Scribd
Upload
4 views21 pages

Programming Basic

The document provides an overview of computer programming, focusing on the fundamentals of computers, programming languages, and the structure of C programs. It covers topics such as the history of computers, types of programming languages, program characteristics, and the steps involved in developing a program. Additionally, it includes examples of simple C programs and algorithms.

Uploaded by

Talha Zubair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views21 pages

Programming Basic

The document provides an overview of computer programming, focusing on the fundamentals of computers, programming languages, and the structure of C programs. It covers topics such as the history of computers, types of programming languages, program characteristics, and the steps involved in developing a program. Additionally, it includes examples of simple C programs and algorithms.

Uploaded by

Talha Zubair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

CSE – 1101: Computer Programming

[3.0 Credits]

Introduction to Programming
Languages

Prof. Md. Alamgir Hossain, CSE, Faridpur Engineering College


Computer Fundamentals (Reviews)
 What is a Computer?
 Hardware (CPU, RAM, HD, Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, etc.)
 Software
 System Software (Operating System, Compilers)
 Application Software

 Block of a Computer:
 Input  Processing  Output

 History of Computers:
 The early inventions was Chinese abacus.
 Charles Babbage’s “Analytical engine” (1834).

MAH, CSE, FEC


Computer Fundamentals (Reviews)
 History & Generations:
 First Generation (1937 – 1953)
 Second Generation (1954 – 1962)
 Third Generation (1963 – 1972)
 Fourth Generation (1972 – 1984)
 Fifth Generation (1984 – 1990)
 Sixth Generation (1990 – till date)

 Classification of Digital Computes


 PC, Mainframe Computers, Minicomputers, Supercomputers

 Computers in Society:
 Advantages and Disadvantages

MAH, CSE, FEC


Programming Languages
 Computer Language is used by programmer to communicate with
computers.
 Types of Programming Languages: (User End)
 High Level Language
 Simplicity
 Portability
 C, Fortran, Java

 Low Level Language


 Difficult
 Machine dependence
 Machine language

 Mid Level Language


 C (sometime called)

MAH, CSE, FEC


Programming Languages (Cont.)
 Types of programming languages (Structure)
 Procedural programming languages.
 A procedural language follows a sequence of statements or commands in order to
achieve a desired output.

 Functional programming languages.

 Object-oriented programming languages (OOP).

 Scripting languages.

 Logic programming languages.

MAH, CSE, FEC


Program Characteristics
 Integrity
 The accuracy of the calculations

 Clarity
 The overall readability of the program, with particular emphasis on its underlying
logic.

 Simplicity
 The clarity and accuracy of a program are usually enhanced by keeping things as
simple as possible.

 Efficiency
 Concerned with execution speed and efficient memory utilization.

 Modularity
 Programs can be broken down into a series of identifiable subtasks.

 Generality
 Program to be as general as possible, within reasonable limits.
MAH, CSE, FEC
Structured Programming
 Encompasses a number of methodologies to produce good quality
design and code, which can be
 Easily understood
 Tested
 Debugged
 Modified
 Maintained in future

 Main Principles
 Program design (top-down or button-up approach)
 Decomposition of program into components
 Structuring of control flow (Sequence, Selection, Iteration)

MAH, CSE, FEC


Basic of a C Program
 C program consists of functions (or modules).
 Build-in functions
 User define functions

 One function’s name must be main.


 The program always start executing from main function.
 All other functions must be called (directly/indirectly) into the main function.
 Any other function definitions must be defined ahead or after main function.
 Each function must contain:
 Function Heading (return type, function name, arguments (optional) enclosed in
parentheses)
 Function Body (Declarations, statements)

 Build-in functions file name must be included before main function.


 Examples: printf(), scanf(), sqrt(), round() etc.

MAH, CSE, FEC


Structure of a C Program
 General form of a C Program:

#incluede<header file name>


int main(void)
{
statements;
return 0;
}

MAH, CSE, FEC


Develop A Program
 Analyze the Problem
 (inputs, outputs and processing)

 Design
 (algorithm, flow chart)

 Coding
 (programming languages)

 Testing & Debugging


 ( compile)

 Running
 (verify its correctness)

 Documentation
 (further use)

MAH, CSE, FEC


Introduction to C Programming
 C character Set
 All uppercase & lowercase letters (A to Z & a to z)
 The digits (0 to 9)
 Special characters (+ , *, % , # etc.)

 Keywords
 Certain reserved words (int , for , char , if )
 Only 32 standard keywords
 Some compilers may include more 8 keywords

 Identifiers
 Names that are given to various program elements (variables, function)

 Rules to give identifiers name


 The first character must be a letter
 Both uppercase and lowercase letters are permitted
 The underscore character ( _ ) can also be included
 The keywords cannot be used

MAH, CSE, FEC


Data Types
 int
 Integer quantity
 2 bytes or one word (varies from one compiler to another)

 char
 Single character
 1 byte

 float
 Floating-point number (number containing a decimal point)
 2 words (4 bytes)

 double
 Double-precision floating-point number
 4 words (8 bytes)

MAH, CSE, FEC


C Fundamentals
 Constants:
 Integer, unsigned, long, floating-point etc.

 Escape Sequences:
 \n, \a, \\, \t etc.

 Variables:
 All variables must be declared before use.
 int a, b; char flag; float root1, root2;

MAH, CSE, FEC


C Fundamentals (cont.)
 Expression:
 Consist of constant, variable or other element, interconnected by one
or more operators.
 a + b; z = (x + y)/2.o;

 Statements:
 Expression statements, Compound statements, Control statements

 Symbolic Constants:
 #define name text ( #define PI 3.1415)

MAH, CSE, FEC


Algorithm
 Algorithm:
 A procedure (set of instructions) used for solving a problem or
performing a computation.
 step-by-step method for solving a problem.

 Qualities of a Good Algorithm:


 Input and output should be defined precisely.
 Each step in the algorithm should be clear and unambiguous.
 Algorithms should be most effective among many different ways to
solve a problem.
 An algorithm should be written in such a way that it can be used in
different programming languages.

MAH, CSE, FEC


Algorithm Example
 Algorithm: Add two numbers entered by the user

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables A, B and Sum.
Step 3: Read values A and B
Step 4: Add A and B and assign the result to Sum.
Sum = A + B
Step 5: Display Sum.
Step 6: Stop.

MAH, CSE, FEC


Flow Chart
 Flow Chart:
 A graphical representation of solving problems using pre-define symbols.
 A flowchart is a diagram that represents an algorithm.

 Symbols Used:

MAH, CSE, FEC


Flow Chart Example
The Average Of Two Numbers Check Input Number Odd Or Even

MAH, CSE, FEC


Simple Problems
 Write a C program to find the average of three integer numbers,
taking inputs from keyboard and show the output on the
computer monitor.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x, y, z;
float avg;
printf("Enter three integer numbers:");
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);
avg = (x+y+z)/3.0;
printf("\nAverage = %.2f\n",avg);
return 0;
}

MAH, CSE, FEC


Simple Problems (cont.)
 Write a C program to calculate the average of three numbers
(taking inputs from keyboard) and show the output as nearest
integer.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float x, y, z, avg;
printf("Enter three numbers:");
scanf("%f%f%f",&x,&y,&z);
avg = (x+y+z)/3.0;
printf("\nAverage = %.0f\n", round(avg));
return 0;
}

MAH, CSE, FEC


The End

You might also like