let c1, c2, . . . , cn be
any set of arbitrary constants. Then
ℒ{c1 f1(t) + c2 f2(t) + · · · + cn fn(t)} = c1ℒ{ f1(t)} + c2ℒ{ f2(t)} + · · ·+ cnℒ{ fn(t)}

2. Laplace Transform of The Derivatives of f (t)


The Laplace transform of derivative of order n is

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2.3 Inverse Laplace transforms and their Properties.

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2.3.1 Inverse Laplace Transforms Using Partial Fractions
Partial fractions play an important role in finding inverse Laplace transforms. The first step is to
factor the denominator as much as possible. Then for each term in the denominator, we will use
the following table to get terms for partial fraction decomposition, and then find the inverse Laplace
transform with respect to the obtained values.

Term in
Term in partial fraction decomposition
denominator
𝐴
𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏
𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
(𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏)𝑛 + 2
+∙∙∙ +
𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 (𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏) (𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏)𝑛
𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵
𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐
𝐴1 𝑠 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑠 + 𝐵2 𝐴𝑛 𝑠 + 𝐵𝑛
(𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐)𝑛 + +∙∙∙ +
𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐 )2 (𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐 )𝑛

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Example 1: Distinct Real Roots; (the cover-up method). Consider that:

Find A1 by first “covering-up" the first term in the denominator (i.e., the term that is associated
with A1) with your finger (shown as a gray ellipse), and then letting s=0.

Likewise, for A2

and A3

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Example 3: Repeated Real Roots. Factorize Y(s) if

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2.3.2 The Solution of Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms
The linear differential equation:

where the coefficients ai, i= 0, 1, . . . , n and y0, y1, . . . , yn-1 are constants, can be solved
by Laplace transform techniques. The procedure for solving this IVP is summarized in the
following four steps:
1. Take the Laplace Transform of the differential equation.
2. Put initial conditions into the resulting equation.
3. Rearrange your equation to isolate Y(s) equated to something.
4. Calculate the inverse Laplace transform, which will be your final solution to the original
differential equation.

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Exercises 4.2 (page:225)
In Problems 1–30, find the given inverse transform.
In Problems 33–44, use the Laplace transform to solve the given initial-value problem.

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