Computing - 9.1 , 9.2 and 9.

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1. Virtual Learning Environment (VLE): Online classroom where teachers and
students can share learning materials
2. Relational databases: Database that stores data using 2 or more linked tables
3. Big Data: Datasets that are too large or complex for traditional data-processing
applications, ex. databases or spreadsheets, to process
4. Volume: The massive amounts of data collected and analyzed on an ongoing
basis
5. Value: How useful the data is to an organization
6. Veracity: Accuracy and quality of the data
7. Variety: The range of data formats and data types collected from different sources
8. Velocity: How quickly data is generated, processed and turned into useful infor-
mation
9. List some applications of big data.: -Transportation (Google Maps; plans effi-
cent routes and helps drivers avoid traffic)
-Delivery companies (UPS; calculates fastest routes and predicts delivery time)
-Medicine/healthcare (Google works with health providers to track common input
terms. For example, if flu-related searches are common in certain areas, health
organisations would be able to predict which areas are prone to outbreaks.)
-Media streaming devices (Netflix; analyzes international viewing habits before
buying/creating programs to see if their viewers would like it)
10. Flatfile Database vs. DBMS: Flatfile Database :
-Prone to data entry errors
-Easy to use
-Takes up a lot of storage space due to data duplication/redundency

DBMS :
-Has validations checks to prevent data entry errors
-Slightly more difficult to use
-Takes less storage space, as there is no duplication
11. Flatfile Database: Database that stores all data items using one table
12. Define one-to-one relationship and give an example.: It is when a single
element of an entity is associated with a single element of another entity.
Example :
student-has-ID card
13. Define one-to-many relationship and give an example.: It is when a single
element of an entity is associated with more than one element of another entity.
Example :
customer-placed-order

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14. Define many-to-many relationship and give an example.: It is when more
than one element of an entity is associated with more than one element of another
entity.
Example :
employee-was assigned-project
15. What are the types of queries?: Simple queries, complex queries, parameter
queries, wildcard queries, multi-table queries and multiple-criteria queries.
16. Simple query: Only a single search criterion is used to select data items from
a database.
17. Complex query: Where more than 1 criterion can be used to search a database,
or a query can be used to combine data from more than 1 table, or calculations can
be performed using the data in a query.
18. Parameter query: Query where end user provides the search criteria.
19. Wildcard query: Query where special characters are used to stand for unknown
characters (used for finding data items which are similar but not the same).
20. How do you create a parameter query?: Enter the question in square brackets
in the Criteria row.
21. What is the formula for vlookup?: =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table array,
col_index_num, range lookup)
22. What is the formula for hlookup?: =HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table array,
row_index_num, range lookup)
23. What is the formula for countif?: =COUNTIF(range,"criteria")
24. What is the formula for if?: =IF(logical test,"value if true","value if false")
25. Relative reference: Changes when formula is copied into another cell
26. Absolute reference: Remains constant when formula is copied into another cell
Ex. =A1 + $B$1
=A2 + $B$1
27. What is the difference between count and count A?: CountA counts all cells
in a range except blank cells, whereas Count counts only the cells in a range which
contain a numerical value.
28. Define DBMS: Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems
used to store, retrieve, and run queries on data. A DBMS serves as an interface
between a user and a database, allowing users to create, read, update, and delete
data in the database.
29. Array: An array is a data structure that can store more than one item of data
under a single identifier (variable).
30. What program should be used to find the length or size of an array?: -
num=[1,2,3,4,5]

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size=len(num)
print(size)
31. What program should be used to print a specific number from the array?-
: num=[1,2,3,4,5]
print(num[0])
32. What program should be used to add a number to the array?: -
num=[1,2,3,4,5]
num.append(6)
print(num)
33. Testing data: - Normal (in the range)
- Abnormal/Invalid (out of the range)
-Extreme (first and last number of the range)
34. Headings in a testing table: Test, Test data, Expected outcome, Actual out-
come
35. What is the syntax of a FOR loop?: for count in range(start, stop+1, 1):
statements
36. Trace table: Trace tables are used to record the results from each step in an
algorithm.
37. Headings in a trace table: - All variables
- All conditions
- Output
38. Logic error: The program will run but doesn't give expected outcome.
39. Syntax error: Errors in the program that stop the program from running.
40. Runtime error: Errors that occur while the program is running.
41. PAN: Type of network where devices communicate over a small area of no more
than 10m, usually connecting devices a person wears to a smartphone or computer.
42. LAN: Type of network where devices communicate over a small geographical
area, ex. a single building.
43. WAN: Type of network where devices communicate over a large geographical
area, such as across a city or country.
44. Network switch: Switch that connects devices together to for a wired network.
45. Router: Hardware device that connects networks together and provides access
to the internet.
46. NIC (Network Interface Card): Each device requires a NIC to connect to a
network. NIC's have a pre-programmed MAC address which uniquely identifies each
device in a network.
47. WAP (Wireless Access Point): Allows devices to connect to a network using
Wi-Fi.

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48. Ethernet cables: Cables that are designed to work with ethernet ports on a NIC
to connect devices to a network (10 gigabits per s).
49. Servers: They are computers on a network that offer a service to other devices.
Types of servers
-File servers : Offer devices a place to store and access files.
-Print servers : Enables devices on a network to share printers.
-Mail servers : Stores email messages and allows users to send and recieve
messages.
-Web servers : Provides internet-accesible files and transmits files to users over the
world wide web.
50. Firewall: Examines incoming and outgoing network traffic to check for security
risks and block any suspicous activity.
51. Bus topology: Advantages :
-Easy to install
-Cheap as very little cable is required
Disadvantages :
-If the main cable is damaged, the entire network will stop working.
-Prone to data collisions
-All devices on the network are visible to each other, which may be a security risk.
52. Ring topology: Advantages :
-Data will flow in only one direction, meaning there are no data collisions.
-Data can be transferred quickly.
Disadvantages :
-If the main cable is broken, the entire network will stop working for all devices
connected to it.
53. Star topology: Advantages :
-Each device is connected seperately
-Even if one device/cable fails, the rest of the network will continue to work.
-It is easy to add new devices to the network, as they can be directly connected to
the switch.
-Good network performance; switch directs data to the correct destination.
Disadvantages :
-If the main switch fails, the other devices cannot communicate.
-Expensive to install, as more ethernet cablin is needed.

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