s‎ etting fire to crop residue :

‎pollution levels in delhi rise

‎Mechanisation

‎Punjab preservation of subsoil water act

‎Reasons
‎Crop intensification

‎Happy Seeder

‎ usa biodecomposer : low cost microbial

P
‎Stubble Burning ‎In situ ‎bioenzyme solution which accelerates
‎decomposition of crop residue, fungal
‎solution, takes 15-20 days. Provides
‎additional manure too.
‎Prevention
‎ x Situ : using stubble like cattle feed,
E
‎compost, manure, roofing, biomass energy
‎etc.

‎NGT ban

‎NPMCR, 2014

‎Central sector scheme on mechanisation

‎Policy Response
‎SC guidelines

‎Directions by CAQM
 ‎Anti smog gun

‎ o not contain hazardous chemical like

d
‎barium nitrate
‎ reen Crackers : STAR, SWAS,
G
‎ ir Pollution :
A ‎SAFAL
‎less polluting raw materials

‎miscellaneous
‎measures s‎ tatutory body under air quality management
‎in national capital region and adjoining areas
‎act, 2021

‎appeal to NGT

‎ eaded by chairperson with atleast 15 years'

H
‎experience in environment or 25 years in
‎CAQM ‎admisitration

‎Recently, banned the use of coal in NCR

‎GRAP : graded response action plan

 ‎ 0 to 30% reduction in PM 10 and PM 2.5 by
2
‎2024

‎City specific action plan

I‎mplemented in non attainment cities and

‎National Clean Air Programme
‎million plus cities

‎PRANA portal

‎MoEFCC has launched, under NCAP

‎ nnual self assessment by cities under

A
‎Swachch Vayu survekshan
‎PRANA online portal

‎ ational and
N ‎by CPCB

‎International ‎ ational Ambient Air Quality

N 1‎ 2 pollutants : PM Publishes ON NSC : Ban
‎Standards
‎Initiatives for Air ‎Bangladeshis

‎Pollution
‎Revise the guidelines from the slides

‎ 022 update : ground level measurements

2
‎WHO air quality database
‎on Nitrogen dioxide

‎Identify non attainment cities

‎ ational Air Quality Management
N
‎804 operating stations
‎Programme
 ‎by Ministry of Earth Sciences

‎Early warning system on air quality

‎SAFAR
‎ as 10 pollutants, different from NAAQS and
h
‎AQI

‎launched by MoEFCC under swachch bharat

‎ categories, 8 pollutants (the first 8 ones

6
‎National AQI
‎under NAAQS)

‎ ational and
N I‎nformation mechanism developed by
‎national institute of advanced studies
‎International ‎NARFI

‎Initiatives continued
‎ eadline extended for SO2 but not for PM
D
‎and NOx

‎ ll 3 categories (revise from slides) deadline

A
‎has been extended

‎ ontrol emissions by measures such as flue

C
‎Norms for TPP by MoEFCC ‎gas desulphurisation.

‎Indian coal has high amount of ash content

‎ ly Ash : contains arsenic, boron, chromium,
F
‎lead etc.
‎ oEFCC has asked for shorter utilisation
M
‎cycle and introduced polluter pays principle
 ‎ manating dust is charged with ions and
e
‎ionised matter is collected

‎Electrostatic precipitators ‎removed 99% of particulate matter

‎wet collectors

‎ articles get trapped due to liquid scrubbing

p
‎Scrubbers
‎medium

I‎nertia of SPM in gas is higher than the

‎Methods to control ‎solvent
‎Inertial Collectors
‎emissions
‎Expensive chemicals like platinum palladium
‎Catalytic Converter

‎Use of Lime in both

‎wet
‎Flue Gas Desulphurisation
‎2 types
‎dry
 ‎ ny precipitation more acidic than
a
‎usual (ph <5.6)

‎ h scale : log scale. Anything less

P
‎than 7 is acidic, more than 7 is
‎alkaline

‎ hemistry of acid rain : oxides of

C
‎sulphur and nitrogen react to
‎from nitric and sulphuric acid

‎Wet and Dry Deposition

‎Acid Rain
‎ ffects on soil : increase in
e
‎ammonia, decrease in nitrate,
‎leaching of nutrient cations like
‎potassium

‎ ffects on Humans, aquatic life,

E
‎terrestrial life and
‎microorganisms, buildings (marble
‎cancer, etc.)

‎Low sulphur fuel

‎Control Measures ‎Buffering

 ‎India 5th largest producer

‎Data by CPCB ‎maharashtra largest producer

‎by moefcc under EPA

‎extended to all villages

‎Extended producer responsibility

‎Local bodies have to manage the waste

‎ euse plastic waste in road construction,

R
‎waste to energy, waste to oil etc.

‎2018 : phasing out Multilayered plastics

‎PWM rules, 2016
‎ban SUP

l‎ow utility and high environmental index SUP

‎to be banned

‎ lastic Waste
P i‎ncrease thickness of plastic bags to 120
‎microns
‎2021 amendment
‎Management ‎no ban on compostable plastic

‎Implementation by CPCB

‎Prakriti Mascot

‎CPCB portal, etc.

l‎ess than 5mm in length but larger than 1

‎micrometer
‎Microplastics

‎Microbeads

‎Chemical name for polyester

‎PET : polythene terephthalate ‎entirely recyclable

 ‎ tatus : 3rd largest producer after
S
‎china and US

‎under EPA, by MoEFCC

‎Broad coverage
‎ waste
E
‎EWM rules, 2022 ‎Compulsory registration with CPCB
‎ anagement
M
‎extended producer responsibility

‎Nidhi Khare Committee

‎Right to Repair Movement
 ‎under EPA

‎applicable beyond municipal areas

s‎ eparate waste into 3 streams :

‎wet, dry and hazardous

‎source segregation

‎ unicipal authorities to levy user

m
‎fess and spot fines

‎ olid Waste
S ‎ aste promotion through
W
‎composting, biomethanation and
‎Management, 2016 ‎bioremediation

‎promotion of Waste to Energy

‎Detailed landfill parameters

‎ onstitution of Central Monitoring

C
‎Committee

‎Incineration

‎pyrolysis
‎Treatment of Solid wastes
‎plasma gasification
 ‎MoEFCC under EPA

‎ hase out chlorinated plastic bags

p
‎and gloves

‎establish bar code system

‎ iomedical waste
B
‎yellow, white, red, blue
‎management rules ‎4 categories

‎2016
s‎ tates to provide land for
‎Common biomedical waste
‎treatment and disposal facilities

‎ ertain on site treatment by

c
‎hospitals
 ‎MOEFCC under EPA

‎ mbit has been expanded by

a
‎including other wastes

‎waste management hierarchy

‎ azardous Waste
H
‎ o country can export hazardous
n
‎Management rules, ‎waste to india for final disposal
‎2016
‎ ermission from SPCB is required
p
‎for the layout in this regard, CPCB
‎gives the guidelines

‎ 019 amendment : exemptions to

2
‎Silk waste, electrical defective
‎waste can be imported back,
‎exemption for certain industries
‎that do not require consent under
‎water and air acts.
 ‎ he presence of organic and
T
‎inorganic wastes decreases the
‎DO content due to the high
‎decomposition rate and O2
‎consumption.

‎ O below 8.0 is contaminated and

D
‎below 4.0 is polluted

‎Pollution load in ‎ OD is the amount of dissolved oxygen

B
‎needed by bacteria to decompose the
‎water ‎organic wastes present in water.

‎ ot very accurate as it considers only

N
‎Biological Oxygen demand
‎biodegradable material

I‎t measures the amount of oxygen in parts

‎per million required to oxidise organic (
‎biodegradable and non-biodegradable) and
‎oxidisable inorganic compounds in the water
‎sample.
‎Chemical Oxygen Demand
 ‎can be natural or cultural

‎nutrient enrichment of lakes

‎collapse of food chain

‎new species invasion

‎loss of coral reefs

‎ utrophication and Aeging of
E ‎impact

‎Lakes ‎ hytoplankton consume more oxygen than

p
‎they release

‎algal blooms ‎death of acquatic organisms

‎harmful algal blooms : toxin release

‎algal blooms

‎Water pollution ‎ ead zones : hypoxic zones

D
‎where algal growth leads to less
‎continued ‎dissolved oxygen

‎ hange in ocean chemistry : pH of ocean

c
‎reduces

‎ cean stays alkaline but becomes less

o
‎alkaline

‎ xcess CO2 release : carbonic acid formation

e
‎Ocean acidification
‎and acidification

‎reduced buffering capacity

‎Effects
‎effects on marine calcifying organisms
 ‎sulphur, lead etc.

f‎ uel (coke) with iron ore and flux (lime) are

‎added in a furnace. Liquid slag is obtained

‎Pig iron is converted to steel

‎ teel slag : contains calcium sulphide, oxides

S ‎ sed as cement, soil improvement and soil
u
‎Iron and Steel
‎of other metals etc. ‎conditioning

‎ ir pollutants : PM 10, PM 2.5, SOx, NOx,

A
‎NMVoc.

‎Magnetite pollution

‎floatation purification

‎Polluting industries ‎roasting

‎Raw chalcopyrite ore : CUFeS2 ‎smelting

‎blister copper

‎electrolytic refining

‎abrasive surface blast cleaning

‎Copper Industry
‎Copper slag ‎cement

‎road construction

‎Radon
‎Pollution
‎Sulphur dioxide
 ‎upstream, midstream and downstream

‎fractional distillation, conversion, treatment

‎Pollution : PM, NOx, H2S, SO2, methane etc.

‎Petroleum
‎ sed for power generation, drying tea leaves
u
‎etc.
‎By product : furnace oil
‎emits sulphur oxide
‎Polluting industries
‎part 2 ‎weight is 5 times that of water

‎arsenic ‎blackfoot disease

‎Heavy metals ‎Fluoride ‎dental and skeletal fluorosis

‎Manganese ‎intellectual impairment

‎common contaminants
‎Uranium ‎chemical damage to kidneys

‎Nitrate ‎blue baby syndrome

‎ naemia, premature birth and brain

a
‎lead ‎developments
 ‎forever chemical
‎ er and polyfluroro alkyl
P
‎under stockholm convention
‎substances

‎Other polluting
‎substances ‎used as surfactants

‎ NEP has designated as chemical of global

U
‎Nonylphenol ethoxylates
‎concern
 ‎ ioremediation : uses bacteria
B
‎and fungi

‎bioventing

‎in situ ‎biosparaging

‎bioaugmentation

‎associated terms ‎landfarming

‎bioreactors
‎exsitu

‎Remediation ‎biopiles

‎composting

‎use of plants : water hyacinth, eucalyptus

‎Phytostabilisation
‎phytoremediation
‎Phytotransformation

‎use of fungi

‎Mycoremediation ‎mycofiltration