Plate analysis, theory and applications

Lesson: Introduction

CIE4180
2021
November 2018
Max A.N. Hendriks
1

The majority of the slides have been prepared by Xueyan Liu,

Cor Kasbergen & Alexander Schmetz
Outline of the course
Plate theory:
• Plates loaded in their planes
• Plates loaded perpendicularly to their planes
• Thick plates
• Thin plates

Numerical methods for plates:

• Discrete element method
• Finite element method (FEM)
• Application of FEM

2
Outline of the course
Schedule (see Brightspace for details & updates):
• Plates loaded in their plane
• 2 weeks plate theory and applications of theory
• 1 week numerical methods
• Assignment 1
• Plates loaded perpendicularly to their plane
• 2 weeks plate theory and applications of theory
• 1 week numerical methods
• Assignment 2
• After the Christmas break:
• No lectures in week 7, except:
3
• Recap lecture on 7 Jan 2022 feedback
& Assignment ? (at request)
on 11 Jan 2018
• Written exam on 2731 Jan
Jan 2022
2018
Outline of the course
Lectures on Monday, Wednesday and Friday:
• Generally, there will be two lectures per week.

• Occasionally, extra lectures will be planned

• if needed, or
• as an occasion to discuss the assignments (Q&A).
See the schedule on Brightspace.

Lecturers: Help with assignments:

• Max Hendriks • Hoessein Alkisaei
Rita Esposito
• Pierre Hoogenboom Anjali Mehrotra
4
Outline of the course
Study material (see Brightspace):
• Reader (2 Volumes) by Johan Blaauwendraad
• Book “Plates and FEM” by Johan Blaauwendraad

Assignments:
• Two individual assignments including FEM exercises

Final grade is a weighted average:

• Assignment 1 (10%)
• Assignment 2 (10%)
• Written exam (80%)
5
Outline of the course
Retakes:
• Assignments: no possibilities for a retake
• The results of assignments are valid only in combination
with written exams of the same academic year.

• Written exam: a retake in April

6
 Learning objectives
By the end of the course you should be able to:

• Understand the classical theory of plates and its

applications
• In plane
• Out of plane (thin plates, thick plates)

• Apply the FEM for plates

• Based on thorough understanding of plates theory,
• limited FEM theory and
• hands-on experience
7
What is plate?

Plates are defined as plane structural elements

with a small thickness compared to the planar
dimensions. The typical thickness to width ratio
of a plate structure is less than 0.1. A plate theory
takes advantage of this disparity in length scale
to reduce the full three-dimensional solid
mechanics problem to a two-dimensional
problem. The aim of plate theory is to calculate
the deformation and stresses in a plate subjected
to loads.
Plate Analysis 6
General
b

a
x

t
middle plane
y
z
faces edge/boundary

t: the thickness of the plate

a, b: characteristic dimensions (length, width, diameter, etc)

Plate Analysis 7
Load on plates
x
y z Fz

x f

y
f
px
x
py z
f

“Thin plate” loaded in-plane “Plate” with transverse force

Plate Analysis 8
Plates clarification
x
y z Fz

x f

y
f
px
x
py z
f

“Thin plate” loaded in-plane “Plate” with transverse force

“Plate” “Slab”
Plate Analysis 9
Deformation of plates
x
y z Fz

middle plane before deformation

x
z middle plane after deformation

Plate Analysis 10
 Plate equilibrium
qy
dx
qx
vy
x p
y vx
dy m yy
z mxx m yx
mxy mxx
mxx  dx
x
t
mxy
mxy  dx
myy x
myy   v
dy vx  x dx
y x
v y m
vy  dy m  yx
dy
y
yx
y
Loading action: beam or cable
Plate Analysis 11
Plate equilibrium qy
dx
qx
vy
x p
y vx
dy m yy
z mxx m yx
mxy mxx
dx mxx 
x
t
mxy
mxy  dx
myy x
myy   v
dy vx  x dx
y x
v y m
vy  dy m  yx
dy
y
yx
y
Advantages:
•higher twisting rigidity results significant stiffer;
•lighter structures with high load carrying capacity;
•economy and technological effectiveness;
Plate Analysis 12
Plate Analysis 17
Plate Analysis 18
Seismic analysis:
monolithic box behavior or
individual masonry components?

1
2
Experimental campaign at TU Delft:
Masonry walls

IN-PLANE
TESTS

OUT-OF-
PLANE
Walls TESTS

3
Experimental campaign at TU Delft:
In-plane tests

4
Experimental
campaign at
TU Delft:

In-plane tests

5
Out-of-plane tests

AIRBAGS

6
 Out-of-plane test: two way bending
LARGE DUCTILITY
5 Hollow clay
4 TUD_COMP-10 bricks
Lateral pressure (kPa)

3
2 RESISTANCE
LARGER
WITH
1 CLAY BRICKS
0
-1
-2 p+max = 4,2
-3 kPa
-4 p max = -3,6
-
-5

SIMILAR CRACK
kPa
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Mid-height displacement (mm)

PATTERN
3
TUD_COMP-11
2
Lateral pressure (kPa)

-1
p+max = 2,8
-2
kPa
-3 p max = -2,5
-

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 kPa

60 80 100 Calcium silicate
Mid-height displacement (mm) bricks 7
Why Learn Plate FEM
 Beam, plate and shell FE are available in almost all finite element
software packages
 The intelligent use of this software and correct interpretation of
output requires basic understanding of the underlying theories
 FEM is able to solve problems on geometrically complicated domains
 Analytic methods introduced in the first part of the module are
only suitable for computing plates and shells with regular
geometries, like rectangular, cylinders, spheres etc.
 Many shell structures consist of free form surfaces and/or have a
complex topology. Computational methods are the only tool for
designing such structures.
 FEM is very cost effective and fast compared to experimentation

Plate Analysis 21
Plate Analysis 22
Plate Analysis 23
Plates examples

Plate Analysis 24
Plates examples

Plate Analysis 25
Plates examples

Plate Analysis 26
Plates examples

Plate Analysis 27
History of plate theory
development
Euler was the first in 1776 to give a mathematical
statement of plate problems. He performed a free
vibration analysis of plate problem;
Bernoulli in 1789 attempted to justify theoretically the
results of acoustic experiments of plate;
Chiladni in 1802 discovered the various modes of plate free
vibrations;
Germain in 1826 derived a plate differential equation that
lacked the warping term;
Lagrange in 1828 corrected Germain work by adding the
missing term;
Cauchy in 1828 and Poisson in 1829 were first to formulate
plate bending theory on the basis of theory of elasticity;

Plate Analysis 32
History of plate theory
development (cont.)
Navier was the first in 1823 to consider the plate thickness as
a function of rigidity D;
Kirchhoff in 1850 published an important thesis on the theory
of thin plates. Kirchhoff theory contributed to the physical
clarity of the plate bending theory and promoted its
widespread use in practices;
Timoshenko made significant contribution to the theory and
application of plate bending analysis. In 1940, he wrote the
book “Theory of Plates and Shells” is still widely used today;
Hencky in 1921 made a contribution to the theory of large
deformations and the general theory of elastic stability of
thin plates;

Plate Analysis 33
History of plate theory
development (cont.)
Huber (1923) developed an approximate theory of
orthotropic plates;
Gehring (1877), Boussinesq (1879) and Lekhnitskii (1968)
made an essential contribution on the general theory of
anisotropic plates;
Reissner (1945) developed a rigorous plate theory which
considers the deformation caused by the transverse
shear forces;
Mindlin (1951) derived the theory for thick plate. He
started from an assumption of displacement field instead
of stress field.

Plate Analysis 34
History of plate theory
development (cont.)
Special monographs:

Timoshenko, S.P., History of Strength of Materials, McGraw-

Hill, New York, 1953.

Truesdell, C., Essays in the History of Mechanic., Springer-

Verlag, Berlin, 1968.

Plate Analysis 35
Plate theory

Of the numerous plate theories that have been

developed since the late 19th century, two are widely
accepted and used in engineering. These are:
The Kirchhoff–Love theory of plates (classical plate
theory)
The Mindlin–Reissner theory of plates (first-order
shear plate theory)

Plate Analysis 37
Plate theory

The Kirchhoff–Love theory is an extension of

Euler–Bernoulli beam theory to thin plates. The
theory was developed in 1888 by Love using
assumptions proposed by Kirchhoff. It is
assumed that a mid-surface plane can be used
to represent the three-dimensional plate in two-
dimensional form.

Plate Analysis 38
 Plate theory

The following kinematic assumptions

that are made in this theory:
 straight lines normal to the mid-
surface remain straight after
deformation
 straight lines normal to the mid-
surface remain normal to the mid-
surface after deformation
 the thickness of the plate does not
change during a deformation.

Plate Analysis 39
Plate theory

The Mindlin–Reissner
theory of plates:
The straight lines is normal
to the mid-surface and
remains straight but not
necessarily perpendicular to
the mid-surface. It is also
called theory of thick plate.

Plate Analysis 40
 Plates clarification
x
y z Fz
a / t  8...10 : thick plate
a / t  80...100 : membrane
8...10  a / t  80...100 : thin plate t
a

if w / t  0.2 : stiff plate x

z
if w / t  0.3: flexible plate w

Plate Analysis 41
Classical beam theory

V
M  xx  xy M

y V

• Bernoulli’s hypothesis

Plate Analysis 42
 Deep beams
x x

y y
 xx

x x

y y
 yy  xy

Plate Analysis 43
“Thin plate” loaded in-plane

x f

y
f
px
py
f

Plate Analysis 44
 Uniaxially loaded plate

p u ( x)
p uf( x) f2
1
x f2
l
l pdx
dN
pN u ( x) pdx N p N u ( x) N dx
dN dN dx
N Nf 1  N dx f dx p equilibrium
f2
1 dx 2 dx equation
dx x
l l
pdx pdx
dN dN
N NN NN  Ndx   du N kinematic
dx
dx dx dx
equation
dx 
1 dxdu dx

Plate Analysis 45
 Uniaxially loaded plate

u  N p
kinematic equilibrium
equation equation

  du ?  dN  p
dx dx

Plate Analysis 46
 Uniaxially loaded plate

u  N p
kinematic equilibrium
equation constitutive equation
equation

  du  dN  p
dx N  EA  dx

dN d d  du  d 2u
   EA   EA     EA 2  p
dx dx dx  dx  dx

Plate Analysis 47
 Uniaxially loaded plate

2 p u ( x)
d u
 EA 2  p f1 f2
dx x l
pdx
dN
N N N N dx
Can we solve this ? 1  dx
dx

Plate Analysis 48
 Uniaxially loaded plate

2 p u ( x)
d u
 EA 2  p f1 f2
dx x l
pdx
dN
N N N N dx
2 boundary conditions1needed
 dx
dx

Plate Analysis 49
 Uniaxially loaded plate

p u ( x)
2
d u
 EA 2  p f1
x
f2
d x l
pdx
dN
N N N N dx
1 boundary condition needed

at each end dx
1 dx

at x  0: at x  l :

u1  u10 or u2  u20 or
 N1  f1 N2  f2

Plate Analysis 50 e
 Uniaxially loaded plate

p u ( x)
2
d u
 EA 2  p f1
x
f2
d x l
pdx
dN
N N N N dx
1 boundary condition needed

at each end dx
1 dx

at x  0: at x  l :

u1  u10 or u2  u20 or
 N1  f1 N2  f2

displacement method or stiffness method

Plate Analysis 51 e
 example
Problem:
A plate is loaded uniaxially by distributed load p. The length is 4a. A is the cross section.
E is the elastic modulus. The right side of the plate is fixed and the left side is free.

4a

x
Question:
Plot the distribution of the displacement u(x) and the normal force N(x) along the plate x-axis.

Plate Analysis 52
 example
Problem:
A plate is loaded uniaxially by distributed load p. The length is 4a. A is the cross section.
E is the elastic modulus. The right side of the plate is fixed and the left side is free.

4a

x
Question:
Plot the distribution of the displacement u(x) and the normal force N(x) along the plate x-axis.

d 2u   du  dN  p
 EA 2  p
dx dx dx
Plate Analysis 53
 example 4a
p

x
According to displacement method:

d2u
 EA 2  p
dx
It gives solution: p 2
u x   x  c1x  c2
2EA
du p
Kinematic equation gives:   x  c1
dx EA
 p 
Constitutive equation gives: N  EA  EA   x  c1 
 EA 

Plate Analysis 54
 example 4a
p

x
Boundary conditions:

at x  0: N1  0 at x  4a : u ( x  4a )  0
Hence
 p 
N x 0  0  EA   0  c1   c1  0
 EA 

p 8pa 2
u  4a    16a 2  c2  0  c2 
2EA EA
The final solutions are: N  p  x
p 2 8pa 2
u(x)  x 
2EA EA
Plate Analysis 55
 example 4a
p

x
N  p  x
p 2 8pa 2
u(x)  x 
2EA EA Nx

4pa

8pa 2
EA
u x

Plate Analysis 56