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Maths Notes

The document provides a comprehensive guide on mathematical transformations, detailing four main types: translation, reflection, rotation, and enlargement, along with their definitions, examples, and key notes. It also includes a section on circle theorems that explain relationships between angles, chords, and tangents, presenting key theorems with examples and a summary table. Additionally, practice questions are provided for both transformations and circle theorems to reinforce understanding.

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20 views5 pages

Maths Notes

The document provides a comprehensive guide on mathematical transformations, detailing four main types: translation, reflection, rotation, and enlargement, along with their definitions, examples, and key notes. It also includes a section on circle theorems that explain relationships between angles, chords, and tangents, presenting key theorems with examples and a summary table. Additionally, practice questions are provided for both transformations and circle theorems to reinforce understanding.

Uploaded by

paulcassie613
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematical Transformations: A Guide

1. Transformations Overview

Transformations change the position or size of a shape while maintaining its proportions. There
are four main types:

 Translation (Sliding)
 Reflection (Flipping)
 Rotation (Turning)
 Enlargement (Resizing)

2. Translation

 A shape moves from one place to another without rotating or flipping.


 Described using vectors, e.g., , where:
o a represents movement left (-) or right (+)
o b represents movement down (-) or up (+)

Example: Moving a point (3,2) by gives a new point at (7,-1).

Key Notes:

 Every point of the shape moves the same distance in the same direction.
 The shape remains congruent to the original.
 Parallel lines remain parallel after translation.

3. Reflection

 A mirror image of the shape is created over a given line (mirror line).
 Common reflection lines:
o x-axis: (x, y) → (x, -y)
o y-axis: (x, y) → (-x, y)
o y = x: (x, y) → (y, x)
o y = -x: (x, y) → (-y, -x)

Example: Reflecting (2,3) in the y-axis gives (-2,3).

Key Notes:

 The reflected shape is congruent to the original.


 The perpendicular distance from any point to the mirror line is the same before and after
reflection.
 Reflection preserves angle measures but reverses orientation.

4. Rotation
 A shape is turned about a fixed point (usually the origin).
 Rotations are described by:
o Angle: 90°, 180°, 270°
o Direction: Clockwise (CW) or Counterclockwise (CCW)
o Centre of rotation: Often (0,0)

Rotation Rules Around the Origin:

 90° CCW: (x, y) → (-y, x)


 180°: (x, y) → (-x, -y)
 270° CCW (or 90° CW): (x, y) → (y, -x)

Example: Rotating (3,4) 90° CCW about the origin gives (-4,3).

Key Notes:

 The shape remains congruent to the original.


 All points rotate the same angle around the center of rotation.
 The orientation changes except for 180° rotations.

5. Enlargement

 A shape is resized by a scale factor relative to a centre of enlargement.


 If the scale factor is:
o Greater than 1, the shape gets larger.
o Between 0 and 1, the shape gets smaller.
o Negative, the shape flips and changes size.

Example: Enlarging (2,3) by scale factor 2 from (0,0) gives (4,6).

Key Notes:

 Enlargement maintains shape proportions.


 The distances between points increase or decrease by the scale factor.
 The shape does not remain congruent but remains similar to the original.
 If the scale factor is negative, the image is rotated 180° as well as resized.

Summary Table:

Transformation Effect
Translation Moves without rotating/flipping
Reflection Flips over a mirror line
Rotation Turns around a fixed point
Enlargement Resizes by a scale factor
Practice Questions:

1. Translate (5, -2) by .


2. Reflect (4,-5) in the x-axis.
3. Rotate (-2,3) 90° CCW around the origin.
4. Enlarge (1,2) by scale factor 3 about the origin.
5. Reflect (-3,5) in the line y = x.
6. Rotate (2,-4) 180° about the origin.
7. Translate (-2,7) by .
8. Enlarge (3,-2) by scale factor -2 from the origin.
Circle Theorems: A Guide

1. Understanding Circle Theorems

Circle theorems help us understand relationships between angles, chords, and tangents in a circle.
Here are the key theorems:

2. Theorems and Explanations

1. The Angle at the Centre Theorem

 The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference when subtended
by the same arc.
 Example: If an angle at the centre is 80°, the angle at the circumference is 40°.

2. The Angle in a Semicircle Theorem

 An angle formed in a semicircle is always 90° (a right angle).


 Example: Any triangle drawn inside a semicircle will have a right angle.

3. Angles in the Same Segment Theorem

 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.


 Example: If two angles are subtended by the same arc, they are identical.

4. The Opposite Angles in a Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem

 The opposite angles in a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle sum to 180°.


 Example: If one angle is 70°, the opposite angle must be 110°.

5. The Tangent-Radius Theorem

 A tangent to a circle is always perpendicular (90°) to the radius at the point of contact.
 Example: If a tangent meets a radius at point A, the angle between them is 90°.

6. The Two Tangents Theorem

 Two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal in length.
 Example: If two tangents meet a circle at points A and B from an external point P, then
PA = PB.

7. The Alternate Segment Theorem

 The angle between a tangent and a chord drawn at the point of contact is equal to the
angle in the opposite segment.
 Example: If the angle inside the triangle is 50°, the angle outside the triangle between the
tangent and chord is also 50°.

3. Summary Table

Theorem Key Rule

Angle at Centre Centre angle = 2 × circumference angle

Angle in Semicircle Always 90°

Angles in Same Segment Always equal

Cyclic Quadrilateral Opposite angles sum to 180°

Tangent-Radius Always 90°

Two Tangents Equal in length

Alternate Segment Chord-tangent angle = opposite segment angle

4. Practice Questions

1. In a circle, the angle at the centre is 120°. What is the angle at the circumference?
2. A triangle is drawn inside a semicircle. What type of triangle is it?
3. Two angles in the same segment are 45° and x°. Find x.
4. A cyclic quadrilateral has angles of 80° and y°. Find y.
5. A tangent meets a radius at point A. What is the angle between them?
6. Two tangents meet a circle at points A and B from an external point P. If PA = 7 cm,
what is PB?
7. A chord forms a 60° angle with a tangent. What is the angle in the opposite segment?

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