INDEX

SERIAL EXPT. NAME OF THE DATE OF

XPERIMENT
BATE OF
sýBMISSION
REMA)
NO. NO. EXPERIMENT
17INTRODUCTION AND USES OF FOLLOWING
INSTRUMENTS:
a)Voltmeter, b).ammeter. c).wattmeter d).oscilloscope.
VOLTMETER: A voltmeter isan instrument used for measuring electric potential
difference between two points in an electric ckt. It is connected in parallel it
usually has high resistance so that it takes negligible current from the ckt.
Schematic symbol:

AMMETER: It is measuring instruments used to measure the current in a ckt.

Electric current is measured in Ampere(A).The ammeter is usually connected in
_eries with the ckt. In wchich the current is to be measured.An Ammeter usually
has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant voltage drop in the ckt.
Being measured. .Schematic symbol:
A

WATTMETER:This is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of

any given ckt. Electromagnetic wattmeter are used for measurement of utility
frequency and audio frequency power,wattmeter consists of two couls i.e current
coils ,voltage coils.4 terminals M,;,c,V.(maiph(Iine),(common),(voltage)

OSCILLOSCOPE:CRO is atype of electronictest instrument that graphically

displays varying signal voltage, usually as a two dimensional plot of one or more
signalas a function of time.the displayed waveform can be analyzed for
properties such amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval,distortion, and
others.

AUTO TRX: is an electrical trx. With only one winding i.e. single coil acting alone. a
portion of the same wndg.act as both the the primary wndg. and secondary
wndg.side of the trx. In contrast an ordinary trx. Has separate primary and
secondary wndg. which are not connected to each other.
 2).DEMOSTRATION AND CUT OUT SECTION OF FOLLOWING MACHINES:
a).D.CMACNINES.
b).INDUCTION MACHINE.

C).SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE.

UFINO
FEO Synchronous Generator Construction
WNDINO
POL -VE Yoso
SHOe Rotur (lietd).
windng Stator
YOKE
OR
FRAME
DC nGaton

&HAFT
-ARWTURE
CORE
COMMUATOR (amauw)ninding
Ronsr

EY
www.TheEngineer ingknowledge.com
4Pole DC Mechine

Single phase
stator winding

Single phase
AC Squirrel
rotor
cage
ELEHES HIS
Shaft

"1-6 INDUC T|ON MOTOR:

 19

EXPERIMÉNT NO-7

Jame of. the-experiment :- Calibration. an ammeter (Moving Iron)

standard
and a WatAeter fOyhamemeter) with the help.of
ammeter (Moving Coil ) and volt nmeter (Moving coil)

Theory :
compared with a standard
To calibrate, the reading of the test Instruments are
or negatlve.
Instrument. The dlfference Is called errar. The error may be posltlve
Percentage error Is calculated as follows:
toT Am rh
Reading/ Test Reading Yt0o
% Error = Test Reading -Standard

procedure :
1) Connect the circuit as shown In fig.
2) Get It checked bythe teacher.
3) Ensure the posltion of potentlaldivider at 0 out put.current.
4) Switch on the circult and set the current from 0-1 Amp. In MCA at an intervalof 0:1
Amp. Bychanging thepotential divider. vottmeferr
5) Note the readlng of MIA{At),MCA (As) and wattmeter (W)

Observation Table
/Device under Test:
Name f Devlce Quantlty Type Rating Makers name &
Sl.no.
Ammeter
Movingiar
Wattmeter
Dynanandg 8-2A
 Wattmeter

%Error
Ammeter
Wattneter
Ammeter

DATA
Error
L

Wattmeter
Power
Vsx As

W.(Watt)

Standard
Ammeter
AS
(A)

AT
(A)
Voltage
Ammeter
Test

Input VS
(V)

Obs.No
vOL.T
220
T'suPPLy
2A
Jo-iso v

CALIBRATONOF ÁAMMETER AND A WATTME TER

 JALPAIGURI GOVT. ENGG. COLLEGE
PAPER CODE-EE191

EXPERIMENT NO. 68

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Measurement of current, voltage and power in R-L

circuit excited by single-phase A.Csupply.

OBJECT/ (a) To find out the resistance part () and inductance part (L) of the inductance the
resistance (R) and capacitance (C)
(b) To draw the phasor diagrarn 'of R-L-C series circuit.
(c) To draw the impedance diagram of R-L-C circuit.

THEORY:To calculate R, r, L,C from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter reading.

Impedance Z= Vs/ ls. W= Is Reg ls (R+ r), R+r=?.

VL= Is (r+ jwL),
R=Vls Calculate R, .r=?
=I_ V(+(wL)' ) Where, W=2f

VL, I_, r, w known, calculate L?

Vs = l/2nfc Calculate C?

APPARATUS USED:

Name of the Apparatus Type and Range -Makers N¡ne y

VOLTMETER MIV -0-150-300V
AMMETER MIA 0-1A,
WATTMETER DYNAMOMETER TYPE
0-.5A, 150-300V upf,

CIRCæIT DIAGRAM: (Fig. 5)

 4OVING IRON CAPACITOR
AMMETER 0.5/1 100 OHM INDUCTOR
L
Ig.

0.5/1

1 PHASE
AUTOTRANSFORMRR MOVING IRON

VOLTETER
1-PHASE
50 HZ:
29VOLT
AC-SUPPLY 150/300
J

RLC SERIÈS CKT

MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT,VOLTAGE & POWER IN
RROCEDURE:
(1) Connect the
Ammeter and Wattmeter as in figure -S
(2) Get it teacher aFd then switched on the supply.
checked by the
(3) Set the supply voltage.
voltage to 230V, 50 Hz usingthe variac. Measure supply voltage
across resistance, voltage across inductor and voltage across capacitor using a single
voltmeter and note in table-5.

OBSERVATION TABLD:
TABLE-5

Vs VR (across Vc(voltage Wx m.f.

VL(across
resistor) inductor) acroSS

Capacitor)
O381 B6 Folc
J20 399
9 15
13C 5 103
|4 0 II2 52
Q'4o 104 121
129 6F

COMMENTS:

REPORT:

(a) Calculate the value of R, r, L, (

C.from th¹ re ading of
(b) Draw the phasor diagram of the
R-LC series Ammeter, voltineter and wattmeter.
(c) Draw the
impedance diagram of the R-L-C series circuit in a graph
paper.
circuit .
 DL!AKIVUEI
JALPAIGURI GOVT. ENGG. COLLEGL
PAPER CODE-EE191
EXPERIMENT NO-6 10
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Onen cieuit andA Short Circuit- Test on a
Sngie
phase Transformer
OBJECT: The objectives of the experiment are a follows:
1. To determine the full load ohmic loss of asingle-phase
2. To determine the core loss of a single-phase transformer.
transfotmner.
3. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single-phase transformer.
THÆORY: No-load test is done at low voltage side of a single-phase transformer to
determine the rated no load losses ie. core loss. This is done at rated
voltage. During the test, ohmic loss is assumed to be zero. Shunt branch
resistance and reactance are calculated from no load test result. Let

V, = No load voltage
I, =No load current
W, =No load loss

Then CosØ=No- load power factor

CosØ ,= W, / (Vo x Io)

Ro= V,/ I, cos o
X,= V,/I, sin Øo
determine
Short circuit test is done at high voltage side of a single-phase transformer to no-load iron
the ohmic loss i.e. copper loss. Test is done at rated current. During the test,
loss is assumed to be zero. Equivalent resistance and reactance referred to aparticular
result. Let
Side are calculated from short circuit test

W=Copper loss
rated current.
Vse= Voltagetequired todraw the
transformer.
Ise = Rated current drawn by the
Then Zse Vse/ se
Rs, =Wsel Ise
Xs, = (Z?Rs')

25
 5XPERIMENT NO.-10

WATTMETER

MOVING IRON
2.5/5 AMPS.
AMMETER
75/150VoLTS.
M L
A.

2.5/5 AMPS.

1PHASE
|AUTOTRANSFO RMER MOVING IRON
LOW
230 V 115 V
1FHASE VOLTAGE
VOLTMETER
50 HZ SIDE
230 VOLT 15/30 VOLTS.
AC SUPPLE

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

 EXPERIMENT NO.10

WATTMETER

MOVING IRON
AMMETER os/1A
150/300 V
ls A

0.5/1A
1 PHASE C
AUTOTRANSFORMER
MOVING IRON HIGH
1-PHASE
50 HZ. VOLTMETER 115 V
230 V VOLTAGE
V
230 VOLT SIDE
AC SUPPLI
150/300V

OPRN CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

 JALPAIGUR0GO÷t. ENGG. COLLEGE
PAPER CODE-CC191

wEXPERIMENT NO- 14
wNAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Two wattmeter method of
measuring
three-phase circuit for resistive only. power in
BJDCT OF IHE CXPERIMENT: To masure the power consumed an d the no
factor in a balanced three-phase cireI il
to thè baBaned resistive load, connected
usng two single.
phase wattmeter.
EORY:Twol- wattmeters.arc sufliciel1t to mcasure the total power
? balanccd cirçuitas cxplaincd bclow. The coisumed by a
below: conncclion diagi am is given
wCIRCUIT DI(GRAM:
The current cois of the
R and B. Tles: current wattmeters are codnected in series with any two oftie lines, say
coils
(or vollage) cois of the two carty the line currents IR and Ip respectively. The pressure
i.e., Y line. wattmeters are connected between that line and tlhe third
line,
Considering a l;alanced 3-¢ load at a
In will havc sane power factor cos¢ lagging, the line
magnilude
voltage as shov hclow. and each will be lagging by angle curreat IR, Iy and
from its correspond1ng
Assuming a Y(star) connected system-we-have)
lLFIph and V V3 Voh
Thus we have I = 1y= lglph.
Sirhilarly for the voltages, V Vy= Vh=Voph.
We know that the
linc voltagcs, VRD=
By.phasor mcthod we can determine line VR-Vg and VYB= Vy- Va.
leads Vy by 30°. voltages VRu and Vyn. The line ollage YRB
làgs VyB by 30° andVya
NRband line current lg is Thus, the phase angle
(30° -¢). between
the line voltage
Singilarly, the phase angle between the
hereforc, the power in two line voltage VYB and
line current Iy is
cos (30° -)
a3 wattmeters
Yph
is given by (30° +)
lgh COS (30
w2VYo ly cos (30° +) =
3 Vph Lph
-¢)and
ne addition of thesc (WO COs (30° +)
poowers gives-
C0s P2 -P
 W1=3Vh oh (cos
(30° -) +cos (30°
=3Vhçh
=3V;hph cos
(2 cos 30
cos+)
+)
The above
equation
the threeshows that the sum of the
consumedi a
SinceI=Ihand Vi3 phase balanced system. wattmeter readings gives the total power
The load power factor v, ,So
Current phasor can which is defined Wi+W;= 3(V/3) I, cos = Vl cos.
as the cosine of angle between voltage phasor and
also be determined from
Power factor i.e. cosh =(W + this experiment.
W)/
resistive load. So, the power factor =1 Vl Here, the experiment is executed for a
N3
Note:
1. While
performing theexperiment
using two 1-¢ wattrieters, one of forthethewatmeters
measurement of power in a 3-¢ circuit
may give negative deflection.
"lis naPpens in case ofa load having a Dower factor less than 0.). In
to get positive deflection from the wattmeter, the connections of eithersucna vass
the current
CO1l or the pressure coil of the wattmeter should be reserved. This reading is to be
regarded as anegative reading.
2. When the power factor of the load is 0.5 then one of the wattmeters willgive zero
deflection.
3. This experiment is executed for balanced load. But, these hold good for
unbalanced load also.

PRoCEDURE: -
1. Make connections as shown in figure.
~. Keep thethree- phase variac at its zero position.
3, Kee the three phase variable load so as to have maximum resistance.
4, Satch on.the supply.
5. Increase the voltage applicd to the circuit by changing the position of variac so
deflection.
that al the metcrs give readable meters.
of allthe
6. Note down the readings and 6 for at least six times
7, Chanee the supply voltage and repcat the step 5 sutficient number of different .
8. Tf ch£nging the supply voltage doesnt give
can alsobe changed to take different readings.
readings thethree-phaseload
!

QBSERVATIONTABLE:
W W: |P W;+W: W W: Cos
SLNo.

the load at
Iactor and (olal power consuired at
Calenlation: - Calculate the power results in the table.
stepand record these
shouldn' excecd the current ratings of the
readings of the ammeters
Precaution: -The
watmeters.

2
 WATT
METER
MIA SA,60O V
2.5/5 - m
MN
R1
L2 MIA
800
Sta
Connected
2.5/5 WATT R2 Varlable
METER Resistanco
5A,800 V MIV
109,ohms
MIA c 600
..amps
2.5/5 R3

M WI

upply

CiJ cuit

T00 Glatlmefer meted of mezwing Pooen

3
obseavetion Tabl e
H
SL TTo e Po4o
NO. R I, I,
---+

Cos z COs tan

1.
 Fluorescent
Fluorescent
Lamp: operatlon. The
required.Introductlon : Object: Name
theWhenChoke: mercury providedcoated
andfilament. with
b)when applsufflcient
ied arc, beenstartercurreng fluorescent c) b) a)
vojtage made cathode emtelectYons. To To To
supply These famillarize of
lamp clrcultwhlch undr The with find-out
measure
across the
voltageavallable. filaments
required fluorescent
tube
sultablelamp,
Inductive appears is lawW caps are lamp
is the
Induces made
working, contalnshaving in the the Experiment:
lamp. drop pressure.
This princlple choke a is
toThis a strlking with
power
voltage a on, Is discharge the
oçurs.inmaintaln acrossheavýenable
It It makes current achleved two coll
argon
At connectlon
vÍltage
limlts therefore. is the plns Is and
consumptlon
surge voltage them start, low.pressure
material
the the
the the cathode floWs lamp.
to.emlt
or-krypton at
by a CHARACTERISTICS
current to same same arc current both starter. and
surge through the diagram
start seen (Phosphorus).Thelamp For
thereby Is to
s of use ends extinguishlng
ofa
in 0s gas merçury Each its
In the that small: betheelectrons. th e of
lamp choke, passed
choke to of operatlon.two fluoresçent of
discharge.of theestablished lamp of
allowing As chok. facllate the a
circult. these fluorescent
chokè lamp where After
filament through In tubedischarge voltage
This conjunçtlon
performs only currenteasily. startingwith with accessorles lamp. OF
electrons. supply short a more
voltage and of
the filaments, oxide consists lamp
a
lamp. FLUORESCENT
flows After of time stater. addltlonal
required wlth fluorescent
two etectrons'has by with
coatedtungsten has
the virtue starter small ofglass
functions
L through starter.whlch Internal importance
establishment Thls
voltage quantityof accessories
breaksthis
ofcårrent get tube lamp.
choke break surface
: previous heated-u LAMP
to for
be In heat: Its 'are
of th
Glow starter: appears
of the
hold
open. At start, when supplyIs given, breaks
starter the bi-metallic contacts are in the glowswitch it
In glow type under low pressure bi-metallic
bi-metallic contacts. Since there is helium gas through
filaments. Once
across bends, current
discharge, bi-metallic strips Bi-metallic strips then
separate
down. Under the heat of produced in the starter,
no more heat is surge
stripscome-in solid contact, correspondingly generating inductive voltage
thereby bringing interruption in the current lamp starts functioning, there occurSo
apart After the
of the arc inthe tube. discharge in the gloW
required for the establishment is not in a position to initiate
dröp in the choke and net available voltage
of voltage
starter. resistance. This
condenser is put in a series with a
a
minimize radio interference, together.
In glow type starter, to prevents starter contactsfrom being welded
checksany condenser surge and
due to inclusion of the choke. A power factor
low and is about O.5Jagging about 0.95
Power factor ofthe lamp is supply, may improve the power factor to
across the
correcting conducer, if connected
lagging.

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as per Fig.
2) Get it checked by the Teacher. on.
With the zero voltage position of the variac the A.C. supply is switched
3)
fluorescent lampstrikes. Note the striking voltage. Now
4) Gradually increase the voltage till the
voltage i.e.230 volt
increase the supply voltage up to the rated
Decrease the supply voltage using the variac from 230 volt and stop it when the fluorescent
5)
lamp extinguishes. Note the extinguishing voltage.

volt. Note the reading

6) Increase the supply voltage from 150 volt to 230 volt at an interval of 10
0f ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter, Measure also the voltage across the fluorescent lamp.
7) Then decrease the supply voltage from 230 vot to 150 volt at an an interval of 10volt. Take the
readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.

Observations :
 Starter
Wattmeter
M
jutotransformer Choke

V Tube
nse

ÇHARACTERISTICS OF FLUOR0SCENT LAMP

 Observations:

a) What Is the functlon of starter?

b) What is the functlon of.choke ?
how?
c) Does the tube glow wlthout starter? If yes,
modiflcationis necessary ?
d) Can we use a fluorescent lamp In D.C clrcuit? What
lamp ?
e) What are the gases used In fluorescent
the start
f) Why açapacltor Is connected across
g) Plot the graph between Power and supply voltage ?

Table- 1A

Striklng Voltage
Extingulshing Voltage
 Applied Voltage Decreasing
Obs.No. Obs.No. Line Power
Applied Voltage increasing Applied Lamp
Applied Lamp Line Power current| input
Voltage Voltage current Input
Voltage Voltage
1. 10.

2. 11.

3. 12.

4 13.

5 14.

6 15.

7. 16.

8 17.

9 18.

OBSERVATION TABLE
 Apparatusused:
Voltmeter -Quantity Type Rating Makes name Sl.No.

Ammeter

Wattmetr

Varlac

Devlce under Test:

Name of the Quantity Type Rating Makes-name. S, No:
devlce

Fluorescent
lamp
Starter

Choke