Joule's Eepezinend

pulley

hermontot

Adabat
Vessel
wter

+Ftst Jaus themodynanic aelates oosk &

cohlch
hect, Itcoas stated by d.P. Joule in194o
1847.
* Congider a closed o
a maB8 o sysfem cohich Coe8tg
coates Cvtained n
on adiabatic
vesgel having a thezmometer a Paddle cohal.
Let aa castain aooont coosk (,-)becbne
opo) the eysto by the pale cohol. The
2ueonbiEy a coosk Can be measused by the
-all wetgt cohtch dies the paodl6g shal
apullly.
The systen iniial tmpy t.Sne as hat
 Aes taes the teopr ai2e to
cDoss let

t. he poeaSUe C8 aleoays Latn,

ta'
* Let the inSulatton oö be eoved: the
Systorn & tie 2ISOLATlings lnteact by hact
tone til the syeten etunz to the coigi
nal toop ti attamia the Coditn o2
thesnal guiltbstun cotb the aloqspheze.
The comont ? haat tocoree
System ding his Peocess &-,can be esttn
the Bm
-atod Bg the systen thys aeecates a

Tt has been
tosal to the
od -.
heat
that wi-a
G &
ts aleooya
the constont
paopoo
o

Poopotooality e alled the Joules galent

Nechcnlaal agusvalat hacit:

T Jole'g ezuivelent

Joles eeperiwent of 4 hao thncdyoamis

Blates that ie algebaic Bm a
hoat toer
cohos tie qBten codogoes a
pespetal moton o achine o Figt hind
(PMMK-1)

No ca
Poduce enesgy cotthoot
machine
oos
-pooding cpenditse eneagy'
OR)
o
no wmchine eshtch ooildicontinvsy
Con be
tThere
Spply mechnical cosk coitht Bone om
Bnalteeneouely.
Cnegy sappenbng
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achine iz all
Such a;&maginasy cttos)
PMM6I.
* PMM5A 8 ot Passiblo asit bo tes the Aa
* The ConNerse te alove Btateot i8 aleo

con be o achne cohih cooul

true, .e. theze
GoBcme cosk coithout Sorne othes
Gtinously
BirultnEy.

>W Machine -W

A PMMI The corvese a PMMMI,

Totenal enezgy Fnes) ¿s a popenty
tfe yste -
Congidesz asystexy cohfch

changes ts state ItoA by

lloxoig path A 2etsn em A

a toiby olloog te path B.

the pstem Ccnabgs a gele X

Ilao or FathA.

Fos path B. coeget

The path AEB togthen constittes a

cchich I kas becmes,

=
WA +Ws = QA tQB
Ga-WA
-The above gn ytelds (SabagnoeO)
AEA =
-AEB 3

âe system eluns o state toO

b golluotng tie path c, tnstoad af path B.
AEA = AE
cooget

It shooes that the chomge en eneagy bleo teoo

a
Blate ol systern tg he Bawe.
hal ees path the system way golloo tn
hal o Bate.
Chage
 Specigic Heat A Conetont vole;
The ate chage Spocgic toteal enegy
oth Epect to tenpoateoe cohen the olerne
fe held CoBlat.

dT
Foo a Constant volme pocess
JGodT
Jaw T D

A0+w

Cdvo)

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Heat tanegrd at amslant vleone isoa

the bsteoal eny the Syen.
* The pprct o mc =Gy cs aalled heat
ct Comslantvoliume Calk).
dG =du
Specc Heat At costnt Pressae
enthalpy cotth
The oete chage a pet
to toopsatwe chen ie peRUL g hold

Constant.

ahp-p.dT
7D
de=dutp
h-utpy
ch= adutpovtvap

da dhvap
(a)=h),
G)-[pdT
 Dlevent Bosn2 EneeAY
ta the em hanntic enegy petental
trtesal erne

.e., E total = BE +PE +E

Tn temg vozbys Components Crey,
T.D kos,
+ -KE,-PE,-Ei/
G--2=|BE PE E

--W-2
l.e., AKE +APE + AE

mgst a? cases. the chageg kE PE a

ge. then abe gn coill be aled to

4-2-W- =AE
G-2= AE + -2
 Enthalpy:
I i8 Suon o otesoal eey & poesSURe Volerne

Poeluct ts caled Gnthalpy.

H=U+ PV
NOTE-(Enthalpy esBeteziO popety, Cosbe

Pcpsty).
h=utþv
d = dut pov
Constnt (rh)-CuteY)
cp du tdlpy)

da)-dlutpy) -hi

da) =dh Jhsh

cohee h= utpy Specentalpy
tteat toccnsterocd al coBtanl paessUe Eoco
-es the atuoy ga sy8tem.
gas, the entbaloy Lecoes
Edal
h=u+ RT
stöosky Slate steaoy loo enegy puatto
SSSFEE )SFEE

Contaol Susyao
Flo

- Contd volume

oul

A Steooy os POCeRE must slalisy the

Bolooing gisennents
Mss oo o eid is Conglnt steady glo).

state g the gleid al coy polt emains

olant coth tte Csteay sate).
tine
conigorm in ompaghon.

Szoce obes not vzy coit6 ttre.

6 TIn tie analyeis nly PE, 6E, TE E gloes
 In above Steacy loo yten Bid nte

and leanes the Cootol voleeme. Thee

the

Costool valeme,popaties at
cand ay
locatton co &o the Contz volemne ae
Blancy cot tme.
Let, a it in

h,,ba Specc enthalpy n balhg.

asbitasy dalem in m.

Net heat toojes hrgh onb Saa

w-> et ate a tetes
ccoss thscegh
Conaed feace tn Tlsoc.

Mass balance:

t.e. ,=M,
V
Eneegy balance
S&nce thoze
: 0 acccmlati
tobel ate Zoo aengy teig the
Coteol veluoe be gal
to the total
te a Boo ny ncLEt

leavig the Gtol eln.

Zrate = -teg
e= TE +PE+5E + Fluid enesgy.

Zr2t(ut2v+gz,+Py) =h-zt(UgtZgztP)
But b,= +Pv

Z-2t(hytkvitgz) =t(batgz)
9tn(htAvge) = W-atnChat Vitgz)

Q=AH+AKE +aPE +w. Kw hAsor

 Applicationg o Steody engy guations
Bow
ONeSzlei- A zle ie a devtce eed to ioct
-ase the nelociky hinetic nsgy
a zuid at the epeß
Sten
its pESUL op.
steam
out(v)

We koo tiat SFEE.

Qtn[hty+g2 =w+m[btYg2
Noge iE tnBultd
WO,PE=O, 2-0
Fam SFEE

ot h[ntyto] =ot[htY+o]
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b, + 2 =ht
whes the tnlet velocity the veloiky
appocach i8 Vi all Conpared to the
cocit elocity Ve

b, = b +V
VaCh-h) ms
 -
Theotting Device i-

T
ohen a guid Zloas thragh a Costoictadtheee
Oabe a
patally pened vale,
ppeciabe dop

én an insulaledPpe.
SPE -O (eySmall & ignoe)
AbE =o

Qtnhty82]– w+mht+2

h=hel
 K
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B-len tocone8 hoct to the cOiNg coate

Foo thjs Syetem.

-+ ve), 0=o (No os

davtce)
APE=O
SFEE.

qtmCh) = nCh)
JQ-(h-h)
 Tuzbinei- Taebines ee englne gve tve
cutpat
s atusbine cohich well loalated, he

Boo veloc:biez a aSre len mll, E the bE

terng can be neglected.

WT

Tusbine

-Insulatay

he SFEE Ten beine

2=0 W= Chss is dne
e by the ail)
2,=Z, , AhE-0, APE =O

O=m(h)= WtmCh)
 Condenzes: CondonBes t8 Bed to alenge

Colense the foigcnant vopoe in the gr'

Jeattoo systn. steam io

cter
hate

stom ctt.

Fos this ten.

W=o
SPE -0
BKE=o
-tnCh)=nCh)
G=ve) /9nh-)/
 gentoy
plont t cay haat oom the
toraintain koo tompeatee.

Fegogount

Fos thes systeno.

W:o
DPE
.
=o
q- Gtve)
AKE -O
Chat ts adkd to he Syale

Aplying SFEE
9, mCh)= (h)
/-=mh-h)
Ftst kauo Theamayraomicg zoacoged syston
conclai gog a ycl Cgeltc pocose). i
slate tat "cnlosz aytn cendogoes
aayeltc
Gge the algerate
ls FoopoTtonal to the algebaaic Sum
haat tanBer,"
o the

her a sstam consengoeg a tRenmosrania

Hce tn the net head Bgplied to
s
SBte
al to
he
he net
Soom he gozoUndtrg8
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hios oone by
(.e.,
the System o Ai.
s

9>Flc &nbaal Bos he dozd path

JPooportforolRty Cglennt (sNn)
Fiast hao gor a dosd sytem undz gong a

change o sate CNn-gltc pcess) i

applice only to

Algebroaic Seonatoo o all enogy taages

But 2a ysten cozkgoe8'a chaage state

ceaing cohlch both haat toBjes osstoagerE
aze tivolved, the Tet enesgy tansBer cotl be
slored accemulated coithin tbe Syten.
s.T:-"T? 'qis the amount o heat toaoa
to tha syston aw8 he ccLnt o coosh

tocogsZeoed Som the Ey8tem, the net eg

tanBes Q-) eoill be 3tooed &n tee sYstoo
eohtch, 8 aled &ntesral" eogy enegy %

the By£tem.

Q= AE+W
 4. Reversible Adiabatic Process (pu= constant) :

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is transferred to or from the fluid during
the process. Such a process can be reversible or irreversible. The reversible adiabatic non-flow
process will be considered in this section.

Considering unit mass of working substance and applying first law to the process
Q= (u, u)+ W
O= (ug - u)+ W
Or W= (u,- u,)for any adiabatic process ...(3.30)

Eqn. (4.30) is true for an adiabatic process whether the process is reversible or not. In an
adiabatic expansion, the work done W
by the fluid is at the expense of a reduction in the internal
energy of the fluid. Similarly in an adiabatic compression process all the work done on the fluid
goes to increase the internal energy of the fluid.
For an adiabatic process to take place, perfect thermal insulation for the system must be
available.

To derive the law pv = constant :

To obtain a law relating p and v for a reversible adiabatic process let us consider the non
flow energy equation in differential form,
dQ = du+ dW
For a reversible process
dW = pdu
dQ =du + pdu = 0
(Since for an adiabatic process = 0)
Also for a perfect gas
RT
pu = RT or p
Hence substituting,

du + RTdu = 0
Also u= c,T or du =c,dT
RTdu
c„dT + =0
 Dividing both sides by T, we get
dT Rdu
Cy T =0
Integrating
c, log, T+R log, v= constant
Substituting T = pu
R
pu =constant
C, log, R +R log, v

Dividing throughout both sides by c,

pu R
R + Cy log, v = constant
R R
Again C, =y-1) or
C
=Y-1
Hence substituting

pu
log.R + (y- 1) log, v = constant
pu
log, R+ log v7-1 =Constant
log.
pUxyr-1 = constant

i.e., log,
R
puY = constant

R = = constant
i.e.,
pu? econstant

or pu = constant ...(3.31)

Expression for work W:

A reversible adiabatic process for a perfect gas is shown on a p-v diagram in Fig. 3.8 (6).

p4

P1

Insulated -p. v'=Constant

Piston
system

Gas
P2
2

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.8. Reversible adiabatic process.

76 BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

The work done is givenby the shaded area, and this area can be evaluated by integration.

i.e.,
W -'pd
Therefore, since pu = constant, C, then

W=

i.e., W-c) -Y+1

U7+1-,-Y+1)
-c9 1-Y Y-1

The constant in this equation can be written as P, or as PzUy. Hence,

u,
w- P' *-p, Y-1
v,u, 7+l
Y-1

i.e.,
W= ...(3.32)
Y-1

or W= R(T -T) ...(3.33)

Y-1
Relationship between T and v, and T and p:
By using equation pu =RT,the relationship between T and v, and T and p, may by derived
as follows :
i.e., pu =RT
p=RT
Putting this value in the egquation pu =constant
RT .UY =constant
i.e., Ty-l = constant ...(3.34)

RT
Also v =
p ;hence substituting in equation pu= constant
RT
=constant
TY
DY-1 =constant
T
Or
Y-1
=constant ...(3.35)

Therefore, for a reversible adiabatic process for a perfect gas between states 1 and2,we can
write :
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 77

From Eqn. (3.31),

= P or P2 = ...(3.36)
Pi

From Eqn. (3.34),

Y-1
Ty-=T,-1 or ...(3.37)

From Eqn. (3.35),

Y-1
T, Y

Y-1 Y-1
Or
- ...(3.38)

From eqn. (3.30), t3he work done in an adiabatic process per kg of gas is given by W
= (u, - u,). The gain in internal energy of a perfect gas is given by equation :

(for 1 kg)
W= C (T– T,)
Also, we know that
R
C, = y-1
Hence substituting, we get

W= (T-T)
Y-1
R

Using equation, pu=RT

W= Y-1
This is the same expression obtained before as eqn. (3.32).
 T1g. 3.9

6. Free Expansion
Consider two vessels 1 and 2 interconnected by a short pipe with a valve A, and perfectly
thermally insulated [Fig. 3.10]. Initially let the vessel 1 be filled with a fluid at a certain pressure,
and let 2 be completely evacuated. When the valve A is opened the fluid in 1 will expand rapidly to
fill both vessels 1 and 2. The pressure finally will be lower than the initial pressure in vessel 1.
This is known as free or unresisted expansion. The process is highly irreversible ; since the fluid
is eddying continuously during the process. Now applying first law of thermodynamics (or non
flow energy equation) between the initial and final states,
Q= (u,- u) + W
In this process, no work is done on or by the fluid, since the boundary of the system doesnot
move. No heat flows to or from the fluid since the system is well lagged. The process is therefore,
adiabatic but irreversible.
i.e.,

Ina free expansion, therefore, the internal energy initially equals the initial energy finally.
For a perfect gas,
u= c,T
80 BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

Valve

Vessel Vessel
1 2

Fig. 3.10.Free expansion.

::For a free expansion of a perfect gas,

c„T, = c,T, ie., T, = T,

That is, for a perfect gas undergoing a free expansion, the initial temperature is equal to the
final temperature.
 3.12.4. Centrifugal Compressor
Refer to Fig. 3.35. A centrifugal compressor compresses air and supplies the same at mod
erate pressure and in large quantity.

120 BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

Air
out

Centrifugal
Electric motor
compressor

Air in

Fig. 3.35.Centrifugal compressor.

Applying energy equation to the system (Fig. 3.35)

A Z= 0 (generally taken)

- w
The Q is taken as negative as heat is lost from the system and W is taken as negative as
work is supplied to the system.

or
2-=h + 2 -W ...(3.57)
 3.12.5. Reciprocating Compressor
Refer Fig. 4.36. The reciprocating compressor draws in air from atmosphere and supplies at
a considerable higher pressure in small (compared with centrifugal compressor). The
quantities
reciprocating compressor can be considered as steady flow system provided the control volume
includes the receiver which reduces the fluctuations of flow considerably.

2 Receiver
Air
in

Compressor

W
Fig.3.36. Reciprocating compressor.

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 121

Applying energy equation to the system, we have :

APE = 0 and AKE =0 since these changes are negligible compared with other energies.
h -Q= h,- W ...3.58)