Week 3

Media

Types of Media

Modern media comes in many different formats, including print media (books, magazines,
newspapers), television, movies, video games, music, cell phones, various kinds of software, and the
Internet. Each type of media involves both content, and also a device or object through which that
content is delivered.

Media
- is the term we use to refer to different types of media that provide us with important information and
knowledge. Media has always been part of our society, even when people used paintings and writings
to share information.

Print Media
The term 'print media' is used to describe the traditional or "old-fashioned" print-based media that
today's parents grew up with, including newspapers, magazines, books, and comics or graphic novels.

Television
Television has been entertaining American families for over fifty years. In the beginning, there were
few programs to pick from, but today, there are literally hundreds of general and specialty channels to
choose from and thousands upon thousands of programs. Where it was once the case that programs
had to be watched at the time they were broadcast on a television, this is no longer the case.

Movies
Movies (films) are the oldest form of motion picture technology capable of capturing lifelike video-style
images. Originally, movies could only be consumed at a neighborhood movie theater, but these days
movies are widely available for people to consume in their homes, on their computers, and even in
through their telephones. Commercial movies are broadcast on television, and via cable and satellite
services which may feature High Definition (HD) video resolution and sound, essentially allowing the
movie theater experience to be replicated in a home theater environment.

Video Games
Available since the early 1980s, video games have only grown in popularity among youth. Today's
games make use of advanced graphics and processors to enable three dimensional game play featuring
highly realistic landscapes and physics simulations, and the ability to compete against other players
through a network connection.

Broadcast Media
Such as television & the radio, can be defined as media that distribute audio & video via VHF (very
high frequency) or UHF (ultra high frequency) airwaves. Cable television is included in the discussion
of broadcast media, although it primarily relies on coaxial cables or fiber optics instead of airways in
distributing its content.

New Media
Are those information & entertainment providers accessed via the Internet or through mobile
communication, such as online newspaper, independent & alternative online news sources,
informational websites, & blogs. The so-called new media are fast becoming the media of choice.
Advertising Media
In Latin, ad vertere means “to turn toward”. Advertising is the way firms communicate their products
& service to the public. It helps inform the customers about the brands available in the market & the
variety of products useful to them

Indigenous Media
Indigenous Media should not be equated to media that is produced by & for other underserved groups,
such as ethnic minorities, women, & the youth. For one thing, indigenous people often do not know
how to engage the media from their village, which is usually deprived of electricity, telephones, the
press, or even radio & television.

Functions of Media
• As an information source
• As a tool of persuasion
• As a form of entertainment
• As tool for the transmission of culture

Media convergence

Media convergence, phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications

technologies, computer networks, and media content. It brings together the “three C’s”—
computing, communication, and content—and is a direct consequence of the digitization of media
content and the popularization of the Internet. Media convergence transforms established industries,
services, and work practices and enables entirely new forms of content to emerge.

Technological Convergence
The technological dimension of convergence is the most readily understood. With the World Wide
Web, smartphones, tablet computers, smart televisions, and other digital devices, billions of people are
now able to access media content that was once tied to specific communications media (print and
broadcast) or platforms (newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and cinema).

Industry Mergers
Such technological transformations have been met by industry convergence and consolidation, as well
as by the rise of giant new digital media players. The 1990s and early 2000s saw large mergers, where
the biggest media companies sought to diversify their interests across media platforms.

Social Media
Social media is a new driver of the convergent media sector. The term social media refers to
technologies, platforms, and services that enable individuals to engage in communication from one-to-
one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.

Transmedia Storytelling
One way that professional media has engaged with media convergence is through transmedia
storytelling, in which stories are told across multiple platforms. Although it is intimately connected to
brands and franchises being spread across media by corporate conglomerates (e.g., Star Wars, The
Matrix, Harry Potter, various Disney franchises), it does not simply refer to the adaptation of content
from one platform to another (e.g., films and film characters providing the basis for toys and games).

Activity:

Types of Media
Direction: Key Type. Write “P” for print media, “B” for broadcast media, “F” for film, and “N” for new
media.
1. ____ ABS- CBN TV Patrol aired on channel 2
2. ____ Harry Potter Complete Series Boxed Set Collection
3. ____ Promotional poster uploaded in Facebook
4. ____ Media and Information Literacy textbook

5. ____ Don’t Let Me Down by The Chain smokers in Spotify

6. ____ 24- Oras news program uploaded on YouTube

7. ____ One Punch-man manga uploaded in My Manga website

8. ____ Jason Bourne movie shown in theaters

9. ____ Philippine Daily Inquirer news paper

10. ____ 7 Years by Lukas Graham played on 90.7 Love Radio

Presentation of news using different types of media

UNIVERSAL NEWS DRIVERS

(Who makes the news?)
1. Importance – information that potentially has big impact on the economy, politics, national
security, health, etc.

2. Prominence – famous people such as people with leading positions, actors, musicians, and
athletes often make news even when their actions are not necessarily that important to the
public. Why? Because many people care about those celebrities and feel some personal
connections. The public want to know more.

3. Conflict – Seemingly, we humans tend to like to know more about disagreement among
people, from some banal events like a celebrity divorce to more serious social issues such as
labor disputes

4. Human Interest – Certain events stir our emotions e.g. A baby rescued from rubble after an
earthquake. Such stories strike a chord. Sad, tragic, stories also make the news
 5. Proximity – If an international news event has a local angle, it is more likely that we care
about the story.

6. Unusualness – Audiences pay attention to different, rare, unique, and something novel
7. Timeliness – Recent events have higher news value that earlier happenings
8. Relevance, Usefulness, & Practicality of information – Stories that contain some
information that help news audiences improve their situations, such as news reports related to
education, internet, finances and any new information that can be relevant and useful to the
public.

Presentation of news in social media (facebook)

1. Subject Language –
language used to express private states in the context of a text or conversation. Private state is a
general covering term for opinions, evaluations, emotions, and speculations (Quirk et al. 1985).

2. The rise of native advertisement in professional media outlet –

The example below is a sponsored content/native advertisement formatted to look like an actual
news article. This kind of news reporting compromises the true meaning of journalism

3. Opinion Journalism/Opinion based article –

This causes major problems, as audience, sometimes, do not see the distinction between fact-based
news and opinion from pundits/experts. When news outlet, such as Philippine Daily Inquirer, posts
opinion-based articles, some news readers easily dismiss them as news.
The question now is: How do you tell the difference between news reporting and opinion journalism?
And why should you care?
As media and information literate individual, you should learn how to spot when a journalist/writer
spouts off an opinion, or leaves out a fact or two in order to emphasize one facet of the argument.

4. Using emojis and emoticons in status message –

Emoticons are pictorial icons that generally display an emotion or sentiment. Emoji, on the other
hand, comes from the Japanese, “picture”, and moji, “character. (Grannan, 2020). Emojis and
emoticons are subjective elements as they express the private state of the writer/journalist.
Week 4
Indigenous Media

INFORMATION LITERACY
It refers to the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use
and communicate information in its various formats. (American Library Association, 1989, as cited in
Lumen Learning, 2020). More specifically, information literacy refers to the ability to:
• Determine the extent of information needed
• Access the needed information effectively and efficiently
• Evaluate information and its sources critically
• Incorporate selected information in one’s knowledge base
• Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose
• Understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information, and
access and use information ethically and legally (ACRL, 2020, as cited in Lumen Learning 2020).

Information needs & information sources

Looking into the Sconul’s Information Literacy model, you can see that the first pillar is recognizing
information needs. You have to remember that your source of information depends on your information
needs.
• These needs may be prompted by educational, professional, personal or even recreational
purposes.
• A good example is when you want to know about a particular topic. Before you seek information
about the topic, you need to identify what the information is for. Is it needed for your research
study or simply for personal use? What do you already know about the topic? Write them down.
What you do not know about the topic? Write them down too.
• Once you have identified your lack of knowledge, this will prompt you to formulate questions
about the topic that will lead you to seek information to fill the knowledge gap.
• Keep in mind that information is evolving, as new information is added to the existing ones.
Being an information literate involves developing a learning habit, so new information is being
actively sought all the time (Bent, M., 2011).
• The second, third, and fourth pillars of Sconul’s Information Literacy model has something to
do with information sources. Check the sample conversation below.
Indigenous People

Indigenous Group & Indigenous Media

As mentioned earlier, we can make use of community media for local topics. It is a good alternative
to traditional and new media among people in the community, particularly the indigenous group.
 q Indigenous people are distinctly disadvantaged with regard to digital information access and
distribution, whether residing in developed or developing countries. (Samaras, 2005, as cited
in Borrero, R.M., 2016).
q Indigenous people around the world are increasingly aware of this gap having emphasized
their desire for full and effective participation in the Information age during the World Summit
on the Information Society (WSIS).

Example of Indigenous Media

1. Indigenous Radio
- Broadcasting by a community on a topic that is of importance to them through a usually low-
power radio transmitter or a public address system. It is a form of a town-hall meeting that
uses the radio program format. Both broadcaster/s and the interviewee/s are usually members
of the community themselves.

2. Aboriginal Media
- It is a commercial station intended for the aboriginal population. Apart from public service
announcements, it also broadcasts aboriginal programs aimed at promoting awareness about
the concerns and issue of aboriginal people (Ginsburg, 1991, as cited in Gonzales, E.D., 2016)

3. Narrowcasting
- A public address system in which speakers are placed around the community and the
program/s usually last for just hours.

4. Ethnographic Film
- It is a nonfiction work that reflects the lives of indigenous people, typically following the
documentary format.
 - Through Indigenous media, marginalized indigenous people are empowered to
improve situation from a fair share of challenges including discrimination, political
exclusion, and rights to ancestral land and resources.

Evaluating Information Sources

Once you have found information sources that matches your information needs, you should evaluate
it for its
q relevance,
q accuracy,
q accessibility,
q authority,
q timeliness

Differences among various information sources

Activity:
Directions: Identify your information needs and information source/s. In Column B, write your
information needs. In Column C, write the information source/s. The first item is done for you.

Note:
Write your answers in a 1 whole sheet of paper. Please submit on time.