2020

GAS LAWS

TEACHERS OF PHYSICS
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8/12/2020
 BOYLE’S LAW.
1. State Boyle’s Law
 The pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its
volume at a constant temperature.

2. State how the pressure of a fixed mass of gas can be increased at constant
temperature. (1mk)
 When the volume is decreased (the gas is compressed), the spacing
between the molecules is decreased, and therefore the rate at which they
collide with the walls of the container is increased – so the pressure
increases.

3. An air bubble expands as it rises to the surface of water in a deep pond. State
the cause of this given that the temperature remains constant. (1mk)
 Decrease in pressure due to water as the bubbles rises to the top it
expand since pressure increases with depth.

4. When an inflated balloon is placed in a refrigerator, it is noted that its volume

reduces. Use kinetic theory to explain this observation. (1mk)
 Low temperature reduces the kinetic energy of molecules which lead
to lower rate of collision which results to reduction of pressure.

5. Show that the density of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the
pressure at constant temperature.

 Ideal gas Equation is given in the form PV=ηRT……(i)

 Where moles of the gas (η) =
 Using η= and rearranging equation (i) yields
 =
 But = ρ (Density)
 Then, ρ= …………….(ii)
 Equation (ii) implies that ρ is directly proportional to p at constant T since
M and R are constants.

6. Draw axes and sketch the P – V graph for a gas obeying Boyle’s Law.

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7. Draw axes and sketch a graph of pressure (P) against reciprocal of volume
(1/v) for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at a constant temperature.

8. On the axes provided, sketch a graph of PV against V for ideal gas in which
Boyle’s law is obeyed. (1mk)

PV

V
9. On the axis below, sketch a graph to show how the pressure of a fixed mass of a
gas varies with volume at constant temperature. (1mk)

V
10. A diver at the bottom of a swimming pool releases an air bubble of volume
3 3
2cm . As the air bubble rises, its volume increases to 5cm at the surface of the
pool. Explain this observation.
 Liquid pressure decreases as the bubble rises to the top causing increase
in its volume.

11. A bubble at the bottom of a pond rises to the surface of the pond. If the volume,
as it just reaches the surface is double that at the bottom of the pond; estimate

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 the depth of the pond. (Assume uniform pond temperature Atmospheric
pressure 100kPa) (5mk)
Solution
Let assume the pond contain water.
Let V1 (at the bottom)=X
3
Density of water 1000kg/m
V1= X
P1=?
P2=100KPa=100,000Pa
V2=2X
P1V1=P2V2
P1×X= 100,000×2X
P1=
P1=200,000 Pa
Pressure=ρhg
200,000=1000×h×10

H=20 m
3
12. A bubble of air of volume 1cm is released by a deep-sea diver at a depth where
the pressure is 30 atmospheres. Assuming its temperature remains constant
(T1 = T2) what is its volume just before it reaches the surface where the pressure
is 1.5 atmosphere? (3mks)

Solution
3
V1=1cm
P1=30 atm
P2=1.5 atm
V2=?
P1V1=P2V2
1.5×V1=1×30
V1=

3
V1=20 cm

13. An empty barometer tube of length 90cm is lowered vertically with its mouth
downwards into a tank of water. What will be the depth at the top of the tube
when the water has risen 15cm inside the tube, given that the atmospheric
pressure is 10m head of water?

14. A column of air 24cm long is trapped by a column of mercury 10cm long in a

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 horizontal tube with uniform cross-sectional area. If the atmospheric pressure is
76cm Hg. Determine the new height of air trapped in the tube when the tube is
(3mk)
placed vertically. 24 cm
Atmospheric pressure =76
cmHg
10cm
Atmospheric pressure =76
cmHg
10 cm

L P2=(76+10)=86cmHg

P1V1=P2V2
76×24=86×L
L=

L=21.21 cm
15. A hand pump suitable for inflating a football has a cylinder which is 0.24m in
-4 2
length and an internal cross-sectional area of 5.0 x 10 m . To inflate the
football the pump handle is pushed in and air is pumped through a one-way
valve. The valve opens to let air in to the ball when the air pressure in the pump
has reached 150 000Pa. (Assume the air temperature remains constant}
a) If the pressure in the pump is initially 100 000 Pa, calculate how far the
piston must be pushed inwards before the one way valves opens.
Let the initial length of hand pump be Y
-4 3
V1=0.24 x 5.0 x 10 m
P1=100,000 Pa

P2= 150,000Pa
-4 3
V2= (Y x 5.0 x 10 ) m
By boyle’s law: P1V1=P2V2
-4 -4
100,000 x (0.24 x 5×10 )=150,000 × (Y x 5.0 x 10 )
Y=

Y= 0.16
Length piston moved inwards=0.24-0.16=0.08 m

(b) When the one-way valve opens the total pressure in the cylinder will be
150 000 Pa. What force will be exerted on the piston by the air in the
cylinder?

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 Pressure= 150,000 Pa
-4 2
Area =5.0 x 10 m
Pressure=

150,000 =

-4 2
Force =150,000 x 5.0 x 10 m

Force =75N

16. Air is trapped inside a glass tube by a thread of mercury 240mm long. When the
tube is held horizontally, the length of the air column is 200mm.

Atmospheric pressure
=760 mmHg 200 mm 240 mm
Given that the atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg and the temperature is kept
constant, calculate the length of air column when the tube is held;
(i) Vertical with the open end up (3mk)
Atmospheric pressure =760 mmHg

240 mm

L P2=(760+240)=1000mmHg

P1V1=P2V2
760×200=1000×L
L=

L=153 mm

(ii) Vertical with the open end down (inverted) (2mk)

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 L P2=760-240=520mmHg

240mm

Atmospheric pressure =760 mmHg

P1V1=P2V2
760×200=520×L L=292.3 mm L=

17. Air is trapped in a tube of uniform cross-action using mercury as shown

80 mm

Atmospheric pressure
=750 mmHg 50mm

(a) Determine the length of the air column when the tube is kept vertical with

the open end facing down (3mks)

L P2=750-50=700mmHg

50mm

Atmospheric pressure =750 mmHg

P1V1=P2V2

750×80=700×L L=85.71 mm
L= Length of air column =85.71mm
(b) State the assumptions made in the above calculation (1mk)

 Temperature is kept constant throughout the air column.

3
18. The pressure of helium gas of volume 10cm decreases to one third of its
original value at a constant temperature. Determine the final volume of the gas.

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 Solution
3
V1=10 cm
Let initial pressure=P
New value of pressure= 1/3P
By boyle’s law: P1V1=P2V2
10×P=1/3P× V2
3
V2=30 cm
19. A balloon seller has a cylinder of helium gas which he uses to blow up his balloons.
3
The volume of the cylinder is 0.10m . It contains helium gas at a pressure of 1.0 x
7 -2
10 Nm . The balloon seller fills each balloon to a volume of 1.0
-2 3 5 2
x 10 m and a pressure of 2.0 x 10 N/m
(a) Explain in terms of particles how the helium in the cylinder produces a
pressure (1mk)
 Pressure is produced when particles collide with each other and with
the wall of the cylinder.
(b) Calculate the total volume that the helium gases occupy at a pressure of
5 2
1.2 x 10 N/m . Assume the temperature of the helium does not change.
(3mk)
Solution
-2 3
V1=1.0 x 10 m
5 2
P1=2.0 x 10 N/m
5 2
P2=1.2 x 10 N/m
V2=?
By boyle’s law: P1V1=P2V2
5 -2 5
2.0 x 10 ×1.0 x 10 =1.2 x 10 × V2
V2=

-2 3
V2= 1.667 x 10 m
(c) Calculate the number of balloons of volume 1.0 x 10 -2m3 that the balloon
seller can fill using the gas (2mk)
Solution
Let the number = n
3
V1=0.10m
7 -2
P1= 1.0 x 10 Nm
5 2
P2=2.0 x 10 N/m
-2 3
V2=1.0 x 10 m
By boyle’s law: P1V1=n(P2V2)
7 5 -2
1.0 x 10 ×0.10=n(2.0 x 10 × 1.0 x 10 )
n=

n= 500
20. An air bubble is released at the bottom of a tall jar containing a liquid. The
height of the liquid column is 80cm. The volume of the bubble increase from

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 3 3
0.5cm at the bottom of the liquid to 1.15cm at the top. The figure below shows
the variation of pressure P, on the bubble with the reciprocal of volume 1/V as it
rises in the liquid.

2
1
P x 105 Pa

1 2

(a) State the reason why the volume increases as the bubble rises in the liquid
column. (1mk)
 Decrease in pressure exerted on the bubbles by the liquid column as it
rises to the top.

(b) From the graph, determine the pressure on the bubble.

(i) At the bottom of the liquid column; (2mk)
5 5
 (1.8+0.16) ×10 =1.96×10 Pa
(ii) At the top of the liquid column. (1mk)
 0.4×105 =4.0×104 Pa
-3
(iii) Hence determine the density of the liquid in kgm (3mk)
 Height = 80 cm, g=10,
5
 Pressure of the air bubble at the bottom=1.96×10 Pa
 Pressure =ρhg
5
 1.96×10 =ρ×0.8×10
3 3
 ρ=2.45×10 kg/m
(iv) What is the value of the atmospheric pressure of the surrounding? (1mk)
5 4 5
 (1.96×10 Pa-4.0×10 Pa)=1.56×10 Pa

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21. Set up in figure is used to verify Boyle’s law
Enclosed air
0
Bourdon Pressure
10
gauge
h 20
0

75 25
30

40 To foot pump
50
Meter 60
ruler Oil
70

The pressure, P of a fixed mass of a gas at a constant temperature T = 300K is

varied continuously. The corresponding values of P and the volume (V) of the gas
are shown in the table below.
5 2
Pressure, P (x10 N/m ) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
3
Volume, V(M ) 0.025 0.02 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.011
I -3
/V (M ) 40 50 58.8 71.4 83.3 90.9
I
(i) Complete the table above by filling in the values of /V (1mk)
I
(ii) Plot a graph of pressure (y – axis) against /V (5mk)

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 5

45

3
Pressure, P (x105N/m2)

∆Y

2
∆X

20 40 60 80 100
I/ V
(M-3)
(iii) Determine the gradient of the graph (3mks)

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 Slope =

Slope =

=
3
= 5.3191 × 10 N/m

(iv) Given that the equation of the graph is PV = 2RT where R is a constant, use
your graph to determine the value of R. (3mks)
From the graph, it is a straight line, Y=mx+c
P=
2RT= Slope/Gradient

3
2×300K×R=5.3191 × 10 N/m
3
600K×R=5.3191 × 10 N/m
-1 -1
R=8.8652Nm k or J/K

(v) State the unit of R. (1mk)

-1 -1
 Nm k or J/K
(vi) Estimate the pressure of the air column when the length of the air is zero
(2mk)
Pressure =0 Pa

(vii) From the graph, calculate the volume when the pressure
2
380,000N/m (2mks)
5 2 -3 3
3.8 x 10 N/m =70.1 m =0.01426m
(viii) State the two physical quantities which were kept constant (2mks)
 Mass and temperature

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 CHARLE’S LAW.
1. State Charles law for an ideal gas. (1mk)
 The volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature(Kelvin) at constant pressure.

2. When an inflated balloon is placed in a refrigerator it is noted that its volume

reduces.
Low temperature reduces the kinetic energy of molecules, and therefore the rate
at which they collide with the walls of the container is reduces which results to
reduction of volume.

3. Define absolute zero temperature for an ideal gas (1mk)

 Absolute zero temperature refers to the lowest temperature a gas can fall
0
to. It is -273 celcius (0 Kelvin).
4. The pressure of the air inside a car tyre increases if the car stands out in the sun
for some time on a hot day. Explain the pressure increase in terms of the kinetic
theory of gases. (3mk)
When the temperature of the air inside the tyre increase the kinetic energy of air
particles increases and therefore the rate at which they collide with the walls of
the tyre is increased – so the pressure increases.

5. Using the kinetic theory of gases, explain the behaviour of gas particles in
accordance with Charles Law. (2mk)
 When the temperature of a gas rises, its particles move faster and exert a
larger force on the wall of the container when they collide with it.
 The frequency of collisions also increases.
 If the pressure is to remain constant, the volume must increases.

OR

 When a gas is heated the kinetic energy of its molecules increases.

 If the volume remains constant the pressure at the walls would increase
due to a greater rate of change of momentum per unit time.
 Since Charles law is done at constant pressure, and then the volume
increases.

6. You are provided with the following

 A uniform glass tube
 An index of sulphuric acid
 A thermometer
 A stirrer
 A meter scale (Ruler)
 Water bath and a source of heat
Using a suitable diagram, explain how the above may be used to verify Charles’
law.

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  The initial length of the air column is taken and recorded as well as the
initial thermometer reading.
 The water bath is heated and new height (column) of air is taken and recorded
with its corresponding temperature reading
 This is repeated several times at suitable temperature intervals to get several
pairs of results
 A graph of volume (height, h (cm)) against absolute temperature is plotted. It is
a straight line with positive gradient.
 This shows that the volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature.

7. The diagram in figure below shows an experiment to investigate the relationship

between volume and temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure.
Scale
Thermometer Stirrer

Conc. Sulphuric acid

bead Dry air

Water bath

Heat

(a) Explain the function of:

(i) Concentrated sulphuric acid (2mk)
 Used as a pointer to volume of the gas on the scale
 Used as a drying agent for the air
 Used to trap air
(ii) Stirrer (1mk)
To stir the water bath for uniform distribution of heat
(b) Which measurements are taken in the above experiment (2mk)
 Air column height which corresponds to volume
 Temperature
(c) State law being investigated in the experiment above.(1mk)
 Charles’ law

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 (d) Describe how the experiment above is used to verify the law. (3mk)
 The initial length of the air column is taken and recorded as well as the
initial thermometer reading.
 The water bath is heated and new height (column) of air is taken and recorded
with its corresponding temperature reading
 This is repeated several times at suitable temperature intervals to get several
pairs of results
 A graph of volume (height, h (cm) against absolute temperature is plotted.
 It is a straight line with positive gradient.
 This shows that the volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature.
(e) What physical property of the gas is kept constant in this experiment?
(1mk)
 Pressure
(f) Why is the atmospheric pressure not taken into account in this experiment?
(1mk)
 Atmospheric pressure is also constant.
3
(g) On the grid shown in figure below sketch a graph of volume (cm ) against
0
temperature ( C) for the experiment above. Clearly mark with the letter T the
absolute zero temperature. (2mk)

Volume (cm3)

T
0
-300 -273 -200 -100 0 -100 Temperature C

(h) What two assumptions are made in the experiment (2mk)

 Pressure is kept constant throughout the experiment.
 Uniform distribution of heat.

8. Sketch a graph of volume against absolute temperature for an ideal gas.(2mk)

ANS

OR

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 3 0
9. A gas has a volume of 20cm at 27 C and normal atmospheric pressure.
0
Calculate the new volume of the gas if it is heated to 54 C at the same pressure.
Solution
3
V1=20cm
T1=27+273=300K

T2=54+273=327K
V2=?
=
=
3
V2=21.8cm
0
10. On a certain day when the temperature is 37 c, the pressure in an open gas jar is
0
640mm of mercury. The jar is then sealed and cooled to the temperature of 17 c.
Calculate the final pressure.
Solution
T1=37+273=310K
P1=640mmHg
T2=17+273=290K
P2=?
=
=

P2=598.71 mmHg

3
11. A constant mass of hydrogen gas occupies a volume of 4.0cm at a pressure of
5 5
2.4 x 10 Pa and temperature of 288K. Find its volume at a pressure of 1.6 x 10
Pa when the temperature is 293K.
Solution
3
V1=4.0cm
T1=288K
5
P1=2.4 x 10 Pa
T2=293K
5
P2=1.6 x 10 Pa
V2=?
=
=
3
V2=6.104 cm

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12.A balloon is filled with air to a volume of 200ml at a temperature of 293 K. Determine
the volume when the temperature rises to 353 k at the same pressure
(3mk)
Solution
V1=200ml
T1=293K
T2=353K
V2=?
=
=

V2=240.9556 ml
13. (a) The graph shows the relationship between volume and temperature for an
experiment.

80
Volume X 10- 6 60
m3
40

20

-300 -200 -100 100 200

0
Temp ( C)

(i) What was the volume of the gas at 0oC (1mk)

=40×10-6 m3
(ii) At what temperature would the volume of the gas be Zero (1mk)
0
=-275 C
(iii) Explain why the temperature is part (ii) above cannot be achieved.
(1mk)
0
 It liquefies at higher temperatures than OK or -273 C.

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 PRESSURE LAW.
1. State the pressure law for an ideal gas (1mk)
 The pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature(Kelvin) at a constant volume.

2. A gas is enclosed in a glass container and the container is heated. Explain why
the pressure of the gas increases. (1mk)
 Raising the temperature increases the average speed of particles so
they collide more vigorously and more frequently with container walls. If
the volume does not increase the pressure must rise.
3. Explain why gas cylinders are likely to expand incase of a fire out break(2mk)

 When a gas is heated, Temperature of a gas rises, its particles move faster and
exert a larger force on the wall of the cylinder.
 If the pressure remain constant, the volume must increase thus expand.

4. Using Kinetic theory of Gases, explain how the rise in temperature of a gas
causes rise in the pressure of a gas if the volume is kept constant.(3mk)
 Raising the temperature increases the average speed of particles so
they collide more vigorously and more frequently with container walls.
 If the volume does not increase, pressure increases.

5. A house in which a cylinder containing cooking gas is kept unfortunately catches

fire. The cylinder explodes. Give a reason for the explosion.
 From pressure law, when a gas is heated due to fire Temperature
increases which led to increase in pressure at constant volume, when
pressure increases it can led to explosion.
6. Define the absolute zero temperature (1mk)

 Absolute zero temperature refers to the lowest temperature a gas can fall
0
to. It is -273 celcius (0 Kelvin).
7. The diagram below shows a set up that a student used to investigate the
pressure law.
0
50
25 Y
75
Stirrer X
Hot Water Glass flask

Dry air

a) Name the parts (2mks)

X ……………………Thermometer………………………………………………..
Y ……………………Pressure gauge……………………………………………..

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 b) What are the functions of (2mks)
(i) the stirrer
 To stir the water for uniform distribution of heat
(ii) Part Y.
 To measure pressure
c) At what Kelvin temperature will the pressure of the air theoretically be zero.
(1mk)
0
 -273 C =0 K
d) What name is given to this temperature?
 Absolute zero temperature
(i) State the measurements that should be taken in the
experiment(3mk)
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
(ii) Explain how the measurement in (i) above may be used to verify
Pressure law (3mk)
 The initial temperature and pressure reading are taken and recorded
 The water bath is heated gently and some more pairs of pressure and
temperature readings are taken and recorded at suitable temperature
intervals
 A graph of pressure against temperature is plotted.
 It is a straight line with positive gradient.
 This shows that the pressure is directly proportional to absolute
temperature.
(iii) Name one limitation of the gas laws. (1mk)
 Real gases liquefy before the volume of the gas reduces to zero.
5 -2
8. A gas is put into a container of fixed volume at a pressure of 2.1 x 10 Nm and
0 0
temperature 27 C.The gas is then heated to a temperature of 327 C. Determine
the new pressure.

T1=27+273=300K
5 -2
P1=2.1 x 10 Nm
T2=327+273=600K
P2=?
=
=
5 -2
V2=4.2×10 Nm
9. At the start of the journey, the temperature and pressure of inside a car tyre
0
were 17 c and 300 Pa
i) Calculate the temperature during the journey (3mk)

T1=17+273=290K
=
P1=300 Pa T2=(290P2)/300
T2=? =
P2=?

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 ii) State assumption you have considered answering (ii) a above (1mk)

 Constant volume

10. The graph in the figure below shows the relationship between the pressure and
temperature for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at constant volume.

300

275
250
225
Pressure (Pa) X

200

175
150
125
103

100
∆x
75
50
25
0
273 283 293 303 313 323 333 343 353 363 373

Temperature T (Kelvin)
i) Determine the slope of the graph

Slope =

Slope =

=
3
= 2.0 × 10 Pa/K

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 ii) Given that the relationship between pressure, P, and temperature, T in Kelvin
is of the form P=kT + A, where K and Aare constants, determine from the
graph, values of k and A.

From the graph, it is a straight line, Y=mx+c

P=kT+A
Hence A= y intercept
5
A=1.05×10
K= Slope/Gradient
3
K=2.0 × 10 Pa/K

iii) Why would it be impossible for pressure of the gas to be reduced to zero in
practice?
 Gas liquefies at high temperatures before reaching O Kelvin.
 High pressure may liquefy the gas even before reaching 0°C
UNIVERSAL GAS FORMULAR
From General Equation = =Constant
Where
 P is pressure of the gas
 V is Volume of the gas
 T is Temperature of the gas

1. A balloon filled with organ gas a volume of 200 cm 3 at the earth’s surface where
the temperature is200C, and the pressure 760mm of mercury. If it is allowed to
ascend to a height where the temperature is 00C and the pressure 100mm of mercury, calculate
the volume of the balloon.
Solution
3
V1=200cm V2=? V2=144.14cm
3
T1=20+273=293K =
P1=760mmHg
T2=0+273=273K =
P2=100mmHg

2. A gas occupies a volume of 4.0 liters when its temperature is

20oC and its pressure is 76cmof mercury. It the temperature
of the gas is raised to 80oC and its pressure is increased
to180cm of mercury. Calculate the new volume occupied by
the gas.
Solution
P2=180cmHg =
V1=4 liters V2=?
T1=20+273=293K V2=2.034 Liters
P1=76cmHg =
T2=80+273=353K
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3. A car tyre is at an air
0
pressure of 4.0 x 105 Pa. at a
temperature of 27 C. While it is running, the temperature
rises to 75 0C. What is the new pressure in the
tyre? (Assume the tyre does not expand) (3mk)
Solution
V= Constant i.e V1=V2 P2=? =
T1=27+273=300K
5 5
P1=4.0 ×10 Pa = P2=4.63×10 Pa
T2=75+273=348K

3
4. A given mass of hydrogen gas occupies a volume of 1.6m at a pressure of 1.5 x
5 0
10 Pa and 12 C temperature. What volume will it occupy at s.t.p?(3mk)
Solution
3
V1=1.6 m V2=? =
T1=12+273=285K
5 3
P1=1.5×10 Pa = V2=2.299 m
T2=0+273=273K
5
P2=1.0 × 10 Pa

5 3
5. A rubber tube is inflated to a pressure of 2.7 x 10 pa and volume 3800cm at a
o
temperature of 25 c. It is then taken to another place where the temperature is
o 5
15 c and the pressure 2.5 x 10 pa. Determine the new volume. (3mk)
Solution
3
V1=3800 cm V2=?
T1=25+273=298K =
5
P1=2.7×10 Pa = 3
V2=3966.289 cm
T2=15+273=288K
5
P2=2.5 × 10 Pa
3
6. A container holds 80cm of air. the pressure is 100KPa and the temperature
0 3
7.5 C. What is the final pressure when the air is compressed to 30cm and the
0
temperature is 29 C
Solution
3
V1=80 cm P2=? =
3
T1=7.5+273=280 V2=30 cm
.5K P2=287.106 KPa
P1=100K Pa =
T2=29+273=302K

FORM 3: GAS LAWS Pg21

7. The graph in figure shows the relationship between the product of pressure and
volume(PV) and the absolute temperature for a given mass of a gas. From the
graph determine;

480
440
400
360

320
PV (Joule)

280

240
200 ∆y
160
120

80
40 ∆x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature (Kelvin)
(i) The gas constant. (2mks)
Gas constant =Slope =
Constant=
=7.6 J/K
(ii) The volume that the fixed mass of the gas would occupy at a temperature
0
of -248 C and a pressure of 104kPa. (3mk)
=K=7.6

7.6=

7.6=
V=1.8269 Volumes
3 0
(iii) The pressure necessary for 40m of the gas to attain a temperature of 0 C.
(3mk)
7.6=
7.6=
P=51.377 Pa

FORM 3: GAS LAWS Pg22