Introduction to Ethnography and Ethnolinguistic language, through the main one are Latin, French,

Research Greek, and German.

I. INTRODUCTION/CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The topics that will be discussed are the building blocks
to study Ethnography and Ethnolinguistic Research
Language. The word Ethnography comes from Greek
words, <Ethnos=, meaning people & <Graphein=,
meaning writing. According to Wolcott (1999)
ethnography is a description of <the customary social
behaviors of an identifiable group of people=
Ethnography is a kind of qualitative study in which it is
necessary to include oneself in a certain group or
organization in order to observe their behavior and
interactions intensively since its utmost purpose is to B. Loanwords fall into two categories: popular
gain a holistic understanding of a social or cultural loanwords and learned loanwords.
group. In simple words, it is the description of people
and their way of life. On the other hand, a. Popular Loanwords - Popular loanwords are
everyday words. You might not even realize that some
Ethnolinguistics is concerned with the study of the of them came from another language.
interrelation between a language and the cultural b. Learned Loanwords - Learned loanwords tend to
behaviour of those who speak it. To sum it up, come from scholarly or specialized fields, like
Ethnography and Ethnolinguistics is pertaining to medicine or law.
culture, language, common behaviors and beliefs, and
how individuals are shaped by their social
environment.

1. Language Borrowing (1st sub-topic)

A. What is Language Borrowing? In linguistics,
borrowing (also known as lexical borrowing) involves
copying a word that originally belonged to one
language, now being used into another language. Thus,
this process entails two things: the borrowing
language and source language. The borrowing
language adapting words from the source language
due to their particular reasons.
C. How does loaning words work?
The words that are borrowed called loanwords or it We humans cannot survive without interacting with
can be called borrowings. Through the centuries, each other. Indeed, no man is an island, and through
loanwords are very common and undeniably become the use of language, the society can work easily, the
essential part of the language to the point that even economy will boost and people can be globally
native speakers can't say where the word originated. competitive. We can now communicate with people
Loanwords make language learning a bit easier around the world, and Language Borrowing is one of
because the odds are that you already know some of the consequences or we can say result of cultural
the words based on your existing language skills. contact between two language communities.

Borrowing of words can be beneficial to both party

Loanwords make up 80% of English! and can go in both directions However, there is a
In other words, there is no such thing as pure thing we called asymmetry, wherein one language
English. As lexicographer Kory Stamper benefits more because more words are going from
explains, - English has been borrowing words from their side. Hence, source language community has a
other languages since its infancy.= Over its 1500 year great influence
of history, English has borrowed from hundreds of
that makes them have authority, power, and integrated
reputation which makes the goods and ideas it linguistically
delivers appealing and valuable. Ruminating what into the other.
have been mentioned makes us think that the process
of language borrowing is complex. Speakers are
cognizant adopting the new word when speaking the
borrowing language, because it most exactly fits the
idea they are trying to express. The new loanwords
that are incorporated into the receiving language's
vocabulary frequently sound foreign word at first and
they may only be used in specific areas of the society
until unconsciously it gradually spread to more
speakers over time. Moreover, as the foreign word is
phonologically altered, there are also changes in
pronunciation due to it9s easier to say in the language 3. Cultural contact between two communities that
that borrowed it through a process called speak different languages.
naturalization or assimilation. Further, if a loanword is For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few
spoken by a large majority of people on a regular basis centuries adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as
and its meaning no longer demands explanation, then they adopted new products via trade with the
the word has been conventionalized. At this point we Romans.
can now call it loanword and not foreign word Inevitably, few Germanic words passed into Latin as
anymore. Note that, not all foreign words become well.
loanwords, if they fall out of use before they become Further, war and colonization can be reasons too as
widespread, they do not reach the loanword stage. they bring about language contact situations which
can disturb and change the language ecology of a
D. Why do Languages borrow words? region.
1. They didn't have the word or the particular concept.
For instance, English borrowed Kimono on Japanese
because English have no equivalent. Since it is
originated in Japan which is their traditional Japanese
culture and not a part of belief in America, they
borrow the word.
In fact, a lot of the words that end up being loaned are
part of the material culture of the dominant group.
Food, plants, animals, and tools migrate with the
groups that use them, and, of course, so do the words
that describe those things. So, when one interacts
with other people and their objects and words,
undoubtedly, physical and linguistic exchanges take E. History through Loan Words
place. Moreover, since those objects/material cultures We can learn about the history of English-speaking
already have names, the borrowing culture most likely peoples by looking at the kind of loan terms they use,
adopt those names instead of inventing their own where they came from, and when they were
words. borrowed. Until the Norman Conquest in 1066,
2. Bilinguals support words from one language into England was inhabited. The Normans spoke French,
another. and for the next three centuries following the
Language switching is natural for those who are Conquest, it was the language of the state, as well as
bilingual so it is inevitable that they can unconsciously most commercial, social, and cultural matters. This
bring up words from one language into another. When was a situation in which French, the culturally
bilinguals interact with other bilinguals who know the dominant language at the time, collided with English.
same languages, they may well intermingle their Countless French words entered English during these
languages through code-switching or borrowing. three centuries, including the following examples:
Through this action, bilinguals can be in a situation Government
where a word or short expression from one language is • crown prince
• nation jury • Tortilla
• judge crime • Pasta
• attorney saint Sub types of Direct Borrowing:
• miracle charity A. Cultural Borrowing
- is taking ideas and practices from another culture,
When an Englishman slaughtered an ox for food, he ethic group or religion.
ate ox. If it was a pig, he ate pig. If it was a sheep, he Example:
ate sheep. However, <ox= served at the Norman tables • Christian practicing some Buddhist concepts.
was beef (boeuf), <pig= was pork (porc), and <sheep= • Christmas traditions of one country being practiced
was mutton (mouton). These words were borrowed in another country
from French into English, as were the food-preparation B. Core Borrowing
words boil, fry, stew, and roast. Over the years French - are words that duplicate elements that the recipient
foods have given English a flood of borrowed words for language already has in its word
menu preparers: store
• aspic bisque Example:
• bouillon brie • In Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, where both
• brioche canapé English and Shona are official
• caviar crouton languages, native speakers of Shona sometimes use
• escargot fondue English word problem
• mousse pâté instead of Shona counterpart, Dambudziko.
• quiche ragout C. Therapeutic Borrowing
• consommé coq - borrowing has also been said to occur for therapeutic
• au vin coupe reasons when the original word
• crêpe croissant croquette became unavailable.
Subcases:
English borrowed many <learned= words from foreign A. Borrowing due to word taboo: In some cultures,
sources during the Renaissance. In 1475 William there are strict word taboo
Caxton introduced the printing press in England. By rules
1640, 55,000 books had been printed in English. The B. Borrowing for reasons of homonymy avoidance: If a
authors of these books used many Greek and Latin word becomes too similar
words, which consequently entered the language. to another word due to sound change, the homonymy
• From Greek came drama, comedy, tragedy, scene, clash might be avoided by
botany, physics, zoology, andatomic. borrowing.
• Latin loan words in English are numerous. They 2.) INDIRECT/LESS BORROWING
include: bonus scientific exit alumnus quorum - speakers are only borrowing the meaning of the
describe. word and not the word itself.
• Dutch was a source of borrowed words, too, many of Sub types of Indirect borrowing:
which are related to shipping: buoy, freight, leak, a. Loan-translation or Calque - occurs when the native
pump, yacht language uses an item-for-item
• From German came quartz, cobalt. native version of the original.
• From Italian, many musical terms, including words - Literal word-for-word translation of both parts of the
describing opera houses, have been borrowed: opera, lending compound, e.g.
piano, virtuoso, balcony, and mezzanine. Italian also superman derives from the German 8Ubermensch9
gave us influenza, which was derived from the Italian and Gospel (from good and spella(story: bok)).
word for <influence= because the Italians were
convinced that the disease was influenced by the stars. 3.) LOANSHIFT
F. Types of Borrowing - Another process that occurs is that of adopting
1.) DIRECT BORROWING native words to the new meanings.
- is the extraction of an affix based on knowledge of A change or extension of the meaning of a word
the donor language, without the mediation of complex through the influence of a foreign word.
loanwords within the recipient language. - Example of this Christian era in England is Easter
Examples of Direct Borrowing:
• Omelette 4.) LOAN-BLEND
 - A Loan-blend is a form in which one element is a phonologically appropriate use of multiple linguistic
loanword and the other is a native element, as in the varieties.
borrowed preost (priest) plus the native -had (hood) in
Old English to produce preosthad (priesthood). Language contact phenomena such as borrowing,
pidgins and creoles, loan translation (calques), and
language transfer are distinct from code-switching
(language interference). When two or more speakers
who do not share a common language form an
intermediate, third language, they form and establish
a pidgin language. Speakers, on the other hand,
practice code-switching when they are fluent in both
languages. Code mixing is a thematically related term,
but the terms code-switching and code-mixing are
used differently. Some scholars use either term to
refer to the same practice, while others use code-
mixing to refer to the formal linguistic properties of
language-contact phenomena and code-switching to
refer to the actual, spoken usages of multilingual
Code Switching (2nd sub-topic) people. Many scholars considered code-switching to
Changes in accent, dialect, and language are examples be a substandard language usage in the 1940s and
of code-switching (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). Code- 1950s.[3] Since the 1980s, however, most scholars
switching can also refer to the process by which have recognized it as a normal, natural product of
multilingual people use more than one language in bilingual and multilingual language use .
conversation or other forms of communication (e.g., Outside of the field of linguistics, the term code-
gestures, body language, and understood contexts). switching is sometimes used to refer to relatively
stable informal mixtures of two languages, such as
A. Two Definitions Spanglish or Franponais, or to dialect or style-shifting,
I. ALTERNATING OR COMBINING LANGUAGES such as that practiced by African American Vernacular
The definition of code-switching is two-fold. The first English speakers as they move from less formal to
definition refers to the specific linguistic action of more formal settings.
alternating or combining two or more languages.
Unlike loanwords, which become permanent words in B. Some Examples of Code Switching?
a language, code-switching revolves around • If you have an exam next week, şimdiden çalışmaya
interchangeably using words and phrases from başlamalısın. (English + Turkish)
different languages as they suit the situation. • Gracias for the lovely gift. Está awesome! (Spanish +
English)
II. USING DIFFERENT DIALECTS, ACCENTS, AND • Pwede ba tayo mag dinner sa Barney's Burgers later?
MANNERISMS I want protein! (Tagalog + English)
The second definition of code-switching comes from a • Are we eating chez ta mère demain? (English +
sociolinguistic perspective, where the term is much French)
broader. Under this umbrella, code-switching describes • Saweyti l-homework tabaa9ik? (Arabic + English)
the use of different dialects, accents, language • Nó còng đang celebrate cái sinh nhật. (Vietnamese +
combinations, and mannerisms within social groups in English)
order to project a particular identity. Is code-switching • Ní yào qù get pizza with me ma? (Mandarin +
a product of language? English)

The concurrent use of more than one language, or C. Code Switching in Language Learning
language variety, in conversation is referred to as
code-switching in linguistics. Multilinguals, or people The use of code switching by teachers has been a
who speak more than one language, may use source of contention. It is not always done
elements of multiple languages in their conversations. consciously, so it is considered automatic and
Thus, code-switching is the syntactic and unconscious behavior. Nonetheless, it serves some
essential functions. Teachers use the code switching
strategy to provide students with opportunities to use both languages in the same conversation. Code
communicate and to improve students' understanding. switching can occur for four reasons:
It also helps to improve the flow of classroom
instruction because teachers don't have to spend as • For starters, a lack of knowledge of one language or
much time explaining a lack of proficiency in that language on a specific
to students or searching for the simplest words to clear subject.
up any confusion that may arise. The teacher employs
code switching by beginning the lesson in English and • The second reason for code switching is the inclusion
progressing to the second language and back. This of specific people in the distribution of conversations.
ensures that the lesson is as communicative as It is well known that those individuals do not
possible. This method enables teachers to balance the understand the language used for switching.
use of language within a given contact. Students'
attention is gradually drawn to the teaching objective • While the third reason uses code switching as a
as teachers switch between codes. Here, code stylistic device to indicate a change in the tone of his
switching allows the learner to progress from the conversation at a certain point or to signal the
"known to the unknown." Code switching situations in introduction of a more or less formal subject than
the classroom include topic switch, affective switch, what was previously discussed.
and repetitive switch (Sert 2005). A teacher can use
students' prior L1 learning experience to help them • The fourth reason is an attempt to impress someone
understand L2. Topic switch involves teachers else with his virtuosity in one or more prestige
changing their language to match the topic being languages
taught. This is most noticeable in grammar lessons,
where teachers may want to begin the discourse with a
similar realization in the first language. Affective
functions are critical in the expression of emotion and
the development of a relationship between the
teacher and the student. Code switching is used in
repetitive functions to clarify the meaning of a word
and emphasize importance in English language
content for better comprehension. It also assists
students in becoming more proficient in the language
they are attempting to learn. An instruction is given in
English, and the teacher repeats it in the students'
mother tongue. Code switching will be very useful for
teachers of science, technology, and other allied
disciplines in explaining complex scientific terms,
making teaching and learning easier and more
interesting.

D. Why do People Code-switch?

There are several reasons for switching from one
language to another, and these will be considered. The
reasons for code switching in the community are that
the switcher recognizes that the use of either of two
languages has value in terms of the benefits and costs
that accrue to the user. In terms of potential rewards,
the switcher takes the "middle road" and decides to
G. Is Code Switching the Same as Code Mixing? which is Low variety is a local form called: Informal or
Both involve creating hybrid words or switching colloquial variety which is the natural medium of
between two or more language within phrases, interaction between speakers. It is used in informal
clauses, or from one complete sentence to the next. contexts: home, workplace, market, among friends
Some use the terms "code mixing" and "code and acquaintances. The latter, which is High variety is
switching" interchangeably, especially those who study MSA (Modern Standard Arabic) which takes its
morphology, syntax, and other formal aspects of normative rules from CA (Contrastive Analysis). It is
language, but other areas (like subfields of linguistics, used in formal situations for high functions such as:
communication, or education theory) have their own public meetings, scientific conferences and
extremely specific definitions for code educational purposes.
mixing.
Discourses of Language in Cultural and Social
The main difference can be summarized like this: Code Relevance
switching is something speakers do intentionally (3rd sub-topic)
because they want to express themselves with a
personal style or flavor, but code mixing is something A. What is a discourse?
speakers might do unintentionally simply because they It is the act of communication. A verbal or written
don't know the correct word or phrase. interchange of ideas which may be formal or informal
depending on the social setting. On the other hand,
H. Is Code Switching the Same as Speaking a Pidgin social discourse according to Leverkhun(2021), is a
Language? communication that involves social element. It
Code switching and pidgin are not exactly the same. revolves on how the society as a whole participate in
The difference is that code switching generally occurs the free exchange of ideas in a manner that they are
when both speakers are fluent in both languages used understood. This has been enabled by the Big Tech
in the conversation, while a pidgin language is a companies such as media in order for them to thrive
grammatically simplified way of talking that develops more than it has ever been for the last ten years.
between two or more groups that don't share a But public discourse still remains to be the most
language. Pidgin is more like a third dialect that influential of all. It is defined as any speeches,
evolves when speakers do not share a common publications, and other statements made in pursuit of
language. Usually, in pidgin, a speaker draws from two the public good (M.N.S. Sellers, 2003). It is not
or more languages but vocabulary and grammar are exclusively to the people in government but to people
simplified and reduced. who have access to power that can reach a huge
population such as:
I. Is Diglossia a Form of Code Switching? ➢ news
A diglossia is a community where two different ➢ agencies
languages are spoken by the same people in different ➢ public figures
circumstances to annotate class, formality or some ➢ and other media
faction of culture. The difference is that code- It also regards to public policy as distinguished from
switching occurs as a byproduct of comfortable private discourse among citizens seeking to develop
communication whereas a diglossia reflects culture their own private friendship and interests (M.N.S.
and class. Sellers, 2003). Private discourse is when individuals
Code switching relates to a Diglossic situation where communicate to develop relationships and private
speakers make use of two varieties for well-defined interests.
set of functions: a high variety, generally the standard,
for formal contexts, and a Low variety typically for B. What is the relationship of Language and culture?
everyday informal communicative acts. In addition to Culture is a way of life by specific group of people
alternation between High and Low varieties, speakers where members of the society agree upon meanings
may also switch between the dialects available to and standard norms and tradition. People in a
them in that community via a process of CS community unite through language; from
communicating, offering contrasting ideas,
Since the Low variety is not very close to the High one; compromising for each other, to the whole process of
illiteracy and colonialism are the main factors that creating a community. Therefore, as language is being
maintain the gap between Low and High. The former, used to compromise and agree, making meaning, and
sharing this meaning among themselves, makes EFFECT OF JOSE P. LAUREL9S SPEECH IN THE SOCIETY
language be involve in a culture. ➢ It has the potential to change the future of society
Discourse is most meaningful when the context is by fulfilling responsibilities and improving the
understood. This is why anthropologists and linguists incredibly brave behavior of Filipino youth. By applying
started to merge their sciences together in what President Jose Laurel said in his speech, youth
ethnolinguistics4 the study of Language and literature, will renew, refresh, and sustain the development of
in relation to the community it originated from. It may their society.
help in explaining the discourse in-depth or may ⚫ IDEA ’97 THE INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES
explain the behavior of a specific community. EDUCATION ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1997 - ensures that all children with
C. Some Discourses in Language in the Philippine disabilities are entitled to a free appropriate public
Society education to meet their unique needs and prepare
⚫ Republic Act No. 7104 - COMMISSION ON THE them for further education, employment and
FILIPINO LANGUAGE ACT - The Commission on the independent living.
Filipino Language was established by Republic Act No. ➢ Special needs education shall be implemented in all
7104 of the Philippine Congress. in 1991, which is now schools to support the implementation of Republic
also known as Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF). Act 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled Persons), an Act
Signed on: August 14, 1991 that provides for the rehabilitation, self-development,
➢ It is hereby declared that the Government will and self-reliance of disabled people, as well as their
ensure and promote the advancement, progression, interconnection into society.
and enrichment of Filipino as the national language of ➢ Through the formal system and other means,
the Philippines, based on existing Philippine and other institutionalization aims to provide access to basic
languages. education for children with special needs such as
➢ The Republic Act is designed to make Filipinos who gifted/talented children, mentally retarded children,
speak their native language a powerful mechanism for visually impaired children, hearing impaired children,
economic development. orthopedically handicapped children, learning
disabled children, speech defectives, children with
EFFECT OF THIS ACT IN THE SOCIETY behavior problems, autistic children, and children
➢ To form a national language commission comprised with health problems.
of participants from different regions and disciplines • Executive Order No. 210—Establishing the Policy to
to conduct, coordinate, and encourage research for the Strengthen the Use of the English Language as a
development, propagation, and preservation of Medium of Instruction in the Educational System
Filipino and other Philippine languages. Signed on: May 17, 2003
⚫ Jose P. Laurel’s speech addressed to the Filipino It is a declared policy of the State to promote
Youth - Former President Jose P. Laurel delivered an education as a means to achieve and maintain an
uplifting speech to the Filipino youth of 1944. During accelerating rate of economic development and Social
this time, the Country is still under Japanese progress. This executive order is for the students need
occupation (independence from the United States was to develop the English Language to maintain and
not granted until July 4, 1946). Spoken on: February improve their competitive edge in emerging and fast-
29, 1944 growing local and international industries, particularly
Laurel wants to awaken the Filipino youth to the in the area of Information and Communications
importance of taking action to protect and love their Technology(ICT) ,and Overseas healthcare work.
countries. His speech is not only for individuals who It affects the society in developing aptitude,
hold positions in government; it is also for all youths competence, and proficiency in the use of the English
who have the responsibility of making the country a Language.
better place. • Implementation of MTB-MLE Signed on: MTB-MLE is
being implemented across the country from the 2012-
FOR WHOM WAS IT WRITTEN? 2013 school year. Department of Education(DepEd)
➢ Jose P. Laurel's speech was aimed directly at all implements Mother Tongue-Based Learning to make
Filipino youth who are responsible for being active the classes more participatory, as well as they
participants, leaders, initiators, and actors in the familiarize with their first languages as a medium of
nation's transformation. education, and easy for them to comprehend a basic
idea.
As part of the K to 12 Basic Education Program, the • DIRECT BORROWING has sub types (1) Cultural
Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB- Borrowing (2) Core Borrowing (3) Therapeutic
MLE) was adopted for all children in public schools, Borrowing
especially in Kindergarten, Grades 1, 2, and 3. • INDIRECT/LESS BORROWING has one sub type -
This implementation has a great impact on the society Loan-translation or Calque which occurs when the
especially those Kindergarten and elementary, in native language uses an item-for-item native version
developing the; of the original.
➢ Personal, social, and cultural identity • LOANSHIFT - Another process that occurs is that of
➢ Critical thinking and literacy skills adopting native words to the new meanings.
➢ And faster and easier learning of students. • LOAN-BLEND - a form in which one element is a
• Upuan by Gloc 9 ft. Jewell Grutas loanword and the other is a native element.
Released on: June 22, 2009 • A language has many parts, some of which are easier
Aristotle Pollisco, also known as Gloc 9, made the song to identify than others. There are different
entitled <Upuan" to open the eyes of the government pronunciations all over the world, and even within
officials about what is happening outside to ordinary individual countries. There is also a difference in the
people while they sit happily on their soft sofa and actual language spoken by certain social groups
enjoying their glass of wine. Government officials living around the world; these specific words or phrases are
their happy lives for the fullest while the community is usually only recognized by the group or groups that
suffering from hunger and poverty. Its purpose was to created the term, as well as many of the local groups
narrate the life struggles of our fellow Filipinos in every that interact with them. These terms are known as
day since they do not have the capacity to support the slang, and they are an important part of many
needs of their family It affects the society through different dialects around the world. Code-switching is
serving as a voice of the people to call the attention of a term used today.
the government regarding the said struggles of our • When a person changes their speech style
fellow Filipinos. Poverty should be annihilated for all depending on who they are with, this is known as
of us to live a better life. code-switching. Code-switching is becoming more
common and has an impact on communities all over
• The word Ethnography comes from Greek words, the world. People use it to feel more at ease in various
<Ethnos=, meaning people & societies in their lives, and they use it to stay
<Graphein=, meaning writing. According to Wolcott connected to all of these parties at the same time.
(1999) ethnography is a description of • Today, code-switching is very popular. It is an
<the customary social behaviors of an identifiable important part of society because it affects so many
group of people= different people. To comprehend code-switching, one
• Borrowing (also known as lexical borrowing) involves must first comprehend language and its role in
copying a word that originally modern society.
belonged to one language, now being used into • We know that code-switching and code-mixing are
another language. TYPICAL for people who speak more than one
• The words that are borrowed called loanwords or it language or dialect. They are effective strategies that
can be called borrowings. necessitate metalinguistic abilities and are NOT
• Popular Loanwords - Popular loanwords are everyday indicative of language impairment. Speakers who use
words. You might not even two languages simultaneously are frequently
realize that some of them came from another described as "confused" or "do not know either
language. language well."
• Learned Loanwords - Learned loanwords tend to • In a single conversation, switching between two or
come from scholarly or specialized more languages or language varieties/dialects. When
fields, like medicine or law conversing, using elements from more than one
• Reasons why do Languages borrow words (1) They language in a way that is consistent with the syntax,
didn't have the word or the morphology, and phonology of each language or
particular concept. (2) Bilinguals support words from dialect.
one language into another. (3) • Discourse - A verbal or written interchange of ideas
Cultural contact between two communities that speak which may be formal or informal depending on the
different languages. social setting.
SUMMARY
• Social Discourse - according to Leverkhun (2021), is a
communication that involves social element.
• Private discourse is when individuals communicate to
develop relationships and private interests.
• Culture - way of life by specific group of people
where members of the society agree upon meanings
and standard norms and tradition.
• Republic Act No. 7104 - COMMISSION ON THE
FILIPINO LANGUAGE ACT - The Commission on the
Filipino Language was established by Republic Act No.
7104 of the
Philippine Congress. in 1991, which is now also known
as Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF).
• Jose P. Laurel’s speech addressed to the Filipino
Youth - Former President Jose P. Laurel delivered an
uplifting speech to the Filipino youth of 1944.

• IDEA ’97 THE INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES

EDUCATION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1997 - ensures
that all children with disabilities are entitled to a free
appropriate public education to meet their unique
needs and prepare them for further education,
employment and independent living.
• Executive Order No. 210—Establishing the Policy to
Strengthen the Use of the English Language as a
Medium of Instruction in the Educational System
• MTB-MLE is being implemented across the country
from the 2012-2013 school year.
• Upuan by Gloc 9 ft. Jewell Grutas - narrate the life
struggles of our fellow Filipinos in every day since they
do not have the capacity to support the needs of their
family.