from (@) YY 296 = 15+ 0.59h = 236m Problem 2-36 In the figure shown, determine the height f of water and the ‘gage reading at A when the absolute pressure at B is 290 kPa,60 SHAPTERTWo Fun Frinciples of Hydrostatics EMYDRAULICS Solution Suntup absolute pressure head from B to 2in meters of water; a 0.7(13.6)-h= a $B -952-h= he2203m 700 mm Summup absolute pressure head from B to A in meters of water; 78 07036) +07~ Fa Y Y -95240.7— Pa A smsa7- fe P4=2085 kPa abe Problem 2-37 To In the figure shown, the atmospheric Pressure is 101 kPa, the gage reading at is 40 kPa, and the vapor Pressure of alcohol is 12 kPa absolute, Compute x-+ y, Solution ‘Sum-up absolute pressure head from 1 to 2in meters of water; PL yog)= 22 7 209-7 $4101 gg 12 ‘981 sar y=id6rm et CHAPTER TWO. VUID MECHANICS Principles of Hydrostatics a 1DRAULICS ap pressure (gage) head from 1 to 4in meters of water; PL + 50.9) +1300.9)-1303.6)= me Y 2 +09x-1651-0 981 x=B8lm Then a+ y= 28.42 m problem 2-38 Wor the manometer setup shown, ‘Solution x4068=y+17 x-y=102m > Eq. (1) Sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water; PA. x.0.68(0.85)+ y= 2B. Y Y PA PB ayy +0578 > Eq.) YY Substitute x - y= 1.02 in Eq, (1) to Bq. Q): Pa. PB 10240578 1 7 PA PB 21508 981 pa~pa= 15.68 kPa 6t62 CHAPTER TWO Principles of Hydrostaties Problem 2-39 A differential manometer is attached to a pipe as shown. Calculate the pressure difference between points A and B. Sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water; fa = 0.9) - 0113.6) + 0.1(0.9) + (0.9) = 2B 7 Pa 1 PA-PE Lam om he Pan pe 12.46 kPa - a = 0.1136) -010.9) FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS: FLUID MECHANICS 4 HYDRAULICS Problem 2 40 In the figure shown, the letlection of mercury is initially 250 mm, If the pressure at A is cased by 40 kPa, while aintaining the pressure at B constant, what will be the new ercury deflection? Figure (a) CHAPTERTWO Principles of Hydrostatics Figure (b) In Figure g, sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water; 2A 06-025136) +025+ 21 2B Y Pa | PS 21.65 mof water Y 7cuarten two no 64 Sites areas AD MECHANICS In Figure b, pa’ = pa + 40 Sum-up pressure head from A’ to B in meters of water; PA (06-)-(0.25 + 291964 295 +2)= Be 1 me 06+ 2-34-2724 +235 4x= 2B Y bay A = 26 Y oat 1,65 - 25.2 7 Pa 1 1.65 = 25.2.x- 2.423 x= 0.162. m = 162 mam - PB 22524-2423 But 24 . Pe 165 y ror New mercury deflection = 250 + 2x = 250-+ 2(162) New mercury deflection = 574 mm Problem 2- 41, In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between points A a FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERTWO ge 4. HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics Solution ‘Sum-up pressute head from A to B in meters of water; oa +0.2{0.88) - 0.09(13.6) - 0:31(0.82) + 0.25 -0.1(0.0012) = oe Fa BB 210528 mot water PA~ pa 9.81(1.0523) = 10.32 KPa voblem 2 - 42 (CE Board) Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point where an air bubble, upon reaching the surface, has six times its volume than it had at the bottom? Solution Applying Boyle's Law {assuming isothermal condition) TV = pa] pr= 1013+ 981(L.03)1 pi= 1013+ 10.104 ‘ev a= 1013+0=1013 Yynov (101.3 + 10.104) = 101.3 6 ¥) 10.104 k= 101.36) - 101.3 hs 50.13 m ;6 CHAPTER TWO FLUID MECHANICS Principtes of Hydrostaties & HYDRAULICS Problem 2- 43 A vertical tube, 3 m long, with one end closed is inserted vertically, with the open end down, into a tank of water to such a depth that an open manometer Connected to the upper end of the tube reads 150 mim of mercury. Neglecting vapor pressure and assuming normal conditions, how far is the lower end of the tube below the water surface in the tank? Sol Applying Boyle's Law: Y= paV2 Before the tube was inserted; Absolute pressure of air inside, pr = 101.3 Volume of air inside, Vi = 34 When the tube was inserted; Absolute pressure of air inside, pz = 101.3 + 9.81(13.6(0.15) Absolute pressure of ait inside, pa = 121 31 kPa Volume of air inside the tube, Vi= (3- yA {Viz pa Val 1013 4) =12131[@-y)4] 3-y=2505 ¥=0495 m From the manometer shown; Po= Yulin = 81x 13.6)(0.15) pr 200124 kPa CHAPTER TWO. PLUID MECHANICS ip nTeR NWO ‘A. HYDRAULICS hinee the pressure in air inside the tube is uniform, then pr = po = 20.0124 kPa Pe™ Yo ht 20.0124 = 981k; h=2.04m Then: x=h+y=2.04 + 0.495 22535 m Problem 2-44 ji sti ji indi igh, has a nec A bottle consisting of a cylinder 15 cm in diameter and 25 cm high, has which is 5 cmt diameter and 25.cm long. The bottle is inserted vertically in water, with the open end down, such that the neck is completely filled with water, Find the depth to which the open end is submerged. Assume normal baromtetric pressure and neglect vapor pressure. Solution Applying Boyle's Law nVi=pVs Before the bottle was inserted: Volume of air: Vix | C5) (25) + $F C5) Vi = 4,908.74 cm? Absolute pressure in air: pr 101.325 When the bottle is inserted: Volume of air: Va $05? (25) V_=44179 cm? Prescure in air: peo 101325 +981 h Vi= pV bh 101 325¢4, 90878) = (101.325 + 9.81 1)(4417.9) 101.325 + 9.82 k= 112.58 k= 1.5m xe ht 25=26.15 em 67 \68- P FLUID MECHANICS inciples of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS rics Problem 2-45 {Bicycle tice is inflated at sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 KPa and the temperature is 21 °C, to 445 kPa, Assuming the tire does not orpand, what is the gage pressure within the tire on the top of a mountain where the altitude is 6,000 m, atmospheric pressure is 47.22 KPaa, and the temperature is 5 °C, Solution Atsea level: Absolute pressure of air, Pi= 101.3 + 445 Absolute pressure, ju = = 546.3 Pan Volume of air, ¥; = V. Absolute temperature of air. T= 21 + 273 = 204°K On the top of the mountain: Absolute pressure of air, p= 47.22 + p Since the tire did not expand. volume of air, V2 = V Absolute temperature of air, Ti = 5+ 273 = 278 °K py t 7 Ty 1 SA6.3(V) _ (47.22-+ pw 284 278 47.224 p= 51657 P= 469.35 kPa UID MECHANICS CHAFTERTWO gg A HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostatics {Supplementary Problems Problem 2 ~ 46 . , ‘A weather report indicates the barometric pressure is 28.54 inches of mercury. pounds per square inch? What is the atmospheric pressure in Pera Arts: 14.02 psi Problem 2-47 7 The tube shown is filled with oil. Determine the pressure heads at B and Cin meters of water. Problem 2-48, For the tank shown in the figure, compute the pressure at points B, C, D, and E in kPa. the unit weight of air. Me Neti Ans. po =4.9; pe po = 4.9; pe = 21.6470 _ principles ot terete 035m — 020m 4 Problem 2-50 A glass 12.cm tall filled with water is inverted. The bottom. i . is the pressure at the closed end? Barometric pressure is 101.325 ie Wratis Ans: 100.15 kPaa Problem 2-52 In Figure 13, in which fluid will a pressure of 700 kPa first be achieved? Ans: glycerin Bes 90a FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERTWO 7g ‘4 HYDRAULICS Principles of Hydrostaties fe evoRAUE CS Prablem 2-52 ‘A cylindrical tank contains water at a height of 55 mm, as shown. Inside is a vall open cylindrical tank containing cleaning fluid (s.g. = 0.8) at a height h. The pressure pp = 13.4 kPa gage and pic = 13.42 kPa gage. Assume the cleaning fluid is prevented from moving to the top of the tank. Use unit weight of water = 9.79 KN/a. {@) Determine the pressure ps in kPa, (b) the value of hin tm, and (6) the value of y in millimeters. ‘Ans: {a) 12.88; (B) 10.2; (c) 101 Problem 2 53 A differential manometer shown is measuring the difference in pressure two water pipes, The indicating liquid is mercury (specific gravity = 13.6), Inis 675 mm, hua is 225 min, and hy is 300 mm. What is the pressure differential between the two pipes. A ie ns: 89.2272 « CHAPTERTWO FLUID MECHANICS. TUnD MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE 7-3 Principles of Hydrostatics & HYDRAULICS 4 HYDRAULICS ‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces Problem 2-54 A force of 460 N is exerted on lever AB as shown. The end B is connected toa ¢ ha ter 3 piston which fits into a cylinder having a diameter of 60 mm. What force Fo acts on the larger piston, if the volume between C and D is filled with water? Ans: 15.83 KN Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES 1 the pressure over a plane area is uniform, as in the case of a horizontal surface submerged in a liquid or a plane surface inside a gas chamber, the (otal hydrostatic Force (or total pressure) is given by: L FepA a1 Problem 2-55. where p is the uniform pressure and A is the area. An open tube open tube is attached to a tank as shown. If water rises to a ancl i height of 800 mum in the tube, what are the pressures pa and po of the air above Jn the case of an inclined or vertical plane submerged in a liquid, the total water? Neglect capillary effects in the tube. pressure can be found by the following formula: Ans: pa = 3.92 KPa; ps = 4.90 kPa guid surface $ Figure 3 = 1; Forces on an incined plane74 «CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces &: HYDRAULICS Consider the plane surface shown inclined at an angle @ with the horizontal To get the total force F, consider a differential clement of atea dA. ‘Since thas ] Fem ey Factor of safety against overturning, Fo: SS = BM Fog TA >I where: = coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the foundation. Foundation Pressure Fores B/6 + From combined axial and bending stress formul By 4 By eB/2) B B12 MuID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE 7 A nivpRAULics Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces a tng Bet Bo BP Bg, 3-14 By (14.8 3 : (12%) wnerees /6 ute: Use (+) to get the stress at point where Ry is nearest, In the diagram shown above, use (+) to get gr and () to get gu. A negative stress indicates pressive stress and a positive stress indicates tensile stress. ‘nce soil cannot carry any tensile stress, the result of Bq. 3- 14 is invalid if the nivess is positive. This will happen if ¢ > B/6, Should this happen, Eq. 3 - 15 will be used. when e> B/6 afd an3% Ry V(0)(99(0) Rewer E Bq.3-15FLUID MECHANICS (CHAPTER THREE 88 HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces BUOYANCY ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE A principle discovered by the Greek scientist Archimedes that states that “any body immersed ina fluid is acted upon ty an uproard force (buoyant force} equal to the weight of the displaced fluid’. This principle, also known as the lavo of lupdrostatics, applies to both floating and submerged bodies, and to ail fluids. Consider the body shown in Figure 3-9 immersed in a fluid of unit weighty. The horizontal components of the force acting on the body are all in equilibrium, since the vertical projection of the body in opposite sides is the same. The upper face of the body is subject to a vertical downward force which is equal to the weight of the fluid above it, and the lower face is subject to an upward force equal to the weight of real or imaginary liquid above it. ‘The net upward force acting on the body is the buoyems force. BF = FF, Figure 3 - 9: Forces acting on a submerged body BF=Fr-Fy ‘1Vols) - ¥(Voh) BF = y(Vol - Voh) BP=yVo Fg. 3-16 Se HUI MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE gq A HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surtaces where: ‘y= unit weight of the fluid Vp= volume displaced. Volume of the body below the liquid surface {iv solve problems in buoyancy, identify the forces acting aad apply conditions of static syuititrivom: EFu=0 BFveo =M=0 lor homogeneous solid body of volume V “floating” in a homogeneous fluid at nest sp.grofliquid ” ~ Yuyua ofbody jy. Teoty yy ¥q.3-17 I the body of height H has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area such as vertical cylinders, blocks, ete. be fbody 5. Thody pp sp.grofliquid §— Yigua Fq.3-18 Ti the body is of uniform vertical cross-sectional area A, the area submerged A, A Bq. 3-1990 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS ‘STATICAL STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES A floating body is acted upon by two equal opposing forces. These are, the body's weight W (acting at ils center of gravity) and its buoyant force BF (acting at the center of buoyancy that is located at the center of gravity of the displaced liquid). When these forces are collinear as shown in Figure 3 - 10 (@), it floats in an upright position. However, when the body tilts due to wind or wave action, the center of buoyancy shifts to its new position as shown in Figure 3 - 10 (b) and the two forces, which are no longer collinear, produces a couple equal to W(q). The body will not overturn if this couple makes the body rotate towards its original position as shown in Figure 3 - 10 (b), and will overturn if the situation is as shown in Figure 3-10 (¢) ‘The point of intersection between the axis of the body and the line of action of the buoyant force is called the mefacenfer. The distance from the metacenter (M) to the center of gravity (G) of the body is called the metacentric height (MG). It can be seen that a body is stable if M is above G as shown in Figure 3 = 10 (b), and unstable if M is below G as shown in Figure 3-10 (). IF M coincides with G, the body is said to be just stable, Figure 3 ~ 10 (2): Upright postion Figure 3- 10 (b): Stable postion CHAPTERTHREE gy Ce etice Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces A FVORAULICS Figure 3 = 10: Forces on a floating body RIGHTING MOMENT AND OVERTURNING MOMENT ‘RM or OM= We) 3-20 ELEMENTS OF A FLOATING BODY: W = weight of the body BE= acgent force (always equal to W for a floating body) G = center of gravity of the body 7 Bo center of buoyancy in the uptight position (centroid of the displaced liquid) Bo' = center of buoyancy in the tilted position Vp = volume displaced ‘Mi = metacenter, de point of intersection between the line of action of the buoyant force and the axis of the body ¢# center of gravity of the wedges (immersion and emersion) 5 horizontal distance between the cg’s of the wed ges = volume of the wedge of immersion = angle of tilting MBo = distance from M to Bo (GBo = distance from G to Bo MG = metacentric height, distance from M toG92 CHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces Metacentric height, MG = MB, & GB, Use (+ if Gis above Bo Use (+) if Gis below Bo Note: Mis always above 8, VALUE OF MB, The stability of the body depends on the amount of the righting moment ‘which in turn is dependent on the metacentric height MG. When the body tilts, the center of buoyancy shifts to a new position (Bo’). This shifting also causes the wedge vo’ to shift to a new position 2, The moment due to the shifting of the buoyant force BF(:) is must equal to moment due to wedge shift F(5). FL MECHAN CHAPTER THREE RAUCS Total Hydrostatic Force anSurtaces 93 & HYDRAULICS Moment due to shifting of BF = moment due to shifting of wedge BF (2) =F (s) BE=yVo Fryp z= MBo sin® 7 VoMBosinO=yos Vosind INITIAL VALUE OF MB, For small values of 8, (8 = 0 or @ = 0): Wedge, volume = v Figure 3 - 28: Rectangular body Consider a body in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped length L as shown in Figure 3 - 11; Volume of wedge, v = ¥5(B/2){(B/2) tan 6]L ‘Volume of wedge, w= $25? tan 0 For small values of ,s% $B94 SHAPTER THREE FLUID MECHANICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS ps MB, = Pe Tine LB? tandx2B MB, = Hesham 8 But for small values of @, sin 0 » tan 6 But 4 LB" is the moment of inertia of the watetline section, 1 + Bg. 3223 Note: This forma can be applied to any section, Since the metacentric height MG is dependent with MB. the stability of a floating body therefore depends on the moment of inertia of the waterline section. It can also be seen that the hody is more stable in pitching than in rolling because the momtent of inertia in pitching is greater than that in rolling, MOMENT ‘The righting of overturning moment on a floating body is: RM or OM = Wa= W (MG sin 0) 3-24 CHAPTER THREE Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces « 11 UID MECHANICS 1. HYDRAULICS: FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION BOL ‘where Lis the length perpendicular to the igure Ye(B/2)[(B/2) tan OU v= PLB tand Centroid of triangle, ¥ i ge tee tts rom geometry, = = 72778. 5 = 22 (8/2)s000+ (B/2)c050 9) = B (Lreos*e oat) 3 Ae96 CHAPTER THREE Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces Gee? ono fees 3\ cose EDijsino £B* sin@ | 1h c0s?6 24 cosi" “cos6, BDLsin® BP 1+ cos7@ BaD cosa 2 MO. 35 (—he=t] AD \ cos? 6 ts, ne gp Gero +) FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS MB, = but sect@ = 1+ tan2@ oe, - 2 (Be = 5 (0 + tant) +3] s Bt (2, tan2@ Me, = 2 (2+ tanto) = Bi (2, tanto Tap 2 re) Sl ] FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE & HYDRAULICS 97 ‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces Consider a pipe of diameter D and thickness f be subjected to a net pressure 1p. Yo determine the tangential stress in the pipe wall, let us cut a section of length - along the diameter. The forces acting on this section are the total pressure F due to Ue internal pressure and this is to be vesisted by T which is the total stress of the pipe wall. Applying equilibrium condition; Fu =0) For F = pA=pDs T=StAwn T=Sr(sxd) pDs=2x[Sr(ex 0) Tangential stress, S¢= 2D . Bg.3-26 STRESS ON THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS ‘THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL TANK A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections. To detenmine the longitudinal stress, let us cut the eylinder across its length as shown, (EFn=0) Fat Fepa Pep yD T=S,Avat Avat™ 2DE T= S.xDt p ED = Sent Longitudinal stress; $1 = 2 p= internal pressure — external pressure