Chemistry Department

Analytical Chemistry for HS

1420225

Dr. Montaha Anjass Almasri

Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
University of Sharjah
[email protected]

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 Content

1. Chapter 1. The Nature of Analytical Chemistry

2. Chapter 4. Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry
3. Chapter 5. Errors in Chemical Analyses
4. Chapter 6. Random Errors in Chemical Analysis
5. Chapter 7. Statistical Data Treatment and Evaluation
6. Chapter 9. Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria
7. Chapter 10. Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria
8. Chapter 12. Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
9. Chapter 13. Titrations in Analytical Chemistry
10. Chapter 14. Principles of Neutralization Titrations
11. Chapter 18. Introduction to Electrochemistry
Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, 9th Ed

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 Chapter 4

Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

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Dr. Montaha Anjass Almasri I Analytical Chemistry for HS
 Some Important Units of Measurement

International System of Units (SI)

• Scientists throughout the world have adopted a standardized system of units

known as the International System of Units (SI).
• This system is based on the seven fundamental base units shown in Table 4-1.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Skoog, West, Holler, and Crouch 9th ed.

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 Some Important Units of Measurement

• Prefixes are used to express small or large

measured quantities in terms of a few simple
digits, which are used with these base units
and other derived units.

• Table 4.2, these prefixes multiply the unit by

various powers of 10.

• In analytical chemistry, we often determine the

amount of chemical species from mass
measurements. For such measurements,
metric units of kilograms (kg), grams (g),
milligrams (mg), or micrograms (μg) are used.

• Volumes of liquids are measured in units of

liters (L), milliliters (mL), microliters (μL), and
sometimes nanoliters (nL).

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Skoog, West, Holler, and Crouch 9th ed.

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 Some Important Units of Measurement

The Distinction Between Mass and Weight

Mass is an invariant measure of the amount of matter in an object.

Weight is the force of attraction between an object and its surroundings,

principally the earth.

Weight and mass are related by the familiar expression:

w = mg
where w is the weight of an object, m is its mass, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity.

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 Some Important Units of Measurement

What is Mole?

• The mole (abbreviated mol) is the SI unit for the amount of a chemical
species.

• It is always associated with a chemical formula and represents

Avogadro's number (6.022x1023) of particles represented by that
formula.

• The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass in grams of 1 mol of

that substance.

• the millimolar mass (mM) is likewise 1/1000 of the molar mass.

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 Some Important Units of Measurement

The Mole
For example. the molar mass of formaldehyde, CH2O. Is

and that of glucose, C6H12O6, is

➢ Thus, 1 mol of formaldehyde has a mass of 30.0 g and 1 mol of glucose has a
mass of 180.0 g.

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 Calculating the Amount of a Substance in Moles
or Millimoles

The number of moles nX of a species X of molar mass MX is given by

Example: How many moles and millimoles of benzoic acid (M = 122.1 g/mol) are
contained in 2.00 g of the pure acid?
➢ If we use HBz to represent benzoic acid, we can write that I mol of HBz has a
mass of 122.1 g. Thus,

➢ To obtain the number of millimoles, we divide by the millimolar mass (0.1221

g/mmol). That is,

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 Calculating the Amount of a Substance in
Moles or Millimoles

Example: How many grams of Na+ (22.99 g/mol) are contained in 25.0 g of
Na2SO4 (142.0 g/mol)?

➢ The chemical formula tells us that I mol of Na2SO4 contains 2 mol of Na+.
That is,

➢ To obtain the number of moles of Na2SO4

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 Calculating the Amount of a Substance in
Moles or Millimoles
➢ Combining this equation with the first leads to

➢ To obtain the mass of sodium in 25.0 g of Na2S04, we multiply the number of

moles of Na+ by the molar mass of Na+, or 22.99 g. That is,

➢ Substituting the previous equation gives the number of grams of Na+:

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

Concentration of Solutions
• Chemists express the concentration of species in solution in several ways. The
most important ways are

Molar Concentration
The molar concentration Cx of a solution of a chemical species X is the number of
moles of that species that is contained in 1 L of the solution.

The unit of molar concentration is molarity, M, which has the dimensions of mol.L-1

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

Example:
Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous solution that contains
2.30 g of C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol) in 3.50 L of solution.

➢ To obtain the molar concentration, C2H5OH. We divide by the volume.

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

Analytical Molarity
• Gives the total number of moles of a solute in 1 L of the solution.

Equilibrium Molarity
• Expresses the molar concentration of a particular species in a solution at
equilibrium.

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

Example:
Calculate the analytical and equilibrium molar concentrations of the solute
species in an aqueous solution that contains 285 mg of trichloroacetic acid,
Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL (the acid is 73% ionized in water).

➢ we calculate the number of moles of Cl3CCOOH, which we designate as HA,

and divide by the volume of the solution, 10.0 mL, or 0.01000 L. Thus,

➢ The analytical molar concentration, CHA, is then

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

Example:
➢ In this solution. 73% of the HA dissociates, giving H+ and A -:

➢ The species molarity of HA is then 27% of CHA. Thus,

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

Example:

➢ The species molarity of A- is equal to 73% of the analytical concentration of

HA. That is,

➢ Because 1mole of H+ is formed for each mole of A-, we can also write

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

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 Solutions and their Concentrations

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 Percent Concentration

Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb)

For very dilute solutions…..

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 Percent Concentration

A handy rule in calculating parts per million is to remember that for dilute aqueous
solutions whose densities are approximately 1.00 g/mL,
1 ppm = 1.00 mg/L. That is,

Parts per Billion (ppb)

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 Percent Concentration
Example:
What is the molar concentration of K1 in a solution that contains 63.3 ppm of
K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol)?
➢ Because the solution is so dilute, it is reasonable to assume that its density is
1.00 g/mL.

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 Solution-Diluent Volume Ratios

The composition of a dilute solution is sometimes specified in terms of the

volume of a more concentrated solution and the volume of solvent used in
diluting it.

Thus, a 1:4 HCI solution contains four volumes of water for each volume of
concentrated hydrochloric acid.

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 p-Functions

• Scientists frequently express the concentration of a species in terms of its

p-function, or p-value.

Example:
Calculate the p-value for each ion in a solution that is 2.00x10^3 M in NaCl and
5.4x10^4 M in HCl.

➢ To obtain pNa, we write

➢ The total Cl2 concentration is given by the sum of the concentrations of the two
solutes:

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 Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions

• The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume, whereas its
specific gravity is the ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal volume
of water at 4°C.

• Density has units of kilograms per liter or grams per milliliter in the
metric system. Specific gravity is dimensionless and so is not tied to
any particular system of units.

• Density expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume. In SI

units, density is expressed in units of kg/L or, alternatively, g/mL

• Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of

an equal volume of water.

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 Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions
Example:
Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3 (63.0 g/mol) in a solution that has a
specific gravity of 1.42 and is 70.5% HNO3 (w/w)

➢ First calculate the mass of acid per liter of concentrated solution

➢ Then,

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 Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions

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 Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions

The solution to Example 4-11 is based on the following useful relationship, which
we will be using countless times:

where the two terms on the left are the volume and molar concentration of a
concentrated solution that is being used to prepare a diluted solution having the
volume and concentration given by the corresponding terms on the right.

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 Chemical Stoichiometry
Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas
• An empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a chemical
compound. In contrast, a molecular formula specifies the number of atoms in a molecule.

• Two or more substances may have the same empirical formula but different molecular
formulas. For example, CH2O is both the empirical and the molecular formula for
formaldehyde; it is also the empirical formula for such diverse substances as acetic acid,
C2H4O2; glyceraldehyde, C3H6O3; and glucose, C6H12O6.

• The stoichiometry of a reaction is the relationship among the number of moles of reactants
and products as shown by a balanced equation.

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 Chemical Stoichiometry
Example:
(a) What mass of AgNO3 (169.9 g/mol) is needed to convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3
(106.0 g/mol) to Ag2CO3? (b) What mass of Ag2CO3 (275.7 g/mol) will be formed?

➢ In this instance, the stoichiometric factor is (2 mol AgNO3)/(1 mol Na2CO3).

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 Chemical Stoichiometry
Example:
(a) What mass of AgNO3 (169.9 g/mol) is needed to convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3
(106.0 g/mol) to Ag2CO3? (b) What mass of Ag2CO3 (275.7 g/mol) will be formed?

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 Assignments…

Chapter 4. Calculations Used in Analytical Chem.

10(a), 14(d), 17(b), 20(h), 24(b), 32(b)

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