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This document discusses local enhancement techniques in digital image processing, focusing on local histogram processing and statistical parameters for enhancement. It outlines the implementation steps for local histogram processing and provides examples of local histogram equalization. Additionally, it explains how statistical properties such as mean and variance can be used to create adaptive transformation functions for image enhancement.

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mohammaduzair726
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1 views

lecture7

This document discusses local enhancement techniques in digital image processing, focusing on local histogram processing and statistical parameters for enhancement. It outlines the implementation steps for local histogram processing and provides examples of local histogram equalization. Additionally, it explains how statistical properties such as mean and variance can be used to create adaptive transformation functions for image enhancement.

Uploaded by

mohammaduzair726
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing CPE3643

Lecture 7:

Local enhancement techniques

3/27/2025 Capital University of Science and Technology Digital Image Processing CPE3643 1

In the last lecture


▪ Histogram Equalization

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1
Local histogram processing
The histogram processing methods mentioned up to now
are global transformation where:
▪ Function is designed according to the gray-level
distribution over an entire image
▪ Global transformation methods may not be suitable for
enhancing details over small areas (where number of
pixels may have negligible influence on designing the
global transformation function)

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Local histogram processing


Implementation steps
1: Define a square or rectangular neighborhood (block), compute the
histogram in the local block
2: Generate the transformation function by histogram equalization or
specification and perform the gray level mapping for each pixel
3: Move the center of the block to an adjacent pixel location and
repeat the procedure
Note
▪ Histogram can be updated each time without re-computing the
histogram over all pixels in the new block
▪ If utilizing non-overlapping region shift, the processed image
usually has an undesirable checkerboard effect

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Local histogram equalization example

Result of Global Result of local


Original Image Histogram Histogram
Equalization Equalization

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Local histogram equalization example

Original Image Result of local Histogram


Equalization using 9x9
window

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Local enhancement using statistical parameters
from histogram

Local enhancement can be based on statistical properties of


the gray levels in a block instead of using full histogram

Examples:
▪ Mean gives the average brightness of the image
▪ Variance (σ2) and its square root the standard deviation
gives the deviation of intensities on average from the
mean value (average contrast)

3/27/2025 Capital University of Science and Technology Digital Image Processing CPE3643 7

Local enhancement using statistical parameters


Sxy : a neighborhood (subimage) of size NSxy; a block centered
at (x,y)
1
mS xy : gray-level mean in Sxy mS xy =  f ( s, t )
N S xy ( s ,t )S xy

 S2 : gray-level variance in Sxy  S2 = 1  ( f ( s, t ) − m )


2
xy S xy
xy
N S xy ( s ,t )S xy

 S : standard deviation, square root of variance  S2


xy
xy

MG : global mean of f(x,y)

DG : global standard deviation of f(x,y)


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Local enhancement using statistical parameters
The statistical parameters can be used in various ways:
▪ For the direct calculation of transformation function
(adaptive transformation function) for example
g ( x, y ) = AS xy [ f ( x, y ) − mS xy ] + mS xy ,

where AS is the local gain factor, AS = kM G , 0  k  1


S
xy xy
xy

▪ Using them in defining ranges for different transfer


functions for example

 E . f ( x, y ) if mS xy  k0 M G AND k1 DG   S xy  k2 DG 

g ( x, y ) =  

 f ( x, y ) otherwise 

where E, k0, k1, k2, are specified parameters
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Local enhancement with adaptive transformation function

Original moon image Image enhanced using Histogram equalized


adaptive transformation, image
window size: 15x15, k = 0.5

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5
Local enhancement using statistical parameters
Defining ranges for different transformation functions

 E . f ( x, y ) if mS xy  k0 M G AND k1 DG   S xy  k 2 DG 

g ( x, y ) =  

 f ( x, y ) otherwise 

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Local enhancement using statistical parameters

Image formed from the Image formed from the Image formed from the
local means local standard deviations multiplication constants
selected for different
mean/std ranges
E = 4.0, k0 = 0.4, k1 = 0.02, and k2 = 0.4,
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6
Local enhancement using statistical parameters

Input microscopic image Enhanced output image

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