COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Universal Automatic Computer

• Computer Hardware refers to the (UNIAC1)

physical parts of the computer and ✓ Storage media such as tape and disk
related devices were in used also the printers for
2 Types output
✓ Internal hardware (parts of a computer 3. 1963-present
often referred to as components) ✓ Computers become smaller, powerful
✓ External hardware (usually called and reliable
peripherals) ✓ Microsoft Disk Operating System (Ms-
• Software consist of program and Dos) was born
application that run on the computers ✓ 1981 IMB introduced personal
computers (PC)
✓ 3 Years later apple gave the Macintosh
computer

TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Supercomputers large computers with
thousand linked of microprocessor that
perform complex calculations but
perform a limited-tasks
BRIEF HISTORY • Personal computers used by one
• Begin in 19th century English person at a time
mathematics professor name Charles Kinds of Personal Computers
Babbage. 1. Desktop Computers
• Design analytical engine and design the ✓ Design for use at a desk or table
basic framework of the computers ✓ Larger and more powerful than the
today are based on. other types of personal computer
3 Generations ✓ Made up of separate component,
1. 1937-1946 built by Dr. John V. main component called system unit
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry the others are monitor, mouse, and
✓ It was called Atanasoff-Berry Computer keyboard connect to the system
(ABC) unit
✓ 1946 Electronic Numerical Integrator 2. Laptop computers
and Computer (ENIAC) was built. ✓ Lightweight mobile pc with a thin
Weighed 30 tons and had 18,000 screen often called notebook
vacuum tubes which used for computes
processing ✓ Can operate on batteries
✓ This generation can only perform single ✓ Laptop combine the CPU, screen
task and they had no operating system and keyboard in a single case
2. 1947-1962 3. Handheld computers
✓ This generation used transistors instead ✓ also called personal digital
vacuum tubes assistant (PDAs)
✓ 1951 the first computer for commercial ✓ battery powered computers
use was introduced to the public the enough to carry
 ✓ useful for scheduling TYPE OF COMPUTERS BY ELECTTRONIC
appointments, storing addresses, COMPONENT
phone numbers and playing games 1. Analog computers
✓ can make telephone calls ✓ Based on analog techniques
✓ have touch screen that used with and uses analog signals
finger or stylus (a pen shape ✓ Proceed after measuring the
pointing tool) changes are physical in nature
4. Tablet PCs such as pressure ,temperature
✓ combine features of laptop and ✓ Pre decided arithmetic and
handhelds logical operations are
✓ write notes and draw picture on the performed
screen with a tablet pen 2. Digital computers
✓ convert handwriting into type text ✓ Have a very high programming
✓ convertibles speed
5. Workstation Computers ✓ Operates in two digital states
✓ widely used by the engineers and high and low which gives them
technician an edge as compared to the
✓ different from pc through the analog computers
computation speed of the CPU 3. Hybrid computers
✓ can handle voluminous data ✓ Mixture of analog and digital
6. Supercomputers computers
✓ used for computational purposes ✓ Operations are resembled to
and quite advanced the operations of digital
✓ configuration is mainly advanced computers techniques and
in terms of its RAM and memory some of the analog computer’s
storage techniques
✓ use for tedious mathematical ✓ Today defined based on using
computation SSD conventional HDD
7. Mainframe /Server Computers
✓ used on much wider scale by HARDWARE
educational institution and such STANDARD COMPUTER COMPONETS
large domains for as server ✓ Computer components are all of the
computer that serves the request to hardware od parts that make a
around 500-600 computers computer system operate
8. Dedicated Servers • Case – the outer case that perfectly
✓ single computer in a network includes the hardware component
reserved for serving the needs of within
the network • Power supply – one of the core
✓ dedicated server is typically a components that deserve proper
rented service mentioning as there are different types
✓ the users rent the serve, software of power supply provisions to the
and an internet connection from computer
the web host
 • Motherboard – next important case ✓ Storage component that
components brain of the respective responsible for the storage of data
computer system in a computer system
✓ main controlling panel that provides the ✓ Basic parts (spindle, platters, R/W
installation of certain computing head, actuator, head arm,
devices along with the provisions of controller and ports)
video and the sound card OTHER TYPES OF SECONDARY
• Microprocessor- responsible to handled MEMORY
each and every command and the • Optical drives like the size of the thick
controlling operations of the thick soft cover book
✓ Central processing unit or CPU is where ✓ The front of the drive has a small open
all the information processed / critical close button that ejects and retracts the
for data speed processing drive by bay door
✓ CPUs classified based on: (number of • External storage components like
cores, power consumption/ heat floppy and the CD ROM drives stores
dissipation, clock rate, architecture) the data to be accessed anytime as a
MEMORY medium od portable further usage
• Random Access Memory (RAM) a • USB Flash drives or Flash Memory
primary memory or temporary storage portable flash memory card that plugs
and access data into a computers USB port and function
✓ Things to consider about RAM as a portable hard drive
(memory clock speed, CAS or (column DISPLAY MONITOR
address strobe) latency, memory ✓ Component that delivers the display to
redundancy) the functions
• Cache Memory fast memory that serves ✓ Sometimes called visual display unit
as a buffer between the processor and ✓ Types of monitors:
main memory 1. CRT – Cathode Ray Tube Display
✓ Holds data that was recently used by 2. TFT LCD – Thin Film Transistor
the processor Liquid Crystal Display
✓ First two L1 Cache small internal 3. LEDD – Light Emitting Diode Display
memory and usually contained in the • Resolution the number of distinct
processor pixels
✓ Third level L2 cache usually contained in
the motherboard
✓ fourth level L3 Cache used to be the L2
cache on the motherboard it run slower
than the processor but faster than the
main memory
• fifth level is the main memory it self
• the sixth level is a piece of the hard disk
used by the operating system usually
called the virtual memory
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) permanent
storage
Combination Devices (Input and Output) Graphics Hardware
• CDRW/DVDRW/BDRW ✓ a video card, video adapter, graphics
• MODEMS accelerator card, display adapter, or
• NIC OR ETEHRNET CARD graphics card is an expansion card
• SD CARD READERS which generates output images to a
• MULTI-FUNCTION PRINTERS display
• FLOPPY DISK DRIVE Graphics Processing Unit
• DIGITAL CAMERA ✓ GPU also called visual processing unit
• TOUCH-SCREEN DISPLAY or VPU a specialized circuit design to
• TERMINAL EXTENDER rapidly and manipulate and alter
memory in such a way so as to
• HDD’S AND EXT HDD
accelerate the building of images in a
Non-keyboard Display
frame buffer intended for output to a
• SCANNERS
display
• BARCODE READERS
Video BIOS
• DIGITAL CAMERA
✓ Contains the basic program which is
• MICROPHONE
usually hidden that governs the video
• MIOMATRIX
cards operations and provides the
instruction
Video Memory
✓ Modern video cards range from 128 MB
✓ Need to be accessed by the GPU and
the display circuitry
RAMDAC
✓ Random Access Memory Digital to
Analog Converter it converts digital
signal to analog signals for use by a
computer display that uses analog
input such as CRT displays
✓ like a RAM chip that regulates the
functioning of the graphics card
PORTS and CONNECTION
✓ serves as the interface between the
computer and other computers or
peripherals devices
✓ specialized outlet on a piece of
equipment to which a plug or cable
connects
A and some older inexpensive fax
machines
5. Impact printers rely on forcible
impact to transfer ink to the media
✓ Similar to the type writer
✓ Dot-matrix printer used for impact
printers and the advantage of dot
matrix over the impact printers is that
they can produce graphical images
however the text is generally poorer
quality than impact printers that use
letter forms
6. Plotter a vector graphics printing
device which operates by moving a
PRINTERS pen over the surface of paper
✓ a peripheral which produces a text/ or ✓ Used in applications such as CAD but it
graphics document stored in electronic rarely used now and replaced with wide
form usually on physical print media format conventional printers
such as papers or transparencies ✓ 2 Types of Plotter (Flat bed and Drum
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Toner-based laser printer rapidly SOFTWARE
produces high quality text and COMPUTER SOFTWARE
graphics ✓ Collections of computer programs and
✓ Employ xerographic printing process related data that provide the
but differ from analog photocopiers in instruction for telling a computer what
that the image produced by the direct to do and how to do
scanning of a laser beam across the ✓ Software Is as conceptual entity which
printer’s photoreceptor set a computer program procedures
2. Ink -based inkjet printers operate and associated documentation
by propelling variably sized droplets concerned with the data processing
of liquid or molten material ink on system
any sized paper ✓ Software are intangible
3. Solid Ink-based also known as Types of Software According Purpose/Function
phase changes printers 1. Operating System software
✓ type of thermal transfer printer consisting of programs and data
✓ used solid sticks CMYK-coloured ink that runs on computer, manages
✓ similar in consistency to candle wax and computer hardware resources
fed into piezo crystal operated print ✓ Most important type of system
head software in a computer system
✓ most commonly used as color printers ✓ Without operating system a user cannot
and other non-porous media run an application program on their
✓ it also can produce excellent result computer unless it is self-booting
4. Thermal printers used in cash 2. Application software enables users
register, ATMs, gasoline dispenser to accomplish certain specific task
 ✓ Business software, databases and • OEM software stands for Original
educational software are some forms Equipment Manufacturer and refers to
of application software software sold ink in bulk to reseller
✓ Different word processor also design to bundled with hardware
examples of application software ✓ not legal to buy unbundled from its
3. Firmware software program that is original hardware system
written to the read only memory • Shareware downloadable from the
(ROM) of a computing device internet
✓ Added at the time of manufacturing is ✓ Some shareware incorporates an
used to run program on the device internal clock that disables the
4. Programming Languages commonly program after the trial period unless a
known and properly used forms of serial number is supplied
computer software • Crippleware similar to shareware
✓ Come in forms of tools that assist a ✓ the function is limited with the sole
programmer in writing computer purpose of encouraging or requiring
programs the user to pay for those function
✓ Computer programs are setoff logical • Freeware downloadable off the
instruction that make as computer internet and free of charge
system perform certain task ✓ Often freeware is only free for personal
5. Open source software (OSS) use while commercial used requires a
computer software that is available paid license
in source code form ✓ Does not contain spyware or adware
✓ Reserved for copyright holders are
provided under software license that HARMFUL PROGRAM
permits user to study, change, • Rogue software a form of computer
improve malware that deceives or misleads user
✓ Some open source software is available into paying for the fake or simulated
within public domain removal of malware or that installs
6. Custom made software software other malware
that is especially developed for • Adware free software that is supported
some specific organizations or other by advertisements built into the
users program itself
✓ Can be develop by in a house software ✓ some adware requires a live internet
development group or be feed and uses constant bandwidth to
commissioned from a software house upload new advertisements
or independent software development ✓ adware is not particularly popular
Types of Software According Acquisition • Spyware normally free but can be
• Retail software type of software is sold shareware
off the shelves of retail stores ✓ Type of malicious software that
✓ Includes expensive packaging design secretly gathers information about a
✓ Advantage comes with printed manuals user without their consent
and installation instruction, hard copy • Malware short for malicious software
form and every category of software consist of programming code, scripts,
active content and other software
 designed to disrupt or deny operation,
gather information that leads to loss of
privacy
• Viruses a computer program that can
copy itself and infect a computer
✓ The term virus is also commonly but
erroneously used to refer to other types
of malware but limited to adware and
spyware that do not have reproductive
ability