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Applied Lecture 01

The document outlines a series of applied lecture exercises related to thermal machines in the context of a BSc in Automotive Engineering at Politecnico di Torino. It includes problems on gas cylinder filling, gas expansion in machines, turbo-machines, axial gas turbines, and various energy calculations for pumps and heating systems. Each exercise provides specific parameters and requires calculations to determine power, work, and efficiency in thermal processes.

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5 views2 pages

Applied Lecture 01

The document outlines a series of applied lecture exercises related to thermal machines in the context of a BSc in Automotive Engineering at Politecnico di Torino. It includes problems on gas cylinder filling, gas expansion in machines, turbo-machines, axial gas turbines, and various energy calculations for pumps and heating systems. Each exercise provides specific parameters and requires calculations to determine power, work, and efficiency in thermal processes.

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jp76kh9c4f
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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POLITECNICO DI TORINO

Dipartimento Energia

BSc in Automotive Engineering

APPLIED LECTURE 1 – Thermal Machines

1) A gas cylinder displaying a capacity of 5 liters contains air


under a pressure p1 = 1 bar and at a temperature T1 = 300 K.
The cylinder communicates with a great tank hosting air
under a pressure p = 15 MPa and at a temperature T = 290 K
by means of a valve. When the valve opens, the cylinder is
filled up with air as long as its pressure reaches the value of
15 MPa. Neglecting the heat exchanges to the surroundings
during the filling process, determine the air mass admitted in
the gas cylinder and the in-cylinder mean temperature at the
end of the process.

2) A machine expands a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s of gas from 10 bar and 500 °C to 1 bar. The
expansion can be modeled as a polytropic process pv1.5 = const.
Neglecting the change in kinetic energy and assuming viscous losses Lw = 62 kJ/kg,
calculate the machine internal power. Evaluate whether a heat exchange with the
environment takes place and, if so, determine its amount.
(cp = 1.10 kJ/kgK, R = 289 J/kgK)

3) The rotor and stator blades of a turbo-machine have a mean diameter


d = 0.5 m and display constant height along the axis. The rotor moves
as indicated in the figure and displays an angular velocity of
240 rad/s. The machine admits water along its axis at a speed of
50 m/s. Plot the velocity diagrams of the machine, determine its
internal specific work and work out whether it behaves as an
operating machine or as a motor machine. Determine the probable
angular velocity that would differentiate the operating from the motor
functioning.

4) The picture shows the intermediate stage of an axial gas


turbine (R=289; cp = 1050 J/kgK). The following geometric
and operating parameters are known:
- Fixed-row inlet: p0 = 12 bar, T0 = 1490 K, c0 = 100 m/s;
- Fixed-row outlet, rotor row inlet: p1 = 7.5 bar, T1 = 1327 K,
blade height l1 = 46.4 mm, blade angle α1 = 35°;
- Stage mean diameter: 1.548 m (constant), rotating speed
n = 3000 rev/min;
- Rotor row outlet: blade angle β2 = 125.52°, p2 = p1,
T2 =1339.8 K.
Draw the velocity triangles and evaluate the stage internal
power. Also, evaluate the blade height at rotor outlet.
Proposed exercises:

5) A canister displaying a capacity of 0.1 m3


contains air under a pressure p1 = 30 bar
and at a temperature T1 = 800 K. The
canister is connected to the environment
(pe = 1 bar) by means of a nozzle. The
outgoing air is hence admitted to an action
turbine. Determine the maximum turbine
work assuming that all the kinetic energy
of the fluid is converted to work (no kinetic
energy losses at the turbine outlet) and that the air expands isentropically from pressure p1
to pressure p2 (reversible adiabatic expansion).
Solution: 363 kJ

6) A turbo-pump raises water from a well to a tank over a height of 20 m. The duct displays a
constant diameter D = 10 cm. The overall viscous losses in the duct and in the pump
amount to 15% of the pump specific work. The water flows out from the duct with a
velocity of 2 m/s.
Determine the power supplied by the engine that operates the pump (m = 0.97).
Solution: Pass = 3.78 kW

7) Referring to the conditioning plant shown in the figure,


determine the power supplied by the engine M (m =
0.95). The plant exploits air for conditioning purposes and
for the intermediate refrigeration.
Solution: Pabs = 37 kW

8) An air heating system is made up of a fan that sucks 1.5 m3/s of air from the environment
(pe = 1 bar, te = 5 °C). The air is delivered to a pipe and properly warmed up by a heater R.
The air hence flows out into room A at a pressure pe = 1 bar with negligible velocity. The
fan is driven by an engine M delivering a mechanical power of 3.7 kW (m = 0.97).
Determine the thermal power to be supplied by the heater in order to achieve a temperature
of 35 °C for the outflowing air.
(cp = 1005 J/kgK, R = 287 J/kgK).
Solution: ࡽሶ = 53.1 kW

9) The rotor blades of a hydraulic axial turbo-machine


display a mean diameter d = 1 m and height l = 0.2d
which both result to be constant along the axis. The
tangential velocity is u = 30 m/s whereas the inlet
velocity of the fluid is c1 = 60 m/s along the axis.
Plot the velocity triangles and determine its internal
specific work. Work out whether it behaves as an
operating machine or as a motor machine.
Solution: motor machine; Pi = 33.25 MW

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