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Python Object Oriented Programming

Python is a versatile programming language that supports various programming
styles, including object-oriented programming (OOP) through the use of objects
and classes.

An object is any entity that has attributes and behaviors. For example, a parrot is
an object. It has

attributes - name, age, color, etc.

behavior - dancing, singing, etc.

Similarly, a class is a blueprint for that object.

 Python
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# class attribute
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age = 0
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# create parrot1 object
parrot1 = Parrot()
parrot1.name = "Blu"
parrot1.age = 10

# create another object parrot2

parrot2 = Parrot()
parrot2.name = "Woo"
parrot2.age = 15

# access attributes
print(f"{parrot1.name} is {parrot1.age} years old")
print(f"{parrot2.name} is {parrot2.age} years old")

Run Code (/python-programming/online-compiler)

Output

Blu is 10 years old

Woo is 15 years old

In the above example, we created a class with the name Parrot with two
attributes: name and age .

Then, we create instances of the Parrot class. Here, parrot1 and parrot2 are
references (value) to our new objects.

We then accessed and assigned different values to the instance attributes using
the objects name and the . notation.

To learn more about classes and objects, visit Python Classes and Objects
(/python-programming/class)
 Python
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Inheritance is a way of creating a new class for using details of an existing class
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Example 2: Use of Inheritance in Python

# base class
class Animal:

def eat(self):
print( "I can eat!")

def sleep(self):
print("I can sleep!")

# derived class
class Dog(Animal):

def bark(self):
print("I can bark! Woof woof!!")

# Create object of the Dog class

dog1 = Dog()

# Calling members of the base class

dog1.eat()
dog1.sleep()

# Calling member of the derived class

dog1.bark();

Run Code (/python-programming/online-compiler)

Output

I can eat!
I can sleep!
I can bark! Woof woof!!
 Here,
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To learn more about inheritance, visit Python Inheritance (/python-

programming/inheritance).

Python Encapsulation
Encapsulation is one of the key features of object-oriented programming.
Encapsulation refers to the bundling of attributes and methods inside a single class.

It prevents outer classes from accessing and changing attributes and methods of a
class. This also helps to achieve data hiding.

In Python, we denote private attributes using underscore as the prefix i.e single _

or double __ . For example,

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class Computer:

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print("Selling Price: {}".format(self.__maxprice))
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def setMaxPrice(self, price):
self.__maxprice = price

c = Computer()
c.sell()

# change the price

c.__maxprice = 1000
c.sell()

# using setter function

c.setMaxPrice(1000)
c.sell()

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Output

Selling Price: 900

Selling Price: 900
Selling Price: 1000

In the above program, we defined a Computer class.

We used __init__() method to store the maximum selling price of Computer . Here,
notice the code

c.__maxprice = 1000

Here, we have tried to modify the value of __maxprice outside of the class.
However, since __maxprice is a private variable, this modification is not seen on the
output.

As shown, to change the value, we have to use a setter function i.e setMaxPrice()

which takes price as a parameter.

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Polymorphism
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That is, the same entity (methodwww.domain-name.com
or operator or object) can perform different
operations in different scenarios.

Let's see an example,

class Polygon:
# method to render a shape
def render(self):
print("Rendering Polygon...")

class Square(Polygon):
# renders Square
def render(self):
print("Rendering Square...")

class Circle(Polygon):
# renders circle
def render(self):
print("Rendering Circle...")

# create an object of Square

s1 = Square()
s1.render()

# create an object of Circle

c1 = Circle()
c1.render()

Run Code (/python-programming/online-compiler)

Output

Rendering Square...
Rendering Circle...

In the above example, we have created a superclass: Polygon and two subclasses:
Square and Circle . Notice the use of the render() method.
 The you
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forpurpose ofcontent
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process of rendering a square is different from the process of rendering a circle.
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Key Points to Remember:

Object-Oriented Programming makes the program easy to understand as well as
efficient.

Since the class is sharable, the code can be reused.

Data is safe and secure with data abstraction.

Polymorphism allows the same interface for different objects, so programmers

can write efficient code.

Video: Object-oriented Programming in Python

Object-oriented Programming (OOP) in Python (Easy to Understand Guide) #20

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User-defined Exception
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